塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层形成机理与分布预测
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摘要
碳酸盐岩储层受岩溶、裂缝控制,非均质性极强,预测难度大。为此,本文以岩溶作用研究为主线,应用层序地层学、岩溶地质学、化学热力学、储层地质学等理论方法,开展了对塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层形成机理与分布预测研究。提出了沉积作用是基础、岩溶改造是条件、构造裂缝是关键、埋藏保存是保障的储层形成机理的总体认识。
将岩溶地质学方法与层序地层学理论相结合,在分析岩溶系统发育特征,建立层序地层格架的基础上,将岩溶作用纳入到层序地层格架内进行研究。发现高频层序、三级层序界面导致的碳酸盐岩的周期性暴露形成了多期次的岩溶发育段,且随着基准面的降低,呈进积型叠置的高频层序顶部的岩溶发育段的规模有增大的趋势,由此决定了与二级或一级高级别层序界面所对应的大型不整合面是控制塔中地区碳酸盐岩岩溶型储层发育的关键。在不同级别的层序中,基准面上升期的地层超覆带、高水位期的前积带一顶超削截带是多期海平面下降导致周期性暴露的岩溶发育有利地区。
采用化学热力学方法对埋藏条件下岩溶发育与保存趋势进行了探索性研究。通过计算反映方解石和白云石溶解—沉淀趋势的吉布斯自由能△G值,对现代埋藏条件下古岩溶的保存与现代岩溶的发育趋势进行了判别。这方面的研究将是决定缝洞能否成为有效储集空间的关键,可以为有利岩溶发育区带的预测提供依据。
在认识到裂缝对岩溶发育的重要影响的前提下,通过详细的成像测井溶蚀孔洞识别和裂缝统计,对比不同裂缝发育强度、不同产状裂缝与岩溶发育之间的关系,发现溶蚀孔洞与裂缝密切共生,不整合面下的高角度裂缝对风化壳岩溶的发育具有重要的促进作用,而低角度裂缝与埋藏期岩溶作用有很好的对应关系。这为利用不同产状的裂缝发育特征进行岩溶—裂缝型储层的评价与预测提供了新的思路。
在储层基本特征研究的基础上,综合岩相、裂缝、岩溶等多方面研究成果,运用多因素叠合分析的方法,开展了奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层评价与预测。指出下奥陶统在中央垒带一线附近及塔中48—中4—塔中5—塔中8—塘北2井一线南侧近区,岩溶和裂缝均较发育,属Ⅰ类储层,塔中Ⅰ号断裂带与中央垒带之间的地区多属Ⅱ类储层。上奥陶统在塔中Ⅰ号断裂带附近区带以及塔中南坡南侧塘北一线,发育一套礁滩相储层,加之同生期岩溶作用发育强烈,大大改善了礁滩相储层的储集性能,属Ⅰ类储层。中央断垒带和塔中东部潜山带两个古地貌高地周边发育的超覆带,有利于岩溶发育,加之裂缝发育强度较大,也应属Ⅰ—Ⅱ类储层。
As controlled by palaeokarst and fracture, carbonate reservoirs are strongly heterogeneous and difficult to be predicted. Based on sequence stratigraphy, palaeokarst geology, thermodynamics of water-rock interaction, and reservoir geology etc., the paper takes the karstification as a masterstroke to systematically study the formation and distribution of carbonate reservoirs of Ordovician in Tazhong area, Tarim basin. It has been concluded that sedimentation is the basis, karstification is the condition, structure fracture is the key, and the burial preservation is the guarantee fore the formation of carbonate reservoirs with high quality.Based on the analysis of the development characteristics of karst system and the construction of sequence stratigraphic framework, the karstification within the sequence stratigraphic framework, especially under the different order of sequence boundaries has been studied in detail. . The karstification is controlled by the periodic emergence of the carbonate platform corresponding to high frequent and third-order of sea level fluctuations. Along with the fall of the base level, the scale of karstification segments developed at the top of progradational high frequent sequence set becomes larger. Therefore, unconformity corresponding to the first-order or second-order sequence boundary is the key which controls the karstified carbonate reservoirs in Tazhong area. It can be modeled that the onlap zone on the sequence boundary in the transgressive system tract and the toplap-truncation zone in the highstand system tract are the favorite area for karstification.Karstification regions and preservation trend under burial condition are tentatively studied with the thermodynamics of water-rock interaction. The preservation of palaeokarstification and the development of modern burial karstification are also evaluated by calculating Gibbs free energy AG value, which reflects calcite and dolomite dissolution-precipitation trend. It is the key to decide whether the fractures and caves are the efflective reservoir interspace and to provide proofs for the predication of the favorable karstification zones.Through the recognition of dissolution caves with FMI logging, statistics of fractures,
correlation analysis of the fractures and karstification, It has been found that fractures are closely accreted with karstification and high angle fractures under unconformity surface promoted the development of weathering crust-type karst greatly, while lower angle fractures have perfect correspondence to burial karstification. This knowledge affords a new thought to evaluate and predict karst-fractures-type reservoirs by the characteristics of fractures in different occurrence!Based on the comprehensive analysis of characteristics of the reservoir, such as lithofacies, fractures, and karstification etc, the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs have been evaluated. The conclusion shows that in the lower Ordovician the areas where the karstification and fractures were well developed are near central fault zone and south of the line along Well Tazhong 48-Zhong 4-Tazhong 5-Tazhong 8-Tangbei 2, which are I -type reservoirs, most regions between Tazhong I Fault and central fault zone are II -type reservoirs;and in the upper Ordovician, the zones near Tazhong I Fault and south of Tazhong southern slope along Tangbei fault are reef- bank facies reservoirs, which belong to I -type reservoirs as a result of greatly improved capability by intensive lyngenesis karstification additionally. The onlap areas near central fault zone and two morphologies along buried hills in east of Tazhong, being favorable for development of karstification, and development of intensive fractures, belong to I - II -type reservoirs.
