油砂水基分离过程中表面性能的研究
摘要
随着常规石油资源的减少，油砂的开采和分离引起的高度关注。水基提取技术分离油砂矿的分离方法在国外已经广泛应用。然而，我国在非常规油气资源的开发和研究方面相对比较滞后，目前还不具备成熟的油砂分离技术。研究我国典型油砂矿的组成和性能评价，选择合理油砂分离技术是发展非常规石油资源的重要组成部分，也为我国大规模的工业做好技术储备。本论文工作以油砂水基分离过程中表面性能为研究重点，探索油砂矿特性与水基分离的重要关系，主要的研究成果包括以下三个方面。
1.以内蒙古扎赉特旗和新疆黑油山油砂分离出粒径小于50μm的微粒组分为研究对象，分别用油水法、渗透法和压片法对各种微粒组分表面的润湿性进行了表征。上述方法得出，两种微粒组分均显示疏水性，而相比扎赉特旗油砂微粒组分，黑油山油砂微粒则具有一定的亲水性。当微粒样品经过高温灼烧后，表面疏水性变为强亲水性。本实验两种油砂均属于油润性油砂，可能经历长期风化所致。
2.以内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂分离出粒径小于50μm的微粒组分为研究对象，考察温度、电解质浓度、pH值、表面活性剂等对粘土固体表面Zeta电位的影响，并且应用Stern-couy-chapman扩散双电层理论，从微观角度来解释粘土在不同的条件下的ζ电位的变化。
3.以内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂中分离出来的沥青为研究对象，考察温度、电解质浓度、pH值、表面活性剂等对沥青固体表面Zeta电位的影响，并且应用Stern-couy-chapman扩散双电层理论，从微观角度来解释沥青在不同的条件下的ζ电位的变化。
With the growing price of crude oil, oil sands has attracted much attention theexpoitation method and separation method. The fundamentals of water-basedextraction method used to recovery bitumen from oil sands were reviewed in aforeign country, but those were in the home. It is proposed that the exploitation ofdifferent types of oil sands, appropriate mining methods should be adopted afterdetailed analyzing the current different effective technologies and methods of oilsands. In the study, it is of the important research surface properties in water-basedbitumen extraction form oil sands, and the study on the oil sands characterizationand separation interact relationship. The main progress and research results havebeen obtained as follows:
1. In this study, two oil sands were obtained from Hei-You-Shan, Xinjiang andZha-Lai-Te-Qi, Inner Mongolia, respectively. The solids were extracted from oilsands using solvent washing and fines (<50μm) were separated from the solids.The fines surface wettability was examined using various methods. It was foundthat both of the fines extracted from the oil sands are hydrophobic. It was alsofound that the fines after heating at high temperature of500°C for1h exhibitedstrong hydrophilicity, which was attributed to the elimination of the organicsadsorbed on the fines surface.
2. In this study, oil sands were obtained from Zha-Lai-Te-Qi, Inner Mongolia.The solids were extracted from oil sands using solvent washing and fines(<50μm) were separated from the solids. The separation of bitumen from sandgrains is affected by the interactions between bitumen, sand grains, water and air,besides, such factors as temperature, pH value, mental ions and solid surfacealso have a great effect. Guided by the Stern-couy-chapman double layer theory,the ζ potential change of clay solids in various conditions can be interpretedmicroscopically.
3. In this study, oil sands were obtained from Zha-Lai-Te-Qi, Inner Mongolia.The bitumen were extracted from oil sands using solvent washing. There weresuch factors as temperature, pH value, mental ions and solid surface effective.Guided by the Stern-couy-chapman double layer theory, the ζ potential change ofclay solids in various conditions can be interpreted microscopically.
