硫化矿石结块机理及检测技术研究与应用
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摘要
硫化矿石结块是硫化矿床开采与加工过程中长期存在而又难以解决的问题,一直以来都被视为硫化矿企业的重大安全隐患。研究结块的影响因素及结块检测技术,能够为制定结块预防措施、减少结块造成的损失提供依据。
本文通过收集和查阅相关文献,在对国内外有关结块机理、结块检测技术研究现状进行系统综述的基础上,采用理论分析、实验测定与数值模拟相结合的方法,对影响硫化矿石结块的因素进行分析,提出了新的结块特性检测方法和结块预防措施。本文的主要研究内容和成果如下：
(1)建立硫化矿石结块的事故树,定性分析影响结块的各种因素,并运用逻辑运算和布尔代数化简法则,求得结块的最小割(径)集,找出引起结块的各种因素组合。根据结构重要度的近似判定法则,初步确定了主要影响因素的大小顺序。在此基础上对各主要影响因素进行分析,将结块的综合机理分为三类：溶解性机理、化学反应理论和物理机理。
(2)提出了结块情况的表征方法,从以往的定性观察上升到定量评价,除了常用的氧化增重法和结块率法以外,又提出了一种改进的单轴测试法(COSTT),对结块特性进行多角度分析,该方法不仅可以测定屈服强度,还可以测定工程上更为关心的材料极限强度、应变等力学参数。与其他方法相比,更直观精确；同时还可对各因素进行耦合分析,为以后防结块剂或防结块剂的研究提供了技术参考。
(3)采用单因素实验和正交实验法相结合,选取温度、湿度、含水量、粒度四个因素为指标,通过正交实验法分析定性得出其影响程度的大小顺序：温度>含水量>湿度>粒度。实验表明,改变这些因素能显著改变各硫化矿石的结块情况。
(4)在单因素实验和正交实验的基础上,使用响应面法进行优化,对实验数据进行回归分析,得出温度、湿度、粒度和含水量与结块率之间的回归方程：R2=0.881,
上式中X1、X2、X3、X4分别是指温度、湿度、粒度和含水量的水平值,并非具体数值。该式表明,各因素对结块率的影响不是简单的一次关系,而是二次关系,X1X4和X2X4项的系数较大,所以温度与含水量、湿度与含水量的交互作用较明显,其他各因素间的交互作用不明显。
(5)提出了结块的防治措施：物理法、化学法和工艺法；并从管理层面提出几点建议。
Caking of sulfide ores is a long-standing and difficult problem in mining and processing of sulfide deposits. It has been regarded as the major security risk of sulfide minerals enterprise for a long time. The research on caking factors and caking detection technology can provide basis for the development of caking preventive measures to reduce losses caused by agglomeration.
Based on the collection and access to relevant literature, systematic review was given to the agglomerates mechanisms at home and abroad, caking detection technology, spontaneous combustion characteristics of sulfide ores. The caking factors of sulfide ores were analyzed by the combination of theoretical analysis, experimental method and numerical analysis, and a new detection method was found as well as caking characteristics of preventive measures made. The main research contents and results in this paper are as follows:
(1) Various caking factors of the sulfide ores were analyzed qualitatively through the establishment of FTA, and the minimal cut (path) sets which could get combination of various caking factors, were obtained by using logical operators and Boolean algebra simplification of rules. According to the approximation determination of their important degree structure, main factors were initially identified by order. Based on this, a comprehensive caking mechanism was divided into three categories: solubility mechanism, chemical reaction theory and physical mechanism.
(2) Characterization method was introduced to describe the caking situation from the previous qualitative observation to quantitative evaluation. In addition to the oxidation weighting law and the caking rate, a modified uniaxial testing method (COSTT) was proposed to analyze caking characteristics by multi-angle way. It can not only determine the yield strength, but also can measure more other mechanical parameters in the project such as the materials ultimate strength, strain and so on. Compared with other methods, COSTT would be more intuitive and accurate, and can also be coupled analysis with various factors, providing a technical reference for anti-caking agents in the future.
(3) Single factor experiments and orthogonal test were combined to analyze the temperature, humidity, water content and particle size qualitatively, and get their order as follows:temperature> water content> humidity> particle size. Experimental results show that changing these factors can significantly change the caking situation of the sulfide ores.
(4) Based on the results of single factor experiments and orthogonal test, response surface method was used to make regression analysis on the experimental data, and gain the regression equation among caking factors including temperature, water content, humidity and particle size. Y=93.654+14.048X1,+3.125X2+0.910X3+14641X4-4.724X1X2-8.663X1X3 +2.660X1X4-35.655-28.867x22-0.913X1X3+1.601X2X4-19.156X23 +0.042X3X4-1.158X24
R2=0.881,
In the equation, X1、X2、X3、X4 respectively represent the level value of temperature, water content, humidity and particle size, not the specific values. The expression shows that the effect of various factors on caking rate is not a simply single relationship, but the second relationship, and coefficients of X1X4 and X2X4 are larger, so the interactions between temperature and water content, humidity and water content are obvious, but the others not significant.
