塔河油田碳酸盐岩层系油气运移研究
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摘要
塔河油田是我国陆上最大的海相碳酸盐岩油气田,油气运移历史与运移机制是石油地质研究中的薄弱环节。本文运用含烃包裹体定量分析新技术,在地质综合分析的基础上,研究塔河油田碳酸盐岩层系中的流体运移历史,重点刻画了碳酸盐岩层系油气输导格架的构成、有效性及其历史演化,并采用物理模拟方法探讨了复杂碳酸盐岩介质中特殊的油气运移机理,主要取得如下认识:
尝试将含烃包裹体定量分析(GOI)技术应用于碳酸盐岩油气运移研究,结合包裹体常规均一温度分析和储层沥青研究手段,参照地质过程演化,认为塔河油田主要经历了三期油气运移事件,分别发生在海西早期、海西晚期和喜山期。海西早期油气在塔河油田中西部大规模运聚成藏,海西晚期油气伴随二叠系火山活动在塔河主体区局部发生成藏,喜山期油气主要在塔河东部及南部大规模成藏。油气生标化合物、油气物性等对比研究认为,油气主要沿东、南两个方向向塔河油田充注。
塔河油田碳酸盐岩层系中油气运移以侧向为主、垂向为辅。对应于不整合面的层状结构,包裹体特征具有明显的层状变化特点,即纵向对比性差、侧向对比性好,视为油气侧向运移依据。
断裂是油气垂向运移的主要通道,综合井间对比、油田水参数及油田开发资料等认为,裂缝因发育期次和构造部位而具有不同的有效性。海西早期中西部裂缝发育且连通性好。至海西晚期,连通性好的裂缝主要发育在主体区,喜山期以来主要在塔河东部裂缝活动较活跃,有效性好,而塔河南部在地质历史过程中裂缝发育一直较弱,有效性也相对较差。
缝合线是塔河油田碳酸盐岩层系中油气运移通道的重要补充。缝合线的形成主要受控于地层岩性、上覆压力及流体活动等因素,主要形成于海西早期,在塔河油田主体和南部区域发育。缝合线以水平状为主,充填原油和沥青,普遍发育白云石侵染等现象。润湿性是影响缝合线油气运移的关键要素,物理模拟实验表明亲油性在很大程度上降低了油气运移的启动条件,并有可能改变油气运移的方式——以活塞式运移为主,油气运移效率可提高到90%左右(以过油面积/运移通道截面积计算)。有机质丰富的缝合线网络可构成油气优势运移通道。
不整合面、裂缝、缝合线等共同构成油气立体输导网络,其发育的阶段性和有效性不仅控制了油气的运移,而且控制油气的聚集成藏。油气的多期充注和油气输导格架控制了塔河油田油气藏的复杂分布和强烈的非均质性。
The Tahe Oilfield is one of largest marine oilfields onland in China. The study on the oil migration pathways and migration history in the Tahe Oilfield is still the weakest research field. This thesis employed the Grains of bearing Oil Inclusions (GOI) Techniques to trace the fluid history in the carbonate successions and reconstruct the migration pathways configuration, and recognize their effectiveness and evolution in the Tahe Oilfield based on geological and experimental studies.
GOI has been used tastily to study the secondary hydrocarbon migration in carbonate successions, together with conventional fluid inclusions analysis (homogeneous temperature analysis) and bitumen research result, under the background of geologic evolutional process study, the conclusions can be draw as that Tahe Oilfield undergone three hydrocarbon migration events, which happened in the early, late Hercynian and Himalayan period. During early Hercynian large scale of hydrocarbon migrated and accumulated in the middle-west part in the Tahe Oilfield, during late Hercynian hydrocarbon accumulation in some areas suffered modification again and re-distributed, accompanied by volcanic activity, while during Himalayan hydrocarbon migrated and accumulated in the east and south part of Tahe Oilfield.
The hydrocarbon migrate predominantly in the lateral direction and secondly in the vertical direction. The unconformities play most important roles as conduits for lateral hydrocarbon migration, fluid inclusions correlation along layers under unconformity can be evidences. The biomarks, physical property of hydrocarbon over whole oilfield suggest the southern and eastern part of Tahe Oilfield could be place where hydrocarbon is from.
Fractures are mainly vertical conduits for oil migration. Combining the inter-wells correlation, formation water parameters and oilfield development data, the fractures are believed to be effective depending on its location and activity time. During the early Hercynian fractures in the middle-west part of Tahe Oilfield is effective, the late Hercycian in the main district fractures are effective, while in the Himalayan the eastern of Tahe Oilfield fractures are effective. In contrast, the south of Tahe Oilfiled has poorly developed all along.
Stylolites can be special and important hydrocarbon migration conduits. They are controlled by lithology, burden pressure, fluid movements, etc. stylolites are believed to form in the early Hercynian, well developed in the main district, and southern part of Tahe Oilfield, filled by bitumen and crude oil, and some tends to be replaced by dolomite. The wettability convoy is important mechanism of hydrocarbon migration along the stylolites. The experiments demonstrate the oil wettability of medium can make hydrocarbon migration pattern significantly different and improve its migration efficiency to 90%. The stylolites can act as the dominant pathway for its organic matter enrichment within and oil wettability.
