重油的组成结构和高效转化的基础研究
摘要
随着轻质石油资源的快速减少以及对其消耗的增加,重质石油资源的有效利用变得越来越重要。了解重质油的化学组成并且开发新型催化剂作为重油高效转化和利用的基础研究是非常必要的。通过对重油中化学成分的研究可以对高效利用和催化转化中重油的性能和状态进行预测和评估,如通过对其组成的了解可以更好的解释重油高效转化利用中的相分离现象、焦炭的形成、分子间的相互作用以及催化剂失活的原因;通过对新型催化剂材料的研究将促进重油的高效转化和利用。
考虑到不同溶剂中重油的化学组成有所不同,本文首先以大港减压渣油(DVR)、俄罗斯减压渣油(RVR)和库姆科尔减压渣油(KVR)为研究对象,对比了三种减压渣油在一系列有机溶剂中的溶解性,利用GC/MS和FTIR对每一种溶剂中的可溶组分进行分析。实验结果表明三种减压渣油在不同溶剂中的萃取率在很大程度上与溶剂的介电常数有关,三种减压渣油在介电常数较小的溶剂中均显示出较好的溶解性。三种减压渣油各溶剂萃取物中检测到了百余种化合物,包括链烷烃、环烷烃、烯烃、芳烃和含杂原子有机化合物,其中链烷烃和环烷烃占优势;各种成分的含量与三种减压渣油的氢碳比及平均分子质量有关。通过对三种减压渣油各溶剂萃取物的组成分析,确定了室温下依次用石油醚、苯和二硫化碳对三种减压渣油进行分级分次萃取,以期进一步认识其组成结构。
为了进一步了解三种减压渣油族组分的组成,本文利用柱层析法对三种减压渣油进行了SARA四组分分析,并利用GC/MS对三种减压渣油中的各族组分进行分析。实验结果表明KVR中饱和分含量最高,RVR中沥青质含量最高,DVR中芳香族馏分及重质组分的含量最高。三种减压渣油的饱和分中链烷烃和环烷烃占优势,包括C12-C44烷的正构烷烃、少量支链烷烃、带长侧链的烷基环己烷、烷基环戊烷、豆甾烷、胆甾烷、羽扇烷和藿烷等;RVR芳香族馏分中检测到了较多的芳烃,并以多环芳烃为主。仅在DVR饱和分、RVR和KVR胶质和沥青质中检测到长链烯烃且含量较低。在RVR和KVR的胶质和沥青质中检测到了含杂原子有机化合物,且以噻吩类化合物为主。
本文在温和条件下依次用石油醚、苯和二硫化碳对DVR、RVR和KVR进行分级分次萃取,利用GC/MS对各级各次萃取物进行分析。实验结果表明,三种减压渣油石油醚第一次萃取物中饱和烃占优势,包括正构烷烃(C10-C43)、支链烷烃(C16-C28)、烷基环己烷(C24-C36)、烷基环戊烷、豆甾烷、胆甾烷、羽扇烷和藿烷(C24-C36)等。而石油醚第二次萃取物由少量的烷烃和一系列的烷基苯基碳酸酯组成。三种减压渣油苯的两次萃取物也存在很大差异,苯对DVR中氢醌、RVR中二叔丁基对甲酚以及KVR中联苯都有很好的分离效果,三种化合物在苯萃取物GC/MS可测成分中的含量分别达到了85%,59%和73%。而二硫化碳萃取物中未检测到任何有机化合物。通过对分级萃取过程中三种减压渣油中长链烯烃的溶出行为的研究,发现减压渣油中长链烯烃的溶出行为和存在方式与煤中长链烯烃相似,长链烯烃常与奇碳优势分布的长链烷烃同时溶出;与长链烷烃相比,长链烯烃与渣油的大分子网络或交联网络结构的作用较强。
为了进一步了解渣油中重质组分的化学组成,本文以重质组分含量最高的DVR为研究对象,利用活性炭(AC)、Y型分子筛(HY)和金属镍(Ni)三种催化剂分别对DVR石油醚不溶组分(DVR-PEIF)进行催化加氢处理,并利用GC/MS对三种反应产物的石油醚可溶组分进行分析,鉴定出118种有机化合物,包括链烷烃、环烷烃、烯烃、芳烃和含杂原子有机化合物。实验结果表明,Ni存在下的催化反应可能以催化加氢反应为主,而AC存在下可能以催化裂化反应为主。
本文还首次在交联的聚丙烯酰胺(C-PAM)水凝胶存在下合成了方钠石分子筛空心球和空心钠A型分子筛晶体,提出了聚合物交联网络中原位结晶形成空心分子筛的机理,指出分子筛空心结构的形成与由表面到中心的的结晶过程有关。用来合成方钠石空心球的合成凝胶中各组分的质量比为:0.8SiO2: 1.0Al2O3: 21.2Na2O: 86.0H2O: 7.4-28.7丙烯酰胺。利用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和氮气吸附解析对合成的样品进行了表征,并利用双束显微镜对其内部结构进行了分析。实验结果表明方钠石空心球的直径约为1-5μm,壁厚约为0.5-1μm,而且随着丙烯酰胺量的增多,球的直径由5-10μm减小至1-3μm。用来合成空心钠A型分子筛晶体的合成凝胶中各组分的质量比为:0.8SiO2: 1.0Al2O3: 2.6Na2O: 16.4H2O: 2.6-3.8丙烯酰胺,所合成的空心钠A型分子筛晶体的大小约为300-500 nm。本研究为其他分子筛空心球的合成提供了一个简单可行的方法,也为进一步研究具有更高催化活性和选择性的空心分子筛纳米复合材料,促进重油的高效转化奠定了基础。
The efficient utilization of heavy petroleum becomes more and more important with rapid decrease in light petroleum resources and rapid increase in light petroleum consumption. Understanding composition of heavy oils and synthesizing new catalysts are necessary for efficient utilization of heavy oils as a basic research. For example, predicting the behaviors such as phase separation, coke formation, molecular interaction, and the cause of catalyst deactivation by understanding composition of heavy oils, and enhancing the efficiency of utilization and conversion of heavy oils by synthesizing new catalysts.
