基于飞轮转速的平均指示压力及气缸压力识别
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摘要
平均指示压力是指发动机单位气缸容积所做的指示功，是发动机扭矩管理系统中的重要信号，基于压力传感器的平均指示压力计算方法成本过高，且只限于在实验室中使用。通过其它低成本方法间接估计气缸压力以及平均指示压力对于实现发动机故障在线监测、诊断和扭矩控制有着重要的意义。
在四缸发动机中每缸做功区间大致与飞轮从由最小转速上升到最大转速的区间相对应，且各缸做功区间基本上独立。本文首先利用编程得到每缸平均指示压力以及每缸做功过程中对应的飞轮转速波峰谷值以及平均转速，在对单缸机平均指示压力与转速波动模型改进的基础上得到了四缸机平均指示压力单工况模型，并提出了无需判断发动机运行工况的的平均指示压力计算方法及通用模型，基于平均指示压力模型计算的平均指示扭矩的绝对误差在4N·m以内。
对现有的汽油机单区燃烧模型进行简化，得到一个关于散热比、定热容比、效率系数、形状系数和燃烧持续角度5个特征参数的简化模型，用最小二乘法对176组气缸力压数据从燃烧起点到排气门开启区间进行拟合，得到这5个参数经验模型公式，最终根据回归的气缸压力模型计算了IMEP、50%和90%已燃烧质量分数角度。
在前一章工作的基础上建立了从进气门关闭到排气门开启阶段的压力模型，并对其关键参数进行回归，计算了初始压力估计误差和模型参数误差对气缸压力和平均指示压力回归效果的影响。
Indicated mean effective pressure is the indicated work done by engine per cylindervolume which can be used for engine torque control. IMEP based on cylinder pressuresensor is costly to obtain, only limited. in a lab environment. So other indirectly low-costestimation methods of cylinder pressure and IMEP will be of of great significance forengine online monitoring, diagnosis and control.
Firstly in the four cylinder engine each cylinder acting range is basically independentand the power region of fired cylinder is approximately in accordance with the regionthat flywheel speed rises from minimum to maximum. The individual cylinder IIMEP,speed, and mean speed is obtained by programming, and new model about individualIMEP and speed fluctuation is developed under the theoretical model of single cylinder forsix different operating cases. Then put forward the IMEP common model withoutdetermining the engine running cases. The absolute error of the mean indicated torquebased on IMEP common model is between 4N·m.
Secondly, the existing single-zone combustion model of gasoline engine is simplifiedas a five parameters model of heat dissipation scale coefficient, specific heat ratio, wiebeefficiency coefficient, wiebe form coefficient and combustion duration. Least squaresmethod is used to fit the region of the cylinder pressure curve. Under the method of theexisting literature the empirical model formula of the five parameters was obtained. finallyIMEP, Mass fraction burned 50% and 90 was calculated based on the regressed model ofcylinder pressure.
Finally the last chapter gives the model of cylinder pressure from intake valve closingto the exhaust valve opening on the basis of previous chapter and the key parameters ofthe mode is regressed. The effect of initial pressure estimation error and modeling error oncylinder maximum pressure and IMEP was calculated.
在四缸发动机中每缸做功区间大致与飞轮从由最小转速上升到最大转速的区间相对应，且各缸做功区间基本上独立。本文首先利用编程得到每缸平均指示压力以及每缸做功过程中对应的飞轮转速波峰谷值以及平均转速，在对单缸机平均指示压力与转速波动模型改进的基础上得到了四缸机平均指示压力单工况模型，并提出了无需判断发动机运行工况的的平均指示压力计算方法及通用模型，基于平均指示压力模型计算的平均指示扭矩的绝对误差在4N·m以内。
对现有的汽油机单区燃烧模型进行简化，得到一个关于散热比、定热容比、效率系数、形状系数和燃烧持续角度5个特征参数的简化模型，用最小二乘法对176组气缸力压数据从燃烧起点到排气门开启区间进行拟合，得到这5个参数经验模型公式，最终根据回归的气缸压力模型计算了IMEP、50%和90%已燃烧质量分数角度。
在前一章工作的基础上建立了从进气门关闭到排气门开启阶段的压力模型，并对其关键参数进行回归，计算了初始压力估计误差和模型参数误差对气缸压力和平均指示压力回归效果的影响。
Indicated mean effective pressure is the indicated work done by engine per cylindervolume which can be used for engine torque control. IMEP based on cylinder pressuresensor is costly to obtain, only limited. in a lab environment. So other indirectly low-costestimation methods of cylinder pressure and IMEP will be of of great significance forengine online monitoring, diagnosis and control.