Unconformity, fractures, stylolites constitute the 3D migration conduits system, which not only control the hydrocarbon migration, but also hydrocarbon accumulation. Karst caves and fractures are main storage space, but with intensive heterogeneity, determined by unconformity and fractures, linked by stylolites.
尝试将含烃包裹体定量分析(GOI)技术应用于碳酸盐岩油气运移研究,结合包裹体常规均一温度分析和储层沥青研究手段,参照地质过程演化,认为塔河油田主要经历了三期油气运移事件,分别发生在海西早期、海西晚期和喜山期。海西早期油气在塔河油田中西部大规模运聚成藏,海西晚期油气伴随二叠系火山活动在塔河主体区局部发生成藏,喜山期油气主要在塔河东部及南部大规模成藏。油气生标化合物、油气物性等对比研究认为,油气主要沿东、南两个方向向塔河油田充注。
塔河油田碳酸盐岩层系中油气运移以侧向为主、垂向为辅。对应于不整合面的层状结构,包裹体特征具有明显的层状变化特点,即纵向对比性差、侧向对比性好,视为油气侧向运移依据。
断裂是油气垂向运移的主要通道,综合井间对比、油田水参数及油田开发资料等认为,裂缝因发育期次和构造部位而具有不同的有效性。海西早期中西部裂缝发育且连通性好。至海西晚期,连通性好的裂缝主要发育在主体区,喜山期以来主要在塔河东部裂缝活动较活跃,有效性好,而塔河南部在地质历史过程中裂缝发育一直较弱,有效性也相对较差。
缝合线是塔河油田碳酸盐岩层系中油气运移通道的重要补充。缝合线的形成主要受控于地层岩性、上覆压力及流体活动等因素,主要形成于海西早期,在塔河油田主体和南部区域发育。缝合线以水平状为主,充填原油和沥青,普遍发育白云石侵染等现象。润湿性是影响缝合线油气运移的关键要素,物理模拟实验表明亲油性在很大程度上降低了油气运移的启动条件,并有可能改变油气运移的方式——以活塞式运移为主,油气运移效率可提高到90%左右(以过油面积/运移通道截面积计算)。有机质丰富的缝合线网络可构成油气优势运移通道。
不整合面、裂缝、缝合线等共同构成油气立体输导网络,其发育的阶段性和有效性不仅控制了油气的运移,而且控制油气的聚集成藏。油气的多期充注和油气输导格架控制了塔河油田油气藏的复杂分布和强烈的非均质性。
The Tahe Oilfield is one of largest marine oilfields onland in China. The study on the oil migration pathways and migration history in the Tahe Oilfield is still the weakest research field. This thesis employed the Grains of bearing Oil Inclusions (GOI) Techniques to trace the fluid history in the carbonate successions and reconstruct the migration pathways configuration, and recognize their effectiveness and evolution in the Tahe Oilfield based on geological and experimental studies.
GOI has been used tastily to study the secondary hydrocarbon migration in carbonate successions, together with conventional fluid inclusions analysis (homogeneous temperature analysis) and bitumen research result, under the background of geologic evolutional process study, the conclusions can be draw as that Tahe Oilfield undergone three hydrocarbon migration events, which happened in the early, late Hercynian and Himalayan period. During early Hercynian large scale of hydrocarbon migrated and accumulated in the middle-west part in the Tahe Oilfield, during late Hercynian hydrocarbon accumulation in some areas suffered modification again and re-distributed, accompanied by volcanic activity, while during Himalayan hydrocarbon migrated and accumulated in the east and south part of Tahe Oilfield.
The hydrocarbon migrate predominantly in the lateral direction and secondly in the vertical direction. The unconformities play most important roles as conduits for lateral hydrocarbon migration, fluid inclusions correlation along layers under unconformity can be evidences. The biomarks, physical property of hydrocarbon over whole oilfield suggest the southern and eastern part of Tahe Oilfield could be place where hydrocarbon is from.
Fractures are mainly vertical conduits for oil migration. Combining the inter-wells correlation, formation water parameters and oilfield development data, the fractures are believed to be effective depending on its location and activity time. During the early Hercynian fractures in the middle-west part of Tahe Oilfield is effective, the late Hercycian in the main district fractures are effective, while in the Himalayan the eastern of Tahe Oilfield fractures are effective. In contrast, the south of Tahe Oilfiled has poorly developed all along.
Stylolites can be special and important hydrocarbon migration conduits. They are controlled by lithology, burden pressure, fluid movements, etc. stylolites are believed to form in the early Hercynian, well developed in the main district, and southern part of Tahe Oilfield, filled by bitumen and crude oil, and some tends to be replaced by dolomite. The wettability convoy is important mechanism of hydrocarbon migration along the stylolites. The experiments demonstrate the oil wettability of medium can make hydrocarbon migration pattern significantly different and improve its migration efficiency to 90%. The stylolites can act as the dominant pathway for its organic matter enrichment within and oil wettability.
Unconformity, fractures, stylolites constitute the 3D migration conduits system, which not only control the hydrocarbon migration, but also hydrocarbon accumulation. Karst caves and fractures are main storage space, but with intensive heterogeneity, determined by unconformity and fractures, linked by stylolites.
引文
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