1.以内蒙古扎赉特旗和新疆黑油山油砂分离出粒径小于50μm的微粒组分为研究对象，分别用油水法、渗透法和压片法对各种微粒组分表面的润湿性进行了表征。上述方法得出，两种微粒组分均显示疏水性，而相比扎赉特旗油砂微粒组分，黑油山油砂微粒则具有一定的亲水性。当微粒样品经过高温灼烧后，表面疏水性变为强亲水性。本实验两种油砂均属于油润性油砂，可能经历长期风化所致。
2.以内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂分离出粒径小于50μm的微粒组分为研究对象，考察温度、电解质浓度、pH值、表面活性剂等对粘土固体表面Zeta电位的影响，并且应用Stern-couy-chapman扩散双电层理论，从微观角度来解释粘土在不同的条件下的ζ电位的变化。
3.以内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂中分离出来的沥青为研究对象，考察温度、电解质浓度、pH值、表面活性剂等对沥青固体表面Zeta电位的影响，并且应用Stern-couy-chapman扩散双电层理论，从微观角度来解释沥青在不同的条件下的ζ电位的变化。
With the growing price of crude oil, oil sands has attracted much attention theexpoitation method and separation method. The fundamentals of water-basedextraction method used to recovery bitumen from oil sands were reviewed in aforeign country, but those were in the home. It is proposed that the exploitation ofdifferent types of oil sands, appropriate mining methods should be adopted afterdetailed analyzing the current different effective technologies and methods of oilsands. In the study, it is of the important research surface properties in water-basedbitumen extraction form oil sands, and the study on the oil sands characterizationand separation interact relationship. The main progress and research results havebeen obtained as follows:
1. In this study, two oil sands were obtained from Hei-You-Shan, Xinjiang andZha-Lai-Te-Qi, Inner Mongolia, respectively. The solids were extracted from oilsands using solvent washing and fines (<50μm) were separated from the solids.The fines surface wettability was examined using various methods. It was foundthat both of the fines extracted from the oil sands are hydrophobic. It was alsofound that the fines after heating at high temperature of500°C for1h exhibitedstrong hydrophilicity, which was attributed to the elimination of the organicsadsorbed on the fines surface.
2. In this study, oil sands were obtained from Zha-Lai-Te-Qi, Inner Mongolia.The solids were extracted from oil sands using solvent washing and fines(<50μm) were separated from the solids. The separation of bitumen from sandgrains is affected by the interactions between bitumen, sand grains, water and air,besides, such factors as temperature, pH value, mental ions and solid surfacealso have a great effect. Guided by the Stern-couy-chapman double layer theory,the ζ potential change of clay solids in various conditions can be interpretedmicroscopically.
3. In this study, oil sands were obtained from Zha-Lai-Te-Qi, Inner Mongolia.The bitumen were extracted from oil sands using solvent washing. There weresuch factors as temperature, pH value, mental ions and solid surface effective.Guided by the Stern-couy-chapman double layer theory, the ζ potential change ofclay solids in various conditions can be interpreted microscopically.
引文
[1.]Jiayu,N.;Jianyi,H.,Formation and distribution of heavy oil and tar sands in China[J].Marine and petroleum geology1999,16(1),85-95.
[2.]Masliyah,J.:Zhou,Z.J.;Xu,Z.;et al,Understanding Water-Based Bitumen Extraction from Athabasca Oil Sands[J.]The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2004,82(4),628-654.
[3.]崔苗苗：李文深：封瑞江：等内蒙古油砂分离的研究[J].化学工业与工程2008,25(6),530—534.
[4.]董知军：刘立平：王蓉辉：等内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂分离[J].石油化工高等学校学报2006,18(4),31—34.
[5.]Sato,S.;Sugimoto,Y.;Sakanishi,K.;et al,Diesel quality and molecular structure of bitumen-derived middle distillates[J].Fuel2004,83(14),1915-1927.
[6.]邢定峰：龚满英：刘蜀敏：等,加拿大油砂沥青加工方案研究[J].石油规划设计2007,18(1),10—14.
[7.]单玄龙：车长波：李剑：等,国内外油砂资源研究现状[J].世界地质2007,26(004),459—464.
[8.]孙微微：赵德智：孙明珠,油砂及其分离方法[J].化工文摘2007,(005),41—43.
