黄河泥沙基可降解生土材料结构与性能研究
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摘要
黄河携带的大量泥沙沉积于下游河道,下游河床不断抬高,成为名副其实的“地上悬河”,这给沿岸居民生活造成安全隐患的同时,疏浚泥沙的大量堆存还带来严重的环境问题。为了缓解水利和环境压力,关于黄河泥沙资源化利用的探索和实践都相继展开,主要集中在建材、陶瓷和土工方面的应用研究,虽然也取得了一些成果,但是,还存在工艺复杂、二次污染和消纳量低的缺陷,并未真正实现黄河泥沙的资源化利用。
本论文在国家自然科学基金“可降解粘土基胶凝材料物理力学性能研究”的资助下,制备了具有适宜力学性能和耐久性的黄河泥沙基可降解生土材料,分析了黄河泥沙的活化机理和生土材料强度网络体系的形成过程与退化机理,并就生土材料的力学性能、微观结构、水分传输机制和耐久性进行了深入研究。研究工作取得如下主要进展：
1.通过对黄河下游不同河段河道泥沙的物理、化学和工程性质的研究,发现不同河段的黄河泥沙均呈弱碱性,化学组成中硅、铝和钙含量较高,矿物组成以石英、长石和碳酸盐矿物为主,活性组分含量极低；黄河泥沙颗粒集中,粉粒含量高于80%；这就造成泥沙可密实性、可塑性和可稳定性相对较低,制约了黄河泥沙的工程应用。
2.研究了黄河泥沙的活性激发方法、效果和机理。结果表明,机械研磨作用能够显著改善黄河泥沙的可密实性和可塑性；NaHSO4能够通过酸解和化学风化作用加速黄河泥沙中长石的成土进程,释放出游离Si4+和A13+,活性率和活性指数分别由1.18和0.51增高至5.20和0.64；Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O通过H2P04-在粘粒表面发生的络合反应和专性吸附进一步活化强化黄河泥沙,活性指数提高至0.68。
3.根据生土基墙体材料的组成和结构设计,建立了可降解生土基墙体材料三套强度网络体系设计理念和结构模型,并以墙体材料中各组分间的作用机理和结构特征为检验依据对其进行验证。研究表明,连续无机水化产物网络通过物理填充和化学增强作用固结泥沙,是承载墙体材料强度和耐水性的主体；有机聚合物与无机水化产物形成互穿网络,以半连续的强度网络强化黄河泥沙；植物纤维三维乱向分散于生土结构中,并与无机水化产物建立牢固的物理粘结,起到固结泥沙颗粒的作用；三套强度网络相辅相成,协同作用。通过制备工艺和配合比的优选,采用传统的振动成型和标准养护工艺,当各组分掺量为：活化泥沙65%、无机胶凝材料25%、砂10%、外掺1.8wt.%改性聚乙烯醇和1.2V%植物纤维时,制备出黄河泥沙基墙体材料,其28d抗压强度14.4MPa、抗折强度3.54MPa、软化系数0.87,导热系数0.38W/(m.K)。
4.研究了生土材料在不同环境条件作用下的结构与性能的演变规律,探讨了生土材料的水分传输机制及其在可控制条件下的性能退化机理。结果显示,生土材料与水接触后吸水饱和之前的毛细吸水量与时间的平方根成正比,毛细吸收系数为42.08g/m2·S“2,水分表面渗入速率与t0.01线性相关；冻融循环后生土材料结构中的大孔和50-200nm的有害孔体积增加20%,裂纹内有大量针状的钙矾石；碳化试验得出抗压强度与碳化深度关于直线y=-0.23x+15.1线性相关；根据冻融循环和碳化作用的实验结果,得出生土材料抗压强度的拟合公式：fcuk≈-0.86(?)·(φn/φ0)0.9+15.1;冻融30次循环后的生土材料,经10wt.%硫酸铵浸泡150d结构崩解,当生土碎屑与土壤以3：7的比例混合时,种植的小麦能够顺利出苗和生长。
The Yellow River flows through the Loess Plateau carrying large amounts of sediment to the Lower Yellow River, which results in the riverbed of downstream constantly elevation. Undoubtedly, this kind of situation becomes a serious hidden danger to residents living on both sides of the lower Yellow River, and also brings about serious environmental problems. In order to alleviate social and environmental stress, the research and practice of realizing resources utilization the sediment, primarily focused on building materials, ceramics and geotechnical applications, are started in succession. Some results have been achieved, in facts, most of these products prepared by sintering and pressing process and consumed low volume sediment. Therefore, these have become a barrier for utilization of sediment with low energy consumption.