Firstly in the four cylinder engine each cylinder acting range is basically independentand the power region of fired cylinder is approximately in accordance with the regionthat flywheel speed rises from minimum to maximum. The individual cylinder IIMEP,speed, and mean speed is obtained by programming, and new model about individualIMEP and speed fluctuation is developed under the theoretical model of single cylinder forsix different operating cases. Then put forward the IMEP common model withoutdetermining the engine running cases. The absolute error of the mean indicated torquebased on IMEP common model is between 4N·m.
Secondly, the existing single-zone combustion model of gasoline engine is simplifiedas a five parameters model of heat dissipation scale coefficient, specific heat ratio, wiebeefficiency coefficient, wiebe form coefficient and combustion duration. Least squaresmethod is used to fit the region of the cylinder pressure curve. Under the method of theexisting literature the empirical model formula of the five parameters was obtained. finallyIMEP, Mass fraction burned 50% and 90 was calculated based on the regressed model ofcylinder pressure.
Finally the last chapter gives the model of cylinder pressure from intake valve closingto the exhaust valve opening on the basis of previous chapter and the key parameters ofthe mode is regressed. The effect of initial pressure estimation error and modeling error oncylinder maximum pressure and IMEP was calculated.
引文
[1] Hasegawa M, Shimasaki Y and Yamaguchi S. Study on Ignition Timing Control for DieselEngines Using In-Cylinder Pressure Sensor[C]. SAE Paper, 2006: 22-29.
[2] Schten K and Ripley G. Design of an Automotive Grade Controller for In-Cylinder Pressure BasedEngine Control Development[C]. SAE Paper, 2007: 132-139.
[3] Zeng Pin and Dennis A N. Cylinder Pressure Reconstruction and its Application to Heat TransferAnalysis[C]. SAE Paper, 2004, 92(9): 35-42.
[4]林建林,泽湖吴,宁许华.扭矩模型在菱帅轿车电喷系统开发中的应用[C].中国汽车工程学会学术年会论文集(下册).北京:机械工业出版社, 2003: 96-100.
[5]洪木南,欧阳明高.基于汽油机平均值模型的在线转矩估计[J].机械工程学报, 2009, 45(4):290-294.
[6]胡重庆,李艾华,王涛.基于瞬时转速测量的指示扭矩估计技术评述[J].小型内燃机与摩托车, 2008, 37(5): 89-92.
[7]刘世元,杜润生,杨叔子.利用转速波动信号在线识别内燃机气缸压力的研[J].内燃机工程,2000,(03):37-43．
[8] Moro D, Cavina N and Ponti F. In-Cylinder Pressure Reconstruction Based on InstantaneousEngine Speed Signal[C]. ASME Transactions, 2002, 220(12).
[9]李建秋,欧阳明高.汽车发动机瞬时转速信号波动规律分析[J].内燃机学报,1999, 17(4): 1-5.
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[30]万国强,黄英,张付军等.面向控制的柴油机IMEP在线计算方法及试验[J].内燃机学报, 2011,29(03): 277-281.
[31] Seungsuk O, Daekyung K and Junsoo K. Real-Time IMEP Estimation and Control Using anIn-Cylinder Pressure Sensor for a Common-Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine[J]. J. Eng. GasTurbines Power, 2011, 133(6): 22-31.