[9.]高杰：李文,加拿大油砂资源开发现状及前景[J].中外能源2006,11(4),9—14.
[10.]崔苗苗：李文深：李晓鸥：等,油砂资源的开发和利用[J].化学工业与工程2009,26(1),79—83.
[11.]张刚,刘继伟,李留仁,等,油砂分离技术的研究现状及影响因素分析[J].内蒙古石油化工2008,(1),111—113.
[12.]严格,内蒙古油砂热碱水洗分离实验研究[J].油田化学2006,22(4),375—377.
[13.]俞经方,沥青,地沥青和沥青砂.北京：石油工业出版社：1988.
[14.]Hepler,L.;AOSTR,H.;油砂：沥青,重质油技术手册.东营：石油大学出版社：1992.
[15.]李莉,油砂——一种新的替代能源[J].当代石油石化2006,J3(12),28—30.
[16]胡思义,中国陆相石油地质理论基础.石油工业出版社：1991.
[17]邱江,重量法测定油砂中矿物油的含量[J].辽宁化工2006,35(7),421—423.
[18]张德云,全国油砂和油页岩资源评价项目研究工作进展[J].吉林大学学报：地球科学版2005,35(1),32—32.
[19]吕尔：周明鉴：牟相欣,焦油(超重油)砂和油页岩.地质出版社1986.
[20.]郑德温：方朝合：李剑：等,油砂开采技术和方法综述[J].西南石油大学学报2009,3D(6),105—108.
[21]张绍飞,加拿大石油工业的新天地一油砂[J].石油化工技术经济2005,21(3),8—13：
[22]鄢德华：李金东：孙娜,油砂开采技术研究现状及发展趋势[J].内蒙古石油化工2008,(005),16—18.
[23]吕立华：李明华：苏岳丽,稠油开采方法综述[J].内蒙古石油化工2005,31(003),110—112.
[24]曲日涛：苏海芳：曹嫣红,中深层稠油油藏开采新技术[J].油气田地面工程2006,25(3),19—19.
[25]董本京：穆龙新,国内外稠油冷采技术现状及发展趋势[J].钻采工艺2002,25(6),18—21.
[26]阎静华：王建华：徐英娜：等,稠油油藏出砂冷采技术实践[J].大庆石油地质与开发2006,25(002),72—74.
[27]张刚：刘继伟：李留仁：等,油砂分离技术的研究现状及影响因素分析[J].内蒙古石油化工2008,(001),111—113.
[28]姚全敏,预算重油和沥青的粘度[J].国外油田工程1994,2,45—46.
[29.]Clark, K. A., Hot-Water Separation of Alberta Bituminous Sand[J]. Trans. Can. Inst. Min. Metall.1944,47,257-274.
[30.]Technology, A. O. S.; Authority, R.; Liu, J. K., Syncrude Analytical Methods Manual for Bitumen Upgrading. Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority:1991.
[31.]Takamura, K., Microscopic structure of Athabasca oil sand[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering1982,60(4),538-545.
[32]任嗣利,水基提取技术用于油砂分离的研究进展[J].化工学报2011,62(9),2406—2412.
[33.]Dang-Vu, T.; Jha, R.; Wu, S. Y.;et al, Effect of solid wettability on processability of oil sands ores[J]. Energy&Fuels2009,23(5),2628-2636.
[34.]Dang-Vu, T.; Jha, R.; Wu, S. Y.;et al, Wettability determination of solids isolated from oil sands[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects2009,337(1-3),80-90.
[35.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Processability of oil sand ores in Alberta[J]. Energy&Fuels2005,19(5),2056-2063.
[36.]Omotoso, O. E.; Munoz, V. A.; Mikula, R. J., Mechanisms of crude oil-mineral interactions[J]. Spill Science&Technology Bulletin2002,8(1),45-54.
[37.]Wallace, D.; Henry, D. In Aging of Oil Sand During Storage, New Hampshire USA:1984.