This paper aims to realize resource utilization of the Yellow River channel sediment. Degradable stabilized earth concrete with suitable mechanical properties and durability was prepared from the Yellow River sediment. Activation mechanism of the sediment and the discussion of its products regarding the formation process and degradation mechanism of the strength network system were analyzed principally. And the mechanical properties, microstructure, moisture transport mechanisms and durability of stabilized earth concrete were conducted in-depth study. Moreover, this thesis is financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.50972099. The main progresses are as follows:
1. The Yellow River sediment of in different channel of the lower reaches was characterized by physical, chemical and engineering properties. The results indicate that all the sediment show weak alkaline and contain silicon, aluminium and calcium in chemical composition. The particles are mainly concentrate in0.075-0.005mm silty soil (>80%), which is composed of quartz, feldspar and carbonate and active ingredient is very low. All characteristics of the Yellow River sediment result in shortcomings at compactibility, plasticity and stability, which determine and restrict the field of its engineering applications.
2. Activity characterization methods, activating technique and activation mechanism of the Yellow River sediment were discussed. The results show that mechanical polishing improves compactibility and plasticity of the Yellow River sediment significantly. NaHSO4, accelerates the process of soil formation of feldspar by acid hydrolysis and chemical weathering. Free Si4+and Al3+and generating layered secondary minerals are released from feldspar which leads to pozzolanic activity index (PAI) and reactive rate increase from0.51and1.18to0.64and5.20, respectively. The sediment is further activated and strengthened by Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O through complexation reactions and specific adsorption of H2PO4-on the cosmid surface. The PAI of the Yellow River sediment reaches0.68.
3. According to the materials and structural design of stabilized earth concrete, three sets of strength network system design concept and structure model was established in this paper, and these were verified by microstructure and interacted mechanism among various components. Studies have shown that, a continuous network of inorganic hydration product consolidates sediment through physical filling and chemical enhancement, which is the support component of the strength and water resistance of stabilized earth concrete. Interpenetrating network is formed by an organic polymer network with inorganic hydration network, strengthening stabilized earth concrete in a semi-continuous network. The plant fiber three-dimensional disorderly distributed in stabilized earth concrete and build strong physical bond with the inorganic hydration network playing a role in the consolidation the sediment particles. Three sets of strength network supplement and cooperate with each other. By means of optimization of preparation process and mix proportion, stabilized earth concrete was prepared from the Yellow River sediment. Its28d compressive strength is14.4MPa, flexural strength is3.54MPa, the softening coefficient is0.87, the thermal conductivity is0.38W/(m-K).when mixture ratio of activated silt/cementitious binder/sand is65/25/10supported by1.8wt.%modified polyvinyl alcohol and1.2V%plant fibers.
4. The evolution of the structure and properties of stabilized earth concrete under different environmental conditions were studied, and its long-term moisture transport mechanism and performance degradation mechanism were explored. The results show, the capillary absorbent capacity is proportional to the square root of time from stabilized earth concrete in contact with water to water saturated. The capillary absorption coefficient is42.08g/m2·s1/2, water surface inflow velocity and t0.01is linearly related. There is a large number of needle-like ettringite in the large holes and cracks after freezing and thawing. The volume of harmful pore (50-200nm) increases20%. The results of carbonation experiment show that compressive strength and carbonation depth is linearly related with y=-0.23x+15.1. According to the experimental results of the freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation, compressive strength degradation calculation model of stabilized earth concrete was derivated: fcuk≈-0.86(?)·(φn/φ0)0.9+15.1. The formation of stabilized earth concrete experienced30freeze-thaw cycles disintegrated after being soaked in10wt.%(NH4)2SO4solution for150days. The wheat planted can emergence and grow smoothly when specimen debris and soil are mixed with a ratio of3:7.