Taking the consideration that composition of heavy oil is closely related to its solubility in different solvents into account, solubility of Dagang vacuum residue (DVR), Russia vacuum residue (RVR) and Kumkol vacuum residue (KVR), three kinds of heavy oils, were compared in a series of organic solvents. The extract yields of DVR, RVR and KVR are largely related to dielectric constant of the solvents, i.e., DVR, RVR and KVR tend to easily dissolve in solvents with lower dielectric constant. The compounds detected from the extraction solutions can be classified into five types: chain alkanes, cyclanes, alkenes, arenes and heteroatoms-containing compounds. Saturated hydrocarbons, i.e., chain alkanes and cyclanes are predominant with all the solvents.
DVR, RVR and KVR were respectively separated in an alumina packing column by flushing with different solvents, and saturated hydrocarbon (S), aromatics (A), resins (R) and asphaltine (AT) were obtained. SARA were analyzed with GC/MS. The results show that the contents of S in KVR is more than those in DVR and RVR, and the contents of A and R in DVR is the most, and the contents of AT in RVR is more than those in DVR and KVR. The compounds detected from SARA of DVR, RVR and KVR consist of chain alkanes, cyclopanes, alkenes, arene and heteroatoms-containing compounds. DVR, RVR and KVR were extracted in Soxhlet extractor with petroleum ether (PE), benzene and carbon disulfide (CS2) sequentially and the extracts were analyzed with GC/MS. The results show that group components of organic compounds in DVR, RVR and KVR can be separated preferably by fractional extration. The compounds detected from the first PE extracts mostly consist of normal chain alkanes (C10-C43), branched alkanes (C16-C28), cyclanes (C24-C36) and alkenes (C11-C30). The compounds detected from the second PE extracts mostly consist of alkyl phenyl carbonic acid esters. The compounds detected from the first benzene extracts are different from those in the second benzene extracts. Moreover, hydroquinone from DVR, ditertbutylparacresol from RVR, and biphenyl from KVR in benzene extracts are predominant. However, any compounds weren’t dedtected in CS2 extracts. The solubilization behavior of long-chain alkenes was investigated during the fractional extraction. The results show that long-chain alkenes have stronger interaction with vacuum residue macromolecular or linked network structure than long-chain alkanes and are often dissolved out together with long-chain alkanes with odd carbon number.