[32] El-Ghamry M , Steel J A, Reuben R L. Indirect Measurement of Cylinder Pressure from DieselEngines Using Acoustic Emission[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2005, 19(4):751-765.
[33] Villarino R and B¨ohme J F. Fast In-Cylinder Pressurereconstruction from Structure Borne SoundUsing FFT Algorithm. Proc.ICASSP, 2003, 6(3): 597-600.
[34]黄贵芬,陈虹,胡云峰.基于模型和MAP图的汽油发动机气路控制[C].第29届中国控制会议论文集,北京:机械工业出版社, 2010: 6010-6015.
[35]张凡武.基于扭矩的汽油机控制模型及开发验证[J].汽车科技,2010, (2): 16-22.
[36]洪木南,欧阳明高.基于模型前馈的进气压力反馈控制[J].内燃机工程, 2011, 32(4): 23-27.
[37]林雪松,周婧,林德新. MATLAB7.0应用集锦[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2006.
[38]甄龙信，安子军等.基于曲轴位置传感器信号的曲轴角加速度分析[C].汽车工程学会年会论文集.北京:机械工业出版社, 2008: 95-98.
[39]李娟.内燃机瞬时转速信号的研究[D].济南:山东大学, 2009.
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[2] Schten K and Ripley G. Design of an Automotive Grade Controller for In-Cylinder Pressure BasedEngine Control Development[C]. SAE Paper, 2007: 132-139.
[3] Zeng Pin and Dennis A N. Cylinder Pressure Reconstruction and its Application to Heat TransferAnalysis[C]. SAE Paper, 2004, 92(9): 35-42.
[4]林建林,泽湖吴,宁许华.扭矩模型在菱帅轿车电喷系统开发中的应用[C].中国汽车工程学会学术年会论文集(下册).北京:机械工业出版社, 2003: 96-100.
[5]洪木南,欧阳明高.基于汽油机平均值模型的在线转矩估计[J].机械工程学报, 2009, 45(4):290-294.
[6]胡重庆,李艾华,王涛.基于瞬时转速测量的指示扭矩估计技术评述[J].小型内燃机与摩托车, 2008, 37(5): 89-92.
[7]刘世元,杜润生,杨叔子.利用转速波动信号在线识别内燃机气缸压力的研[J].内燃机工程,2000,(03):37-43．
[8] Moro D, Cavina N and Ponti F. In-Cylinder Pressure Reconstruction Based on InstantaneousEngine Speed Signal[C]. ASME Transactions, 2002, 220(12).
[9]李建秋,欧阳明高.汽车发动机瞬时转速信号波动规律分析[J].内燃机学报,1999, 17(4): 1-5.
[10]孙云岭,朴甲哲,张永祥.直列式内燃机往复惯性力对瞬时转速影响的仿真研究[J].海军工程大学学报, 2002, 14(2): 54:57.
[11]李建秋,欧阳明高.发动机飞轮转速的传递函数分析[J].内燃机学报, 2001, 19(6): 582-587.
[12] Larsson S and Schagerberg S. SI Engine Cylinder Pressure Estimation Using Torque Sensors[C].SAE Technical Paper, 2004, 69(13): 124-130.
[13]刘荣振.基于瞬时转速的气缸压力重构及诊断系统研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学, 2010:30-44.
[14] Dinu T and Naeim A H. Determination of the Gas-Pressure Torque of a Multi-cylinder Enginefrom Measurements of the Crankshaft Speed Variation[C]. SAE Paper, 1998:1-7.
[15] Dinu Taraza and Naeim A. Cylinder Pressure Reconstruction from Crankshaft Speed Measurementin a Four-Stroke Single Cylinder Engine[C]. ASME, ICES2005-1023.
[16]苏铁熊.利用实测发动机瞬态转速波动估计平均指示压力[J].内燃机工程, 2003, 24(3):27-31.
[17] Shiao Y J and Moskwa J J. Cylinder Pressure and Combustion Heat Release Estimation for SIEngine Diagnostics Using Nonlinear Sliding Observers[C]. IEEE transactionns on control systemstechnology. 1995: 71-80.