[38.]Kotlyar, L. S.; Ripmeester, J. A.; Sparks, B.; Woods, J., Comparative study of organic matter derived from Utah and Athabasca oil sands[J]. Fuel1988,67(11),1529-1535.
[39.]Sparks, B.; Kotlyar, L.; O'Carroll, J.; et al, Athabasca oil sands:effect of organic coated solids on bitumen recovery and quality[J]. Journal of petroleum science and engineering2003,39(3-4),417-430.
[40.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z., Processability of Oil Sand Ores in Alberta[J]. Energy Fuels2005,19,2056-2063.
[41.]Ren, S.; Dang-Vu, T.; Zhao, H.;et al, Effect of weathering on surface characteristics of solids and bitumen from oil sands[J]. Energy&Fuels2008,23(1),334-341.
[42.]Hupka, J.; Miller, J.; Cortez, A., Importance of bitumen viscosity in the hot water processing of domestic tar sands.1982.
[43.]Hupka, J.; Oblad, A. G.; Miller, J. D., Diluent-assisted hot-water processing of tar sands (Abstract only).1987.
[44.]Schramm, L.; Stasiuk, E.; Yarranton, H.; et al, Temperature effects from the conditioning and flotation of bitumen from oil sands in terms of oil recovery and physical properties[J]. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology2003,42(8).
[45.]Long, J.; Drelich, J.; Xu, Z.;et al., Effect of Operating Temperature on Water-Based Oil Sands Processing[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2007,85(5),726-738.
[46.]Technology, A. O. S.; Authority, R., Oil Sands Composition and Behaviour Research:the Research Papers of John A. Bichard,1957-1965. Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority:1987.
[47.]Stasiuk, E.; Schramm, L.; Yarranton, H.; et al, Shear and Interfacial Phenomena Involved in Reducing Process Temperature for the Recovery of Bitumen from Athabasca Oil Sand[J]. Papers of the American Chemical Society2004, U839-U839.
[48.]Long, J.; Drelich, J.; Xu, Z. H.;et al, Effect of Operating Temperature on Water-Based Oil Sands Processing[J]. Can. J. Chem. Eng.2007,85,726-738.
[49.]钟康年,双电层理论在选矿中的应用[J].有色金属(选矿部分)1985,1.
[50.]Sharma, M. M.; Kuo, J.; Yen, T., Further investigation of the surface charge properties of oxide surfaces in oil-bearing sands and sandstones[J]. Journal of colloid and interface science1987,115(1),9-16.
[51.]Janusz, W.; Szczypa, J. In Electrical double layer at alumina/electrolyte interface, Trans Tech Publ:1988; pp427-430.
[52.]Liu, J.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z.; et al, Bitumen-clay interactions in aqueous media studied by zeta potential distribution measurement[J]. Journal of colloid and interface science2002,252(2),409-418.
[53.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Role of fine clays in bitumen extraction from oil sands[J]. AIChE journal2004,50(8),1917-1927.
[54.]Ding, X.; Repka, C.; Xu, Z.;et al, Effect of illite clay and divalent cations on bitumen recovery[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2006,84(6),643-650.
[55.]Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z. H.; Masliyah, J., Effect of Natural Surfactant Released from Athabasca Oil Sands on Gas Holdup in a Water[J]. Can. Chem. Eng. J.2004,82,696-703.
[56.]Jiang, T.; Hirasaki, G. J.; Miller, C. A., Characterization of Kaolinite ζ Potential for Interpretation of Wettability Alteration in Diluted Bitumen Emulsion Separation?[J]. Energy&Fuels2010,24(4),2350-2360.
[57.]梁文杰,重质油化学.石油大学出版社：2000.
[58.]许修强：王红岩：郑德温：等,油砂开发利用的研究进展[J].辽宁化工2008,37(004),268—271.
[59.]Painter, P.; Williams, P.; Mannebach, E., Recovery of bitumen from oil or tar sands using ionic liquids[J]. Energy&Fuels2009,24(2),1094-1098.
[60.]Hepler, L. G. Alberta oil sands:Industrial procedures for extraction and some recent fundamental research;1994.