The PE-insoluble fraction of DVR (DVR-PEIF) was subject to catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of activated carbon (AC), zeolite Y (HY) and nickel (Ni) under initial hydrogen pressure of 5 MPa at 300 oC, respectively. Most of compounds detected with GC/MS in the PE-soluble fraction of products from DVR-PEIF are aliphatic species. Small amounts of arenes and heteroatom-containing compounds were also identified. The results show that the AC and Ni catalyzed the catalytic cracking and the catalytic hydrogenation of DVR-PEIF, respectively.
Hollow zeolite structures including sodalite spheres and hollow zeolite NaA crystals were synthesized by introducing crosslinked polyacrylamide (C-PAM) hydrogels into zeolite synthesisgels. The synthesis gels with weight compositions of 0.8SiO2: 1.0Al2O3: 21.2Na2O: 86.0H2O: 7.4-28.7 acrylamide (AM) were used to produce hollow sodalite spheres. The synthesized hollow sodalite spheres had diameter of 1-5μm and shell thickness of 0.5-1μm, and the sphere diameters decreased from 5-10μm to 1-3μm as the amount of C-PAM increased. Hollow zeolite A crystals with sizes of 300-500 nm were grown from the synthesis gel with a weight ratio of 0.8SiO2:1.0Al2O3: 2.6Na2O: 16.4H2O: 2.6-3.8AM. The experimental results suggest that the formation of hollow zeolite structures may involve a surface-to-core crystallization process induced by crosslinked polyacrylamide networks.
考虑到不同溶剂中重油的化学组成有所不同,本文首先以大港减压渣油(DVR)、俄罗斯减压渣油(RVR)和库姆科尔减压渣油(KVR)为研究对象,对比了三种减压渣油在一系列有机溶剂中的溶解性,利用GC/MS和FTIR对每一种溶剂中的可溶组分进行分析。实验结果表明三种减压渣油在不同溶剂中的萃取率在很大程度上与溶剂的介电常数有关,三种减压渣油在介电常数较小的溶剂中均显示出较好的溶解性。三种减压渣油各溶剂萃取物中检测到了百余种化合物,包括链烷烃、环烷烃、烯烃、芳烃和含杂原子有机化合物,其中链烷烃和环烷烃占优势;各种成分的含量与三种减压渣油的氢碳比及平均分子质量有关。通过对三种减压渣油各溶剂萃取物的组成分析,确定了室温下依次用石油醚、苯和二硫化碳对三种减压渣油进行分级分次萃取,以期进一步认识其组成结构。
为了进一步了解三种减压渣油族组分的组成,本文利用柱层析法对三种减压渣油进行了SARA四组分分析,并利用GC/MS对三种减压渣油中的各族组分进行分析。实验结果表明KVR中饱和分含量最高,RVR中沥青质含量最高,DVR中芳香族馏分及重质组分的含量最高。三种减压渣油的饱和分中链烷烃和环烷烃占优势,包括C12-C44烷的正构烷烃、少量支链烷烃、带长侧链的烷基环己烷、烷基环戊烷、豆甾烷、胆甾烷、羽扇烷和藿烷等;RVR芳香族馏分中检测到了较多的芳烃,并以多环芳烃为主。仅在DVR饱和分、RVR和KVR胶质和沥青质中检测到长链烯烃且含量较低。在RVR和KVR的胶质和沥青质中检测到了含杂原子有机化合物,且以噻吩类化合物为主。