(5) In the paper, it proposed several measures to prevent the caking of sulfide ores:physical, chemical and technology law, and then put forward some suggestions on the management level.
本文通过收集和查阅相关文献,在对国内外有关结块机理、结块检测技术研究现状进行系统综述的基础上,采用理论分析、实验测定与数值模拟相结合的方法,对影响硫化矿石结块的因素进行分析,提出了新的结块特性检测方法和结块预防措施。本文的主要研究内容和成果如下：
(1)建立硫化矿石结块的事故树,定性分析影响结块的各种因素,并运用逻辑运算和布尔代数化简法则,求得结块的最小割(径)集,找出引起结块的各种因素组合。根据结构重要度的近似判定法则,初步确定了主要影响因素的大小顺序。在此基础上对各主要影响因素进行分析,将结块的综合机理分为三类：溶解性机理、化学反应理论和物理机理。
(2)提出了结块情况的表征方法,从以往的定性观察上升到定量评价,除了常用的氧化增重法和结块率法以外,又提出了一种改进的单轴测试法(COSTT),对结块特性进行多角度分析,该方法不仅可以测定屈服强度,还可以测定工程上更为关心的材料极限强度、应变等力学参数。与其他方法相比,更直观精确；同时还可对各因素进行耦合分析,为以后防结块剂或防结块剂的研究提供了技术参考。
(3)采用单因素实验和正交实验法相结合,选取温度、湿度、含水量、粒度四个因素为指标,通过正交实验法分析定性得出其影响程度的大小顺序：温度>含水量>湿度>粒度。实验表明,改变这些因素能显著改变各硫化矿石的结块情况。
(4)在单因素实验和正交实验的基础上,使用响应面法进行优化,对实验数据进行回归分析,得出温度、湿度、粒度和含水量与结块率之间的回归方程：R2=0.881,
上式中X1、X2、X3、X4分别是指温度、湿度、粒度和含水量的水平值,并非具体数值。该式表明,各因素对结块率的影响不是简单的一次关系,而是二次关系,X1X4和X2X4项的系数较大,所以温度与含水量、湿度与含水量的交互作用较明显,其他各因素间的交互作用不明显。
(5)提出了结块的防治措施：物理法、化学法和工艺法；并从管理层面提出几点建议。
Caking of sulfide ores is a long-standing and difficult problem in mining and processing of sulfide deposits. It has been regarded as the major security risk of sulfide minerals enterprise for a long time. The research on caking factors and caking detection technology can provide basis for the development of caking preventive measures to reduce losses caused by agglomeration.
Based on the collection and access to relevant literature, systematic review was given to the agglomerates mechanisms at home and abroad, caking detection technology, spontaneous combustion characteristics of sulfide ores. The caking factors of sulfide ores were analyzed by the combination of theoretical analysis, experimental method and numerical analysis, and a new detection method was found as well as caking characteristics of preventive measures made. The main research contents and results in this paper are as follows:
(1) Various caking factors of the sulfide ores were analyzed qualitatively through the establishment of FTA, and the minimal cut (path) sets which could get combination of various caking factors, were obtained by using logical operators and Boolean algebra simplification of rules. According to the approximation determination of their important degree structure, main factors were initially identified by order. Based on this, a comprehensive caking mechanism was divided into three categories: solubility mechanism, chemical reaction theory and physical mechanism.
(2) Characterization method was introduced to describe the caking situation from the previous qualitative observation to quantitative evaluation. In addition to the oxidation weighting law and the caking rate, a modified uniaxial testing method (COSTT) was proposed to analyze caking characteristics by multi-angle way. It can not only determine the yield strength, but also can measure more other mechanical parameters in the project such as the materials ultimate strength, strain and so on. Compared with other methods, COSTT would be more intuitive and accurate, and can also be coupled analysis with various factors, providing a technical reference for anti-caking agents in the future.
(3) Single factor experiments and orthogonal test were combined to analyze the temperature, humidity, water content and particle size qualitatively, and get their order as follows:temperature> water content> humidity> particle size. Experimental results show that changing these factors can significantly change the caking situation of the sulfide ores.
(4) Based on the results of single factor experiments and orthogonal test, response surface method was used to make regression analysis on the experimental data, and gain the regression equation among caking factors including temperature, water content, humidity and particle size. Y=93.654+14.048X1,+3.125X2+0.910X3+14641X4-4.724X1X2-8.663X1X3 +2.660X1X4-35.655-28.867x22-0.913X1X3+1.601X2X4-19.156X23 +0.042X3X4-1.158X24
R2=0.881,
In the equation, X1、X2、X3、X4 respectively represent the level value of temperature, water content, humidity and particle size, not the specific values. The expression shows that the effect of various factors on caking rate is not a simply single relationship, but the second relationship, and coefficients of X1X4 and X2X4 are larger, so the interactions between temperature and water content, humidity and water content are obvious, but the others not significant.
(5) In the paper, it proposed several measures to prevent the caking of sulfide ores:physical, chemical and technology law, and then put forward some suggestions on the management level.
引文
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