本论文在国家自然科学基金“可降解粘土基胶凝材料物理力学性能研究”的资助下,制备了具有适宜力学性能和耐久性的黄河泥沙基可降解生土材料,分析了黄河泥沙的活化机理和生土材料强度网络体系的形成过程与退化机理,并就生土材料的力学性能、微观结构、水分传输机制和耐久性进行了深入研究。研究工作取得如下主要进展：
1.通过对黄河下游不同河段河道泥沙的物理、化学和工程性质的研究,发现不同河段的黄河泥沙均呈弱碱性,化学组成中硅、铝和钙含量较高,矿物组成以石英、长石和碳酸盐矿物为主,活性组分含量极低；黄河泥沙颗粒集中,粉粒含量高于80%；这就造成泥沙可密实性、可塑性和可稳定性相对较低,制约了黄河泥沙的工程应用。
2.研究了黄河泥沙的活性激发方法、效果和机理。结果表明,机械研磨作用能够显著改善黄河泥沙的可密实性和可塑性；NaHSO4能够通过酸解和化学风化作用加速黄河泥沙中长石的成土进程,释放出游离Si4+和A13+,活性率和活性指数分别由1.18和0.51增高至5.20和0.64；Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O通过H2P04-在粘粒表面发生的络合反应和专性吸附进一步活化强化黄河泥沙,活性指数提高至0.68。
3.根据生土基墙体材料的组成和结构设计,建立了可降解生土基墙体材料三套强度网络体系设计理念和结构模型,并以墙体材料中各组分间的作用机理和结构特征为检验依据对其进行验证。研究表明,连续无机水化产物网络通过物理填充和化学增强作用固结泥沙,是承载墙体材料强度和耐水性的主体；有机聚合物与无机水化产物形成互穿网络,以半连续的强度网络强化黄河泥沙；植物纤维三维乱向分散于生土结构中,并与无机水化产物建立牢固的物理粘结,起到固结泥沙颗粒的作用；三套强度网络相辅相成,协同作用。通过制备工艺和配合比的优选,采用传统的振动成型和标准养护工艺,当各组分掺量为：活化泥沙65%、无机胶凝材料25%、砂10%、外掺1.8wt.%改性聚乙烯醇和1.2V%植物纤维时,制备出黄河泥沙基墙体材料,其28d抗压强度14.4MPa、抗折强度3.54MPa、软化系数0.87,导热系数0.38W/(m.K)。
4.研究了生土材料在不同环境条件作用下的结构与性能的演变规律,探讨了生土材料的水分传输机制及其在可控制条件下的性能退化机理。结果显示,生土材料与水接触后吸水饱和之前的毛细吸水量与时间的平方根成正比,毛细吸收系数为42.08g/m2·S“2,水分表面渗入速率与t0.01线性相关；冻融循环后生土材料结构中的大孔和50-200nm的有害孔体积增加20%,裂纹内有大量针状的钙矾石；碳化试验得出抗压强度与碳化深度关于直线y=-0.23x+15.1线性相关；根据冻融循环和碳化作用的实验结果,得出生土材料抗压强度的拟合公式：fcuk≈-0.86(?)·(φn/φ0)0.9+15.1;冻融30次循环后的生土材料,经10wt.%硫酸铵浸泡150d结构崩解,当生土碎屑与土壤以3：7的比例混合时,种植的小麦能够顺利出苗和生长。
The Yellow River flows through the Loess Plateau carrying large amounts of sediment to the Lower Yellow River, which results in the riverbed of downstream constantly elevation. Undoubtedly, this kind of situation becomes a serious hidden danger to residents living on both sides of the lower Yellow River, and also brings about serious environmental problems. In order to alleviate social and environmental stress, the research and practice of realizing resources utilization the sediment, primarily focused on building materials, ceramics and geotechnical applications, are started in succession. Some results have been achieved, in facts, most of these products prepared by sintering and pressing process and consumed low volume sediment. Therefore, these have become a barrier for utilization of sediment with low energy consumption.