[61.]Kotlyar, V.; Philippov, S., Phase diffractive elements forming pregiven phase distributions[J]. Optics&Laser Technology1995,27(4),229-233.
[62.]Kotlyar, L.; Deslandes, Y.; Sparks, B.;et al, Characterization of colloidal solids from Athabasca fine tails[J]. Clays and Clay Minerals1993,41(3),341-345.
[63.]Kotlyar, L.; Sparks, B.; Deslandes, Y.;et al, The role of biwetted colloidal solids in structure formation in oil sands fine tails[J]. Fuel science&technology international1994,12(6),923-935.
[64.]Bruil, H.; Van Aartsen, J., The determination of contact angles of aqueous surfactant solutions on powders[J]. Colloid&Polymer Science1974,252(1),32-38.
[65.]Subrahmanyam, T.; Monte, M.; Middea, A.; et al, Contact angles of quartz by capillary penetration of liquids and captive bubble techniques[J]. Minerals engineering1999,12(11),1347-1357.
[66.]Prestidge, C. A.; Tsatouhas, G., Wettability studies of morphine sulfate powders[J]. International journal of pharmaceutics2000,198(2),201-212.
[67.]Subrahmanyam, T.; Prestidge, C. A.; Ralston, J., Contact angle and surface analysis studies of sphalerite particles[J]. Minerals engineering1996,9(7),727-741.
[68.]Siebold, A.; Walliser, A.; Nardin, M.;et al, Capillary rise for thermodynamic characterization of solid particle surface[J]. Journal of colloid and interface science1997,186(1),60-70.
[69.]Washburn, E. W., The dynamics of capillary flow[J]. Physical review1921,17(3),273.
[70.]Miller, J.; Misra, M., Hot water process development for Utah tar sands[J]. Fuel Processing Technology1982,6(1),27-59.
[71.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Interaction between bitumen and fines in oil sands extraction system:Implication to bitumen recovery[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2004,82(4),655-666.
[72.]Li, H.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z.;et al, Role of acidified sodium silicate in low temperature bitumen extraction from poor-processing oil sand ores[J.] Industrial&engineering chemistry research2005,44(13),4753-4761.
[73.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Studies on bitumen-silica interaction in aqueous solutions by atomic force microscopy[J]. Langmuir2003,19(9),3911-3920.
[74.]白瑛,胶体吸附与土壤重金属容量[J].农业环境科学学报1986,2.
[75.]Kasongo, T.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Effect of clays and calcium ions on bitumen extraction from Athabasca oil sands using flotation[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2000,78(4),674-681.
[76.]Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J. H.; et al, Coagulation of bitumen with fine silica in model systems[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects1999,148(3),199-211.
[77.]Clark, K.; Pasternack, D., Hot Water Seperation of Bitumen from Alberta Bituminous Sand[J]. Industrial&Engineering Chemistry1932,24(12),1410-1416.
[78.]Long, J.; Zhang, L.; Xu, Z.;et al, Colloidal interactions between langmuir-blodgett bitumen films and fine solid particles[J]. Langmuir2006,22(21),8831-8839.
[79.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Colloidal forces between bitumen surfaces in aqueous solutions measured with atomic force microscope[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects2005,260(1),217-228.
[80.]Liu, J.; Zhang, L.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Colloidal interactions between asphaltene surfaces in aqueous solutions[J]. Langmuir2006,22(4),1485-1492.
[2.]Masliyah,J.:Zhou,Z.J.;Xu,Z.;et al,Understanding Water-Based Bitumen Extraction from Athabasca Oil Sands[J.]The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2004,82(4),628-654.
[3.]崔苗苗：李文深：封瑞江：等内蒙古油砂分离的研究[J].化学工业与工程2008,25(6),530—534.
[4.]董知军：刘立平：王蓉辉：等内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂分离[J].石油化工高等学校学报2006,18(4),31—34.
[5.]Sato,S.;Sugimoto,Y.;Sakanishi,K.;et al,Diesel quality and molecular structure of bitumen-derived middle distillates[J].Fuel2004,83(14),1915-1927.
