红富士苹果果实裂纹与果皮结构及其生理指标变化的研究
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摘要
本试验以目前苹果生产上主栽品种红富士为试材，研究了不同立地条件下保定北章和石家庄天户峪果园的红富士苹果果实裂纹发生前后果皮的表皮细胞大小和角质层厚度等显微结构的变化以及果皮中含水量、可溶性糖、原果胶、可溶性果胶、矿质元素含量等生理指标的变化和两个果园土壤含水量及矿质元素含量的变化规律。主要研究结果如下：
1 不同立地条件下的两个果园，苹果果皮裂纹发生的时期和比例都不相同。保定北章村果园套袋红富士苹果裂纹发生在盛花后100d，盛花后132d，达到92％；不套袋果裂纹出现在盛花后121d，到盛花后151d裂纹率达到10％。石家庄天户峪村果园套袋和不套袋红富士苹果裂纹发生的时间均在盛花后121d，并且发生裂纹果实的比例低，只有5％和3％。
2 盛花后79d至盛花后172d，天户峪红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的角质层厚度都高于北章。盛花后172d，天户峪套袋红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的角质层厚度比北章的相同部位分别高出19.28％、11.08％、13.23％；天户峪不套袋红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的角质层厚度比北章的相同部位分别高出13.50％、14.12％、4.90％。盛花后79d至盛花后172d，北章和天户峪不套袋红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的表皮细胞都大于套袋果相同部位的。盛花后172d，北章套袋红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的表皮细胞比不套袋果相同部位分别高出9.05％、17.72％、12.58％；天户峪套袋红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的表皮细胞比不套袋果相同部位分别高出14.60％、14.60％、21.52％。
3 北章和天户峪两个果园，在盛花后79d至盛花后172d，套袋果实果皮的含水量的变化趋势相同，在盛花后110d达到最低；不套袋果实果皮的含水量的变化趋势相同，在盛花后110d达到最高。
4 盛花后79d至盛花后172d，北章和天户峪红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的可溶性糖含量的变化趋势基本一致，随着果实成熟都呈升高的趋势；北章的红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的可溶性糖含量高于天户峪的可溶性糖含量；不套袋红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的可溶性糖含量高于套袋果实的可溶性糖含量。并且，北章套袋红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的可溶性糖含量在盛花后121d至盛花后131d呈迅速升高趋势，分别升高了54.87％，57.94％，46.97％。
5 盛花后79d至盛花后172d，北章和天户峪红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的原果胶含量的变化趋势基本一致，随着果实成熟呈先升高然后降低的趋势，在盛花后121d达到最高值；北章红富士苹果果皮的原果胶含量高于天户峪相同部位的原果胶含量；不套袋红富+苹果果皮的原果胶含量高于套袋果相同部位的原果胶含量。并且盛花后121d至盛花后131d，北章套袋红富士苹果果皮萼洼部、梗洼部、中部的原果胶含量下降迅速，分别下降了18.16％，32.16％，40.13％。
6 盛花后79d至盛花后131d，两果园果皮中磷、镁元素含量差异不显著；天户峪套袋苹果和北章套袋红富士苹果果皮中的钾元素含量没有差异但都高于北章不套袋红富士苹果果皮中的钾元素含量；天户峪套袋苹果果皮中的钙元素含量高于北章不套袋红富士苹果果皮中的钙元素含量，他们都高于北章套袋红富士苹果果皮中的钙元素含量；天户峪套袋苹果和北章套袋红富士苹果果皮中的锌元素含量差异不显著，但都高于北章不套袋红富士苹果果皮中的锌元素含量。
7 盛花后79d至盛花后131d，北章土壤中铜、锰元素含量高于天户峪土壤中的含量；而铁元素
含量低T.天户峪十壤中的含量。
The main apple variety Fuji apple was studied in this experiment. Microstructure such as the size of epidermal cell, thickness of keratose layer and some physio-chemical properties such as water content, soluble sugar, protopectin, water-soluble pectin, mineral nutrition in the fruit peel and water content, mineral nutrition in the soil were measured fore-and-aft fruit-cracking in Beizhang and Tianhuyu orchards. The main results were as
follows:
1. The occuring time and percentage of fruit-cracking were different in two different orchards. In Beizhang orchard of Baoding, The fruit-cracking happened about 100 DAFB to 132 DAFB and the cracking percentage was 92% for the bagged apple; For the nobagged apple fruit-cracking occurred at 121 DAFB, However in the Tianhuyu orchard of Shijiazhuang, the cracking percentage was very low, only 5%and 3%, at 121 DAFB for both bagged and nobagged apple.