This paper aims to realize resource utilization of the Yellow River channel sediment. Degradable stabilized earth concrete with suitable mechanical properties and durability was prepared from the Yellow River sediment. Activation mechanism of the sediment and the discussion of its products regarding the formation process and degradation mechanism of the strength network system were analyzed principally. And the mechanical properties, microstructure, moisture transport mechanisms and durability of stabilized earth concrete were conducted in-depth study. Moreover, this thesis is financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.50972099. The main progresses are as follows:
1. The Yellow River sediment of in different channel of the lower reaches was characterized by physical, chemical and engineering properties. The results indicate that all the sediment show weak alkaline and contain silicon, aluminium and calcium in chemical composition. The particles are mainly concentrate in0.075-0.005mm silty soil (>80%), which is composed of quartz, feldspar and carbonate and active ingredient is very low. All characteristics of the Yellow River sediment result in shortcomings at compactibility, plasticity and stability, which determine and restrict the field of its engineering applications.
2. Activity characterization methods, activating technique and activation mechanism of the Yellow River sediment were discussed. The results show that mechanical polishing improves compactibility and plasticity of the Yellow River sediment significantly. NaHSO4, accelerates the process of soil formation of feldspar by acid hydrolysis and chemical weathering. Free Si4+and Al3+and generating layered secondary minerals are released from feldspar which leads to pozzolanic activity index (PAI) and reactive rate increase from0.51and1.18to0.64and5.20, respectively. The sediment is further activated and strengthened by Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O through complexation reactions and specific adsorption of H2PO4-on the cosmid surface. The PAI of the Yellow River sediment reaches0.68.
3. According to the materials and structural design of stabilized earth concrete, three sets of strength network system design concept and structure model was established in this paper, and these were verified by microstructure and interacted mechanism among various components. Studies have shown that, a continuous network of inorganic hydration product consolidates sediment through physical filling and chemical enhancement, which is the support component of the strength and water resistance of stabilized earth concrete. Interpenetrating network is formed by an organic polymer network with inorganic hydration network, strengthening stabilized earth concrete in a semi-continuous network. The plant fiber three-dimensional disorderly distributed in stabilized earth concrete and build strong physical bond with the inorganic hydration network playing a role in the consolidation the sediment particles. Three sets of strength network supplement and cooperate with each other. By means of optimization of preparation process and mix proportion, stabilized earth concrete was prepared from the Yellow River sediment. Its28d compressive strength is14.4MPa, flexural strength is3.54MPa, the softening coefficient is0.87, the thermal conductivity is0.38W/(m-K).when mixture ratio of activated silt/cementitious binder/sand is65/25/10supported by1.8wt.%modified polyvinyl alcohol and1.2V%plant fibers.
4. The evolution of the structure and properties of stabilized earth concrete under different environmental conditions were studied, and its long-term moisture transport mechanism and performance degradation mechanism were explored. The results show, the capillary absorbent capacity is proportional to the square root of time from stabilized earth concrete in contact with water to water saturated. The capillary absorption coefficient is42.08g/m2·s1/2, water surface inflow velocity and t0.01is linearly related. There is a large number of needle-like ettringite in the large holes and cracks after freezing and thawing. The volume of harmful pore (50-200nm) increases20%. The results of carbonation experiment show that compressive strength and carbonation depth is linearly related with y=-0.23x+15.1. According to the experimental results of the freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation, compressive strength degradation calculation model of stabilized earth concrete was derivated: fcuk≈-0.86(?)·(φn/φ0)0.9+15.1. The formation of stabilized earth concrete experienced30freeze-thaw cycles disintegrated after being soaked in10wt.%(NH4)2SO4solution for150days. The wheat planted can emergence and grow smoothly when specimen debris and soil are mixed with a ratio of3:7.
引文
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