[6.]邢定峰：龚满英：刘蜀敏：等,加拿大油砂沥青加工方案研究[J].石油规划设计2007,18(1),10—14.
[7.]单玄龙：车长波：李剑：等,国内外油砂资源研究现状[J].世界地质2007,26(004),459—464.
[8.]孙微微：赵德智：孙明珠,油砂及其分离方法[J].化工文摘2007,(005),41—43.
[9.]高杰：李文,加拿大油砂资源开发现状及前景[J].中外能源2006,11(4),9—14.
[10.]崔苗苗：李文深：李晓鸥：等,油砂资源的开发和利用[J].化学工业与工程2009,26(1),79—83.
[11.]张刚,刘继伟,李留仁,等,油砂分离技术的研究现状及影响因素分析[J].内蒙古石油化工2008,(1),111—113.
[12.]严格,内蒙古油砂热碱水洗分离实验研究[J].油田化学2006,22(4),375—377.
[13.]俞经方,沥青,地沥青和沥青砂.北京：石油工业出版社：1988.
[14.]Hepler,L.;AOSTR,H.;油砂：沥青,重质油技术手册.东营：石油大学出版社：1992.
[15.]李莉,油砂——一种新的替代能源[J].当代石油石化2006,J3(12),28—30.
[16]胡思义,中国陆相石油地质理论基础.石油工业出版社：1991.
[17]邱江,重量法测定油砂中矿物油的含量[J].辽宁化工2006,35(7),421—423.
[18]张德云,全国油砂和油页岩资源评价项目研究工作进展[J].吉林大学学报：地球科学版2005,35(1),32—32.
[19]吕尔：周明鉴：牟相欣,焦油(超重油)砂和油页岩.地质出版社1986.
[20.]郑德温：方朝合：李剑：等,油砂开采技术和方法综述[J].西南石油大学学报2009,3D(6),105—108.
[21]张绍飞,加拿大石油工业的新天地一油砂[J].石油化工技术经济2005,21(3),8—13：
[22]鄢德华：李金东：孙娜,油砂开采技术研究现状及发展趋势[J].内蒙古石油化工2008,(005),16—18.
[23]吕立华：李明华：苏岳丽,稠油开采方法综述[J].内蒙古石油化工2005,31(003),110—112.
[24]曲日涛：苏海芳：曹嫣红,中深层稠油油藏开采新技术[J].油气田地面工程2006,25(3),19—19.
[25]董本京：穆龙新,国内外稠油冷采技术现状及发展趋势[J].钻采工艺2002,25(6),18—21.
[26]阎静华：王建华：徐英娜：等,稠油油藏出砂冷采技术实践[J].大庆石油地质与开发2006,25(002),72—74.
[27]张刚：刘继伟：李留仁：等,油砂分离技术的研究现状及影响因素分析[J].内蒙古石油化工2008,(001),111—113.
[28]姚全敏,预算重油和沥青的粘度[J].国外油田工程1994,2,45—46.
[29.]Clark, K. A., Hot-Water Separation of Alberta Bituminous Sand[J]. Trans. Can. Inst. Min. Metall.1944,47,257-274.
[30.]Technology, A. O. S.; Authority, R.; Liu, J. K., Syncrude Analytical Methods Manual for Bitumen Upgrading. Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority:1991.
[31.]Takamura, K., Microscopic structure of Athabasca oil sand[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering1982,60(4),538-545.
[32]任嗣利,水基提取技术用于油砂分离的研究进展[J].化工学报2011,62(9),2406—2412.
[33.]Dang-Vu, T.; Jha, R.; Wu, S. Y.;et al, Effect of solid wettability on processability of oil sands ores[J]. Energy&Fuels2009,23(5),2628-2636.
[34.]Dang-Vu, T.; Jha, R.; Wu, S. Y.;et al, Wettability determination of solids isolated from oil sands[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects2009,337(1-3),80-90.