[18]王赟松,褚福磊,郭丹.基于二阶滑模技术的内燃机气缸压力的估计[J].内燃机学报, 2004,22(6): 556-561.
[19] Al-Durra A, Canova M and Yurkovich S. A Model-Based Methodology for Real-Time Estimationof Diesel Engine Cylinder Pressure[C]. J Dyn Syst Meas Control Trans ASME, 2011: 991-1000.
[20] Al-Durra A, Canova M and Yurkovich S. Application of Extended Kalman Filter to On-LineDiesel Engine Cylinder Pressure Estimation[C]. DSCC ASME 2009: 541-548.
[21]苏铁熊.利用实测发动机瞬态转速波动估计缸内燃气压力[J].内燃机工程,2004, 25(3):54-59.
[22]陈国金.基于小波分析及ITD法识别气缸内气体压力[J].内燃机工程, 2002, 23(3): 72-77.
[23]唐娟.柴油机振动信号特征参数提取方法及缸内压力信号重构方法的研究[D].山东大学,2007: 22-25.
[24]纪少波,程勇,唐娟,等.基于缸盖振动信号时域特征识别气缸压力的研究[J].内燃机工程2008, 29(2): 77-84.
[25] Mobley C. Non-Intrusive In-Cylinder Pressure Measurement of Internal Combustion Engines[C].SAE Paper 1999, 54(5): 123-130.
[26] Alberts T, Liu S and Lally R. Investigation of an Inexpensive Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor forInternal Combustion Engine Spark Timing Control[C]. SAE Paper, 2006-01-0183.
[27] Jose′M, VicenteBermu′dez, and Carlos G. A Methodology fFor Combustion Detection In DieselEngines through In-Cylinder Pressure Derivative Signal[J]. Mechanical Systems and SignalProcessing, 2010, (24)24: 2261-2275.
[28] Marek T W. Glow Plug Integrated Cylinder Pressure Sensor for Closed Loop Engine Control[J].Journal of KONES Internal Combustion Engines, 2005, (12): 3-4.
[29] Haris H, Franz R and Johann F B. In-Cylinder Pressure Reconstruction for MulticylinderSi-Engine By Combined Processing of Engine Speed and one Cylinder Pressure[J]. IEEE,2005,(7): 22-30.
[30]万国强,黄英,张付军等.面向控制的柴油机IMEP在线计算方法及试验[J].内燃机学报, 2011,29(03): 277-281.
[31] Seungsuk O, Daekyung K and Junsoo K. Real-Time IMEP Estimation and Control Using anIn-Cylinder Pressure Sensor for a Common-Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine[J]. J. Eng. GasTurbines Power, 2011, 133(6): 22-31.
[32] El-Ghamry M , Steel J A, Reuben R L. Indirect Measurement of Cylinder Pressure from DieselEngines Using Acoustic Emission[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2005, 19(4):751-765.
[33] Villarino R and B¨ohme J F. Fast In-Cylinder Pressurereconstruction from Structure Borne SoundUsing FFT Algorithm. Proc.ICASSP, 2003, 6(3): 597-600.
[34]黄贵芬,陈虹,胡云峰.基于模型和MAP图的汽油发动机气路控制[C].第29届中国控制会议论文集,北京:机械工业出版社, 2010: 6010-6015.
[35]张凡武.基于扭矩的汽油机控制模型及开发验证[J].汽车科技,2010, (2): 16-22.
[36]洪木南,欧阳明高.基于模型前馈的进气压力反馈控制[J].内燃机工程, 2011, 32(4): 23-27.
[37]林雪松,周婧,林德新. MATLAB7.0应用集锦[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2006.
[38]甄龙信，安子军等.基于曲轴位置传感器信号的曲轴角加速度分析[C].汽车工程学会年会论文集.北京:机械工业出版社, 2008: 95-98.
[39]李娟.内燃机瞬时转速信号的研究[D].济南:山东大学, 2009.
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