2. From 79 DAFB to 172 DAFB, the keratose layers of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end of Tianhuyu were thicker than those of Beizhang. The sizes of epidermal cell of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end for nobagged Fuji apple in both orchards were bigger than those of bagged apple. At 172 DAFB, the keratose layers of the same three sections for the bagged and nobagged apple of Tianhuyu were thicker than those of Berzhang by 19.28%, 11.08%, 13.23%, 13.50%, 14.12%, 4.90%, respectively . The sizes of epidermal cell of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end for bagged apple were bigger than those of nobagged apple of the same three sections by 9.05%, 17.72%, 12.58%, 14.60%, 14.60%, 21.52%, respectively.
3. The change trend of water contents for the bagged or nobagged apple peel in both orchards was the same from 79 DAFB to 172 DAFB. It came to the lowest point at 110 DAFB for the bagged apple, however, the adverse condition happened for the nobagged apple.
4. From 79 DAFB to 172 DAFB, The change trends of soluble sugar contents of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end of the apple peel in both orchards were bascially the same. The contents assended with the maturating of the apple. The soluble sugar content of
stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end of Beizhang were higher than those of Tianhuyu, Nobagged higher bagged. And, in Beizhang, the soluble sugar contens of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end ascende quickly from 121 DAFB to 131 DAFB by 54.87%, 57.94%, 46.97%.
5. From 79 DAFB 172 DAFB, the changes of protopectin contents of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end in both orchards were the same bascially. The contents ascended to a high point at 121 DAFB and descended subsequently. The apple peel protopectin contents of Beizhang were higher than those of Tianhuyu, nobagged higher bagged. And, During 121 DAFB to 131 DAFB, The protopectin contents of bagged apple in Beizhang descended quickly by 18.16%, 32.16%, 40.13%, respectively.
6. From 79 DAFB to 131 DAFB, the P and Mg contents of peel in both orchards had no obvious difference. The K contents of bagged apple peel in both orchards had also no obvious difference, but higher than those of nobagged of Beizhang. The Ca contents of nobagged in Beizhang were higher than bagged apple, but lower than those of nobagged apple in Tianhuyu. The Zn contents of bagged apple in both orhards had no obvious difference, but higher than those of nobagged appple of Beizhang.
7. From 79 DAFB to 131 DAFB, the Cu and Mn contents of soil at Bei zhang were higher than that of Tian huyu; the Fe contents was lower than that of Tian huyu.
1 不同立地条件下的两个果园，苹果果皮裂纹发生的时期和比例都不相同。保定北章村果园套袋红富士苹果裂纹发生在盛花后100d，盛花后132d，达到92％；不套袋果裂纹出现在盛花后121d，到盛花后151d裂纹率达到10％。石家庄天户峪村果园套袋和不套袋红富士苹果裂纹发生的时间均在盛花后121d，并且发生裂纹果实的比例低，只有5％和3％。
2 盛花后79d至盛花后172d，天户峪红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的角质层厚度都高于北章。盛花后172d，天户峪套袋红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的角质层厚度比北章的相同部位分别高出19.28％、11.08％、13.23％；天户峪不套袋红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的角质层厚度比北章的相同部位分别高出13.50％、14.12％、4.90％。盛花后79d至盛花后172d，北章和天户峪不套袋红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的表皮细胞都大于套袋果相同部位的。盛花后172d，北章套袋红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的表皮细胞比不套袋果相同部位分别高出9.05％、17.72％、12.58％；天户峪套袋红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的表皮细胞比不套袋果相同部位分别高出14.60％、14.60％、21.52％。
3 北章和天户峪两个果园，在盛花后79d至盛花后172d，套袋果实果皮的含水量的变化趋势相同，在盛花后110d达到最低；不套袋果实果皮的含水量的变化趋势相同，在盛花后110d达到最高。
4 盛花后79d至盛花后172d，北章和天户峪红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的可溶性糖含量的变化趋势基本一致，随着果实成熟都呈升高的趋势；北章的红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的可溶性糖含量高于天户峪的可溶性糖含量；不套袋红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的可溶性糖含量高于套袋果实的可溶性糖含量。并且，北章套袋红富士苹果梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的可溶性糖含量在盛花后121d至盛花后131d呈迅速升高趋势，分别升高了54.87％，57.94％，46.97％。
5 盛花后79d至盛花后172d，北章和天户峪红富士苹果果皮梗洼部、中部、萼洼部的原果胶含量的变化趋势基本一致，随着果实成熟呈先升高然后降低的趋势，在盛花后121d达到最高值；北章红富士苹果果皮的原果胶含量高于天户峪相同部位的原果胶含量；不套袋红富+苹果果皮的原果胶含量高于套袋果相同部位的原果胶含量。并且盛花后121d至盛花后131d，北章套袋红富士苹果果皮萼洼部、梗洼部、中部的原果胶含量下降迅速，分别下降了18.16％，32.16％，40.13％。