本文在温和条件下依次用石油醚、苯和二硫化碳对DVR、RVR和KVR进行分级分次萃取,利用GC/MS对各级各次萃取物进行分析。实验结果表明,三种减压渣油石油醚第一次萃取物中饱和烃占优势,包括正构烷烃(C10-C43)、支链烷烃(C16-C28)、烷基环己烷(C24-C36)、烷基环戊烷、豆甾烷、胆甾烷、羽扇烷和藿烷(C24-C36)等。而石油醚第二次萃取物由少量的烷烃和一系列的烷基苯基碳酸酯组成。三种减压渣油苯的两次萃取物也存在很大差异,苯对DVR中氢醌、RVR中二叔丁基对甲酚以及KVR中联苯都有很好的分离效果,三种化合物在苯萃取物GC/MS可测成分中的含量分别达到了85%,59%和73%。而二硫化碳萃取物中未检测到任何有机化合物。通过对分级萃取过程中三种减压渣油中长链烯烃的溶出行为的研究,发现减压渣油中长链烯烃的溶出行为和存在方式与煤中长链烯烃相似,长链烯烃常与奇碳优势分布的长链烷烃同时溶出;与长链烷烃相比,长链烯烃与渣油的大分子网络或交联网络结构的作用较强。
为了进一步了解渣油中重质组分的化学组成,本文以重质组分含量最高的DVR为研究对象,利用活性炭(AC)、Y型分子筛(HY)和金属镍(Ni)三种催化剂分别对DVR石油醚不溶组分(DVR-PEIF)进行催化加氢处理,并利用GC/MS对三种反应产物的石油醚可溶组分进行分析,鉴定出118种有机化合物,包括链烷烃、环烷烃、烯烃、芳烃和含杂原子有机化合物。实验结果表明,Ni存在下的催化反应可能以催化加氢反应为主,而AC存在下可能以催化裂化反应为主。
本文还首次在交联的聚丙烯酰胺(C-PAM)水凝胶存在下合成了方钠石分子筛空心球和空心钠A型分子筛晶体,提出了聚合物交联网络中原位结晶形成空心分子筛的机理,指出分子筛空心结构的形成与由表面到中心的的结晶过程有关。用来合成方钠石空心球的合成凝胶中各组分的质量比为:0.8SiO2: 1.0Al2O3: 21.2Na2O: 86.0H2O: 7.4-28.7丙烯酰胺。利用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和氮气吸附解析对合成的样品进行了表征,并利用双束显微镜对其内部结构进行了分析。实验结果表明方钠石空心球的直径约为1-5μm,壁厚约为0.5-1μm,而且随着丙烯酰胺量的增多,球的直径由5-10μm减小至1-3μm。用来合成空心钠A型分子筛晶体的合成凝胶中各组分的质量比为:0.8SiO2: 1.0Al2O3: 2.6Na2O: 16.4H2O: 2.6-3.8丙烯酰胺,所合成的空心钠A型分子筛晶体的大小约为300-500 nm。本研究为其他分子筛空心球的合成提供了一个简单可行的方法,也为进一步研究具有更高催化活性和选择性的空心分子筛纳米复合材料,促进重油的高效转化奠定了基础。
The efficient utilization of heavy petroleum becomes more and more important with rapid decrease in light petroleum resources and rapid increase in light petroleum consumption. Understanding composition of heavy oils and synthesizing new catalysts are necessary for efficient utilization of heavy oils as a basic research. For example, predicting the behaviors such as phase separation, coke formation, molecular interaction, and the cause of catalyst deactivation by understanding composition of heavy oils, and enhancing the efficiency of utilization and conversion of heavy oils by synthesizing new catalysts.