[35.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Processability of oil sand ores in Alberta[J]. Energy&Fuels2005,19(5),2056-2063.
[36.]Omotoso, O. E.; Munoz, V. A.; Mikula, R. J., Mechanisms of crude oil-mineral interactions[J]. Spill Science&Technology Bulletin2002,8(1),45-54.
[37.]Wallace, D.; Henry, D. In Aging of Oil Sand During Storage, New Hampshire USA:1984.
[38.]Kotlyar, L. S.; Ripmeester, J. A.; Sparks, B.; Woods, J., Comparative study of organic matter derived from Utah and Athabasca oil sands[J]. Fuel1988,67(11),1529-1535.
[39.]Sparks, B.; Kotlyar, L.; O'Carroll, J.; et al, Athabasca oil sands:effect of organic coated solids on bitumen recovery and quality[J]. Journal of petroleum science and engineering2003,39(3-4),417-430.
[40.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z., Processability of Oil Sand Ores in Alberta[J]. Energy Fuels2005,19,2056-2063.
[41.]Ren, S.; Dang-Vu, T.; Zhao, H.;et al, Effect of weathering on surface characteristics of solids and bitumen from oil sands[J]. Energy&Fuels2008,23(1),334-341.
[42.]Hupka, J.; Miller, J.; Cortez, A., Importance of bitumen viscosity in the hot water processing of domestic tar sands.1982.
[43.]Hupka, J.; Oblad, A. G.; Miller, J. D., Diluent-assisted hot-water processing of tar sands (Abstract only).1987.
[44.]Schramm, L.; Stasiuk, E.; Yarranton, H.; et al, Temperature effects from the conditioning and flotation of bitumen from oil sands in terms of oil recovery and physical properties[J]. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology2003,42(8).
[45.]Long, J.; Drelich, J.; Xu, Z.;et al., Effect of Operating Temperature on Water-Based Oil Sands Processing[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2007,85(5),726-738.
[46.]Technology, A. O. S.; Authority, R., Oil Sands Composition and Behaviour Research:the Research Papers of John A. Bichard,1957-1965. Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority:1987.
[47.]Stasiuk, E.; Schramm, L.; Yarranton, H.; et al, Shear and Interfacial Phenomena Involved in Reducing Process Temperature for the Recovery of Bitumen from Athabasca Oil Sand[J]. Papers of the American Chemical Society2004, U839-U839.
[48.]Long, J.; Drelich, J.; Xu, Z. H.;et al, Effect of Operating Temperature on Water-Based Oil Sands Processing[J]. Can. J. Chem. Eng.2007,85,726-738.
[49.]钟康年,双电层理论在选矿中的应用[J].有色金属(选矿部分)1985,1.
[50.]Sharma, M. M.; Kuo, J.; Yen, T., Further investigation of the surface charge properties of oxide surfaces in oil-bearing sands and sandstones[J]. Journal of colloid and interface science1987,115(1),9-16.
[51.]Janusz, W.; Szczypa, J. In Electrical double layer at alumina/electrolyte interface, Trans Tech Publ:1988; pp427-430.
[52.]Liu, J.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z.; et al, Bitumen-clay interactions in aqueous media studied by zeta potential distribution measurement[J]. Journal of colloid and interface science2002,252(2),409-418.
[53.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Role of fine clays in bitumen extraction from oil sands[J]. AIChE journal2004,50(8),1917-1927.
[54.]Ding, X.; Repka, C.; Xu, Z.;et al, Effect of illite clay and divalent cations on bitumen recovery[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2006,84(6),643-650.
[55.]Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z. H.; Masliyah, J., Effect of Natural Surfactant Released from Athabasca Oil Sands on Gas Holdup in a Water[J]. Can. Chem. Eng. J.2004,82,696-703.
[56.]Jiang, T.; Hirasaki, G. J.; Miller, C. A., Characterization of Kaolinite ζ Potential for Interpretation of Wettability Alteration in Diluted Bitumen Emulsion Separation?[J]. Energy&Fuels2010,24(4),2350-2360.