6 盛花后79d至盛花后131d，两果园果皮中磷、镁元素含量差异不显著；天户峪套袋苹果和北章套袋红富士苹果果皮中的钾元素含量没有差异但都高于北章不套袋红富士苹果果皮中的钾元素含量；天户峪套袋苹果果皮中的钙元素含量高于北章不套袋红富士苹果果皮中的钙元素含量，他们都高于北章套袋红富士苹果果皮中的钙元素含量；天户峪套袋苹果和北章套袋红富士苹果果皮中的锌元素含量差异不显著，但都高于北章不套袋红富士苹果果皮中的锌元素含量。
7 盛花后79d至盛花后131d，北章土壤中铜、锰元素含量高于天户峪土壤中的含量；而铁元素
含量低T.天户峪十壤中的含量。
The main apple variety Fuji apple was studied in this experiment. Microstructure such as the size of epidermal cell, thickness of keratose layer and some physio-chemical properties such as water content, soluble sugar, protopectin, water-soluble pectin, mineral nutrition in the fruit peel and water content, mineral nutrition in the soil were measured fore-and-aft fruit-cracking in Beizhang and Tianhuyu orchards. The main results were as
follows:
1. The occuring time and percentage of fruit-cracking were different in two different orchards. In Beizhang orchard of Baoding, The fruit-cracking happened about 100 DAFB to 132 DAFB and the cracking percentage was 92% for the bagged apple; For the nobagged apple fruit-cracking occurred at 121 DAFB, However in the Tianhuyu orchard of Shijiazhuang, the cracking percentage was very low, only 5%and 3%, at 121 DAFB for both bagged and nobagged apple.
2. From 79 DAFB to 172 DAFB, the keratose layers of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end of Tianhuyu were thicker than those of Beizhang. The sizes of epidermal cell of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end for nobagged Fuji apple in both orchards were bigger than those of bagged apple. At 172 DAFB, the keratose layers of the same three sections for the bagged and nobagged apple of Tianhuyu were thicker than those of Berzhang by 19.28%, 11.08%, 13.23%, 13.50%, 14.12%, 4.90%, respectively . The sizes of epidermal cell of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end for bagged apple were bigger than those of nobagged apple of the same three sections by 9.05%, 17.72%, 12.58%, 14.60%, 14.60%, 21.52%, respectively.
3. The change trend of water contents for the bagged or nobagged apple peel in both orchards was the same from 79 DAFB to 172 DAFB. It came to the lowest point at 110 DAFB for the bagged apple, however, the adverse condition happened for the nobagged apple.
4. From 79 DAFB to 172 DAFB, The change trends of soluble sugar contents of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end of the apple peel in both orchards were bascially the same. The contents assended with the maturating of the apple. The soluble sugar content of
stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end of Beizhang were higher than those of Tianhuyu, Nobagged higher bagged. And, in Beizhang, the soluble sugar contens of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end ascende quickly from 121 DAFB to 131 DAFB by 54.87%, 57.94%, 46.97%.
5. From 79 DAFB 172 DAFB, the changes of protopectin contents of stalk cavity, middle and calyx-end in both orchards were the same bascially. The contents ascended to a high point at 121 DAFB and descended subsequently. The apple peel protopectin contents of Beizhang were higher than those of Tianhuyu, nobagged higher bagged. And, During 121 DAFB to 131 DAFB, The protopectin contents of bagged apple in Beizhang descended quickly by 18.16%, 32.16%, 40.13%, respectively.
6. From 79 DAFB to 131 DAFB, the P and Mg contents of peel in both orchards had no obvious difference. The K contents of bagged apple peel in both orchards had also no obvious difference, but higher than those of nobagged of Beizhang. The Ca contents of nobagged in Beizhang were higher than bagged apple, but lower than those of nobagged apple in Tianhuyu. The Zn contents of bagged apple in both orhards had no obvious difference, but higher than those of nobagged appple of Beizhang.
7. From 79 DAFB to 131 DAFB, the Cu and Mn contents of soil at Bei zhang were higher than that of Tian huyu; the Fe contents was lower than that of Tian huyu.
引文
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[75] Byers R E. 'Stayman' fruit cracking as affected by surfactants, plant growth regulators, and other chemicals[J]. Pennsylvania Fruit News, 1990, 70: 4, 28～30.
[76] N L Wade. Effect of metabolic inhibitors on cracking of sweet cherry fruit[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 1988, 34: 239～248.
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