Taking the consideration that composition of heavy oil is closely related to its solubility in different solvents into account, solubility of Dagang vacuum residue (DVR), Russia vacuum residue (RVR) and Kumkol vacuum residue (KVR), three kinds of heavy oils, were compared in a series of organic solvents. The extract yields of DVR, RVR and KVR are largely related to dielectric constant of the solvents, i.e., DVR, RVR and KVR tend to easily dissolve in solvents with lower dielectric constant. The compounds detected from the extraction solutions can be classified into five types: chain alkanes, cyclanes, alkenes, arenes and heteroatoms-containing compounds. Saturated hydrocarbons, i.e., chain alkanes and cyclanes are predominant with all the solvents.
DVR, RVR and KVR were respectively separated in an alumina packing column by flushing with different solvents, and saturated hydrocarbon (S), aromatics (A), resins (R) and asphaltine (AT) were obtained. SARA were analyzed with GC/MS. The results show that the contents of S in KVR is more than those in DVR and RVR, and the contents of A and R in DVR is the most, and the contents of AT in RVR is more than those in DVR and KVR. The compounds detected from SARA of DVR, RVR and KVR consist of chain alkanes, cyclopanes, alkenes, arene and heteroatoms-containing compounds. DVR, RVR and KVR were extracted in Soxhlet extractor with petroleum ether (PE), benzene and carbon disulfide (CS2) sequentially and the extracts were analyzed with GC/MS. The results show that group components of organic compounds in DVR, RVR and KVR can be separated preferably by fractional extration. The compounds detected from the first PE extracts mostly consist of normal chain alkanes (C10-C43), branched alkanes (C16-C28), cyclanes (C24-C36) and alkenes (C11-C30). The compounds detected from the second PE extracts mostly consist of alkyl phenyl carbonic acid esters. The compounds detected from the first benzene extracts are different from those in the second benzene extracts. Moreover, hydroquinone from DVR, ditertbutylparacresol from RVR, and biphenyl from KVR in benzene extracts are predominant. However, any compounds weren’t dedtected in CS2 extracts. The solubilization behavior of long-chain alkenes was investigated during the fractional extraction. The results show that long-chain alkenes have stronger interaction with vacuum residue macromolecular or linked network structure than long-chain alkanes and are often dissolved out together with long-chain alkanes with odd carbon number.
The PE-insoluble fraction of DVR (DVR-PEIF) was subject to catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of activated carbon (AC), zeolite Y (HY) and nickel (Ni) under initial hydrogen pressure of 5 MPa at 300 oC, respectively. Most of compounds detected with GC/MS in the PE-soluble fraction of products from DVR-PEIF are aliphatic species. Small amounts of arenes and heteroatom-containing compounds were also identified. The results show that the AC and Ni catalyzed the catalytic cracking and the catalytic hydrogenation of DVR-PEIF, respectively.
Hollow zeolite structures including sodalite spheres and hollow zeolite NaA crystals were synthesized by introducing crosslinked polyacrylamide (C-PAM) hydrogels into zeolite synthesisgels. The synthesis gels with weight compositions of 0.8SiO2: 1.0Al2O3: 21.2Na2O: 86.0H2O: 7.4-28.7 acrylamide (AM) were used to produce hollow sodalite spheres. The synthesized hollow sodalite spheres had diameter of 1-5μm and shell thickness of 0.5-1μm, and the sphere diameters decreased from 5-10μm to 1-3μm as the amount of C-PAM increased. Hollow zeolite A crystals with sizes of 300-500 nm were grown from the synthesis gel with a weight ratio of 0.8SiO2:1.0Al2O3: 2.6Na2O: 16.4H2O: 2.6-3.8AM. The experimental results suggest that the formation of hollow zeolite structures may involve a surface-to-core crystallization process induced by crosslinked polyacrylamide networks.
引文
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