将岩溶地质学方法与层序地层学理论相结合,在分析岩溶系统发育特征,建立层序地层格架的基础上,将岩溶作用纳入到层序地层格架内进行研究。发现高频层序、三级层序界面导致的碳酸盐岩的周期性暴露形成了多期次的岩溶发育段,且随着基准面的降低,呈进积型叠置的高频层序顶部的岩溶发育段的规模有增大的趋势,由此决定了与二级或一级高级别层序界面所对应的大型不整合面是控制塔中地区碳酸盐岩岩溶型储层发育的关键。在不同级别的层序中,基准面上升期的地层超覆带、高水位期的前积带一顶超削截带是多期海平面下降导致周期性暴露的岩溶发育有利地区。
采用化学热力学方法对埋藏条件下岩溶发育与保存趋势进行了探索性研究。通过计算反映方解石和白云石溶解—沉淀趋势的吉布斯自由能△G值,对现代埋藏条件下古岩溶的保存与现代岩溶的发育趋势进行了判别。这方面的研究将是决定缝洞能否成为有效储集空间的关键,可以为有利岩溶发育区带的预测提供依据。
在认识到裂缝对岩溶发育的重要影响的前提下,通过详细的成像测井溶蚀孔洞识别和裂缝统计,对比不同裂缝发育强度、不同产状裂缝与岩溶发育之间的关系,发现溶蚀孔洞与裂缝密切共生,不整合面下的高角度裂缝对风化壳岩溶的发育具有重要的促进作用,而低角度裂缝与埋藏期岩溶作用有很好的对应关系。这为利用不同产状的裂缝发育特征进行岩溶—裂缝型储层的评价与预测提供了新的思路。
在储层基本特征研究的基础上,综合岩相、裂缝、岩溶等多方面研究成果,运用多因素叠合分析的方法,开展了奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层评价与预测。指出下奥陶统在中央垒带一线附近及塔中48—中4—塔中5—塔中8—塘北2井一线南侧近区,岩溶和裂缝均较发育,属Ⅰ类储层,塔中Ⅰ号断裂带与中央垒带之间的地区多属Ⅱ类储层。上奥陶统在塔中Ⅰ号断裂带附近区带以及塔中南坡南侧塘北一线,发育一套礁滩相储层,加之同生期岩溶作用发育强烈,大大改善了礁滩相储层的储集性能,属Ⅰ类储层。中央断垒带和塔中东部潜山带两个古地貌高地周边发育的超覆带,有利于岩溶发育,加之裂缝发育强度较大,也应属Ⅰ—Ⅱ类储层。
As controlled by palaeokarst and fracture, carbonate reservoirs are strongly heterogeneous and difficult to be predicted. Based on sequence stratigraphy, palaeokarst geology, thermodynamics of water-rock interaction, and reservoir geology etc., the paper takes the karstification as a masterstroke to systematically study the formation and distribution of carbonate reservoirs of Ordovician in Tazhong area, Tarim basin. It has been concluded that sedimentation is the basis, karstification is the condition, structure fracture is the key, and the burial preservation is the guarantee fore the formation of carbonate reservoirs with high quality.Based on the analysis of the development characteristics of karst system and the construction of sequence stratigraphic framework, the karstification within the sequence stratigraphic framework, especially under the different order of sequence boundaries has been studied in detail. . The karstification is controlled by the periodic emergence of the carbonate platform corresponding to high frequent and third-order of sea level fluctuations. Along with the fall of the base level, the scale of karstification segments developed at the top of progradational high frequent sequence set becomes larger. Therefore, unconformity corresponding to the first-order or second-order sequence boundary is the key which controls the karstified carbonate reservoirs in Tazhong area. It can be modeled that the onlap zone on the sequence boundary in the transgressive system tract and the toplap-truncation zone in the highstand system tract are the favorite area for karstification.Karstification regions and preservation trend under burial condition are tentatively studied with the thermodynamics of water-rock interaction. The preservation of palaeokarstification and the development of modern burial karstification are also evaluated by calculating Gibbs free energy AG value, which reflects calcite and dolomite dissolution-precipitation trend. It is the key to decide whether the fractures and caves are the efflective reservoir interspace and to provide proofs for the predication of the favorable karstification zones.Through the recognition of dissolution caves with FMI logging, statistics of fractures,
correlation analysis of the fractures and karstification, It has been found that fractures are closely accreted with karstification and high angle fractures under unconformity surface promoted the development of weathering crust-type karst greatly, while lower angle fractures have perfect correspondence to burial karstification. This knowledge affords a new thought to evaluate and predict karst-fractures-type reservoirs by the characteristics of fractures in different occurrence!Based on the comprehensive analysis of characteristics of the reservoir, such as lithofacies, fractures, and karstification etc, the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs have been evaluated. The conclusion shows that in the lower Ordovician the areas where the karstification and fractures were well developed are near central fault zone and south of the line along Well Tazhong 48-Zhong 4-Tazhong 5-Tazhong 8-Tangbei 2, which are I -type reservoirs, most regions between Tazhong I Fault and central fault zone are II -type reservoirs;and in the upper Ordovician, the zones near Tazhong I Fault and south of Tazhong southern slope along Tangbei fault are reef- bank facies reservoirs, which belong to I -type reservoirs as a result of greatly improved capability by intensive lyngenesis karstification additionally. The onlap areas near central fault zone and two morphologies along buried hills in east of Tazhong, being favorable for development of karstification, and development of intensive fractures, belong to I - II -type reservoirs.
引文
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