[57.]梁文杰,重质油化学.石油大学出版社：2000.
[58.]许修强：王红岩：郑德温：等,油砂开发利用的研究进展[J].辽宁化工2008,37(004),268—271.
[59.]Painter, P.; Williams, P.; Mannebach, E., Recovery of bitumen from oil or tar sands using ionic liquids[J]. Energy&Fuels2009,24(2),1094-1098.
[60.]Hepler, L. G. Alberta oil sands:Industrial procedures for extraction and some recent fundamental research;1994.
[61.]Kotlyar, V.; Philippov, S., Phase diffractive elements forming pregiven phase distributions[J]. Optics&Laser Technology1995,27(4),229-233.
[62.]Kotlyar, L.; Deslandes, Y.; Sparks, B.;et al, Characterization of colloidal solids from Athabasca fine tails[J]. Clays and Clay Minerals1993,41(3),341-345.
[63.]Kotlyar, L.; Sparks, B.; Deslandes, Y.;et al, The role of biwetted colloidal solids in structure formation in oil sands fine tails[J]. Fuel science&technology international1994,12(6),923-935.
[64.]Bruil, H.; Van Aartsen, J., The determination of contact angles of aqueous surfactant solutions on powders[J]. Colloid&Polymer Science1974,252(1),32-38.
[65.]Subrahmanyam, T.; Monte, M.; Middea, A.; et al, Contact angles of quartz by capillary penetration of liquids and captive bubble techniques[J]. Minerals engineering1999,12(11),1347-1357.
[66.]Prestidge, C. A.; Tsatouhas, G., Wettability studies of morphine sulfate powders[J]. International journal of pharmaceutics2000,198(2),201-212.
[67.]Subrahmanyam, T.; Prestidge, C. A.; Ralston, J., Contact angle and surface analysis studies of sphalerite particles[J]. Minerals engineering1996,9(7),727-741.
[68.]Siebold, A.; Walliser, A.; Nardin, M.;et al, Capillary rise for thermodynamic characterization of solid particle surface[J]. Journal of colloid and interface science1997,186(1),60-70.
[69.]Washburn, E. W., The dynamics of capillary flow[J]. Physical review1921,17(3),273.
[70.]Miller, J.; Misra, M., Hot water process development for Utah tar sands[J]. Fuel Processing Technology1982,6(1),27-59.
[71.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Interaction between bitumen and fines in oil sands extraction system:Implication to bitumen recovery[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2004,82(4),655-666.
[72.]Li, H.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z.;et al, Role of acidified sodium silicate in low temperature bitumen extraction from poor-processing oil sand ores[J.] Industrial&engineering chemistry research2005,44(13),4753-4761.
[73.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Studies on bitumen-silica interaction in aqueous solutions by atomic force microscopy[J]. Langmuir2003,19(9),3911-3920.
[74.]白瑛,胶体吸附与土壤重金属容量[J].农业环境科学学报1986,2.
[75.]Kasongo, T.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Effect of clays and calcium ions on bitumen extraction from Athabasca oil sands using flotation[J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering2000,78(4),674-681.
[76.]Zhou, Z.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J. H.; et al, Coagulation of bitumen with fine silica in model systems[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects1999,148(3),199-211.
[77.]Clark, K.; Pasternack, D., Hot Water Seperation of Bitumen from Alberta Bituminous Sand[J]. Industrial&Engineering Chemistry1932,24(12),1410-1416.
[78.]Long, J.; Zhang, L.; Xu, Z.;et al, Colloidal interactions between langmuir-blodgett bitumen films and fine solid particles[J]. Langmuir2006,22(21),8831-8839.
[79.]Liu, J.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Colloidal forces between bitumen surfaces in aqueous solutions measured with atomic force microscope[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects2005,260(1),217-228.
[80.]Liu, J.; Zhang, L.; Xu, Z.; Masliyah, J., Colloidal interactions between asphaltene surfaces in aqueous solutions[J]. Langmuir2006,22(4),1485-1492.