胶州城市防洪现状与对策
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摘要
城市是一个地区政治、经济、文化发展的中心,自古以来,河流区域就是商贸集中、经济繁荣、文化发展的集中地,我国大多数城市都是沿江河两岸发展起来的,河流为城市的发展提供了最基本的条件,但同时,又给城市的安全发展构成了极大的威胁,历史上不少沿河城市都有过被洪水侵袭的经历。而我国治水的历史也非常悠久,从远古女娲补天的传说,到夏禹治水的传奇,再到战国时期李冰父子主持兴建都江堰的事例,这些治水的成功范例被人们代代传诵着。随着历史的变迁,环境的改变,当今社会对防洪治水也提出了新的要求。当代的防洪工程已不仅仅是抵御洪水,更朝着管理洪水的方向发展着。防洪工程也在与时俱进地进步着,防洪不仅事关城市的安危,更关系到百姓的生命财产安全。做好城市防洪工作,就必须跟上时代步伐、统筹兼顾,不但使城市防洪与城市建设一同发展,还要使城市防洪工程建设成为推进城市化进程的契机。随着国民经济的快速发展、城市人口的急剧增加、城市规模的不断扩大,城市防洪已成为许多城市汛期工作的一项重要内容。城市防洪的意义是在于采取一切可能的措施,尽可能地降低洪水带来的损失。
我国大部分的城市由于各种历史原因前期规划并不完善,城市基础设施抗洪能力薄弱,这也给人民的生活带来了一定的安全隐患。提高城市的防洪能力,不仅是构建以人为本的和谐社会的需要,也是提高城市品质的需要。随着我国改革开放步伐的加快,城市在现代化建设中的地位越来越重要。城市因规模的扩大,一旦遭受到洪水来袭,同等洪水造成的损失也是以前的几倍甚至几十倍。所以目前的防洪工作尤为重要,城市防洪工程,是消除水患、保证城市安全的重要屏障,是保证城市发展的基础条件之一。目前,我国对城市防洪问题的研究远远滞后于城市发展的速度,这不仅不利于城市的可持续发展,也不利于国家和地区社会经济的可持续发展。城市防洪工程不仅是一项保民平安的“民心工程”,同时也是整个城市化进程的重要组成部分。城市防洪问题是不仅是关乎到个人安危,更是关系到全社会的事情,应引起各级政府和有关部门的高度重视。针对这种现状,本文通过横向对比国际、国内的防洪现状,纵向研究古往今来洪水给人们带来的灾害,综合观察之后,以胶州为载体,通过对胶州城市防洪的现状的研究,吸收国际、国内先进的防洪理念,借鉴其他国家和地区的防洪方法,制定出了符合当地实际的防洪对策。我国的城市防洪还处于初步探索阶段,防汛预案不完善,机构设置不够完备,城市防洪工作的各个环节还有待完善,还需要开展大量的工作来来使防洪更加科学更加合理。城市防洪是新兴发展起来的边缘学科,需要在我们在工作中通过实践来总结,通过总结来完善,胶州的城市防洪对策将来也会越来越科学,越来越合理,并努力跟上时代发展的步伐,成为民生发展的重要保障。
A city is the development center of politics, economy and culture of a region, and most cities in our country have been developed along rivers. Ever since ancient times, river banks have been areas where mass trade and business, economy prosperity and culture development took place. While rivers provide the basic conditions for the city, floods pose a grave threat to the security of urban areas. As is known, many cities along rivers have been invaded by floods in history and our country also has a long history of flood prevention as can be seen from the famous legendaries such as“Nvwa mends the sky”and“Dayu Tams the river”, and the story of Li Bing and his son’s contribution in the construction of Doujiang River during the War States Period and so on. These typical successful cases of flood prevention have been passed down from generation to generation with great approbation. With the social development and environmental changes, nowadays the society has encountered new requirements of flood prevention and management. Currently the program of flood prevention is no longer merely floods defense, but more importantly, has developed to the controlling of floods. Flood prevention concerns the security of the city as well as its residents’lives and properties, and therefore, the program of flood prevention must advance with times and take into consideration as many aspects and factors as possible. It not only needs to be proceeded in pace with urban construction, but should also become an opportunity of stipulating urbanization. With the rapid development of national economy and soaring population and the expanding of the city, flood prevention, which aims to adopt any possible measures to reduce losses caused by the floods, has been listed in the top agenda of many cities during the flood season.
Due to various historical reasons, the primary existing plans of flood prevention in most cities of China are not yet perfect, and the basic infrastructure of flood resistance is still weak. This has undoubtedly embedded potential risks to people’s daily life. Therefore, to upgrade the flood prevention capability is not only the basic requirement of constructing a people-oriented harmonious society, but also the active demand of improving the quality of the city. With the acceleration of the reforming and opening up to the outside world, cities have become more and more significant in the modernization construction and the scale of cities is expanding as well, which means once attacked, the loss caused by floods of the same scale would be times of tens of times more than that of before, so flood prevention is especially important at present. The urban flood prevention is a security screen which eliminates flood disasters and safeguards the city and its residents, and it has become one of the basic requirements of urban development. Presently, the research on flood prevention in our country is still far behind the pace of urban development; the situation goes against the sustainable development of the city and furthermore, imposes restrictions on the sustainable development of social economy of the country and the regions. The urban flood prevention is not just“a project supported by common people”that safeguards the society, but it is also a significant component element of the progress of the entire urbanization program. It is the responsibility of the whole society and must arise top attention of government at all levels, relative departments, and moreover, various circles of the society. Above all, the author has compared the current situation of our country and the international condition horizontally and studied on the disasters caused by floods in history and till now vertically. Based on the comprehensive survey analysis, the author has selected Jiaozhou city in Shandong Province as a research area. Through the survey on its current flood prevention situation, a more comprehensive strategy which is in accordance with local conditions and has adopted international and national advanced theories, concepts and measures to protect the city from floods has been worked out in the essay. As our country is still in the primary period of the research and development of urban flood prevention, the pre-planning of urban flood prevention is not yet completed, and neither is the establishment of institutions perfect enough, thus every connection of the urban flood prevention
project is mandatory to be improved, and much more work is needed to enhance the scientification and rationalization of future flood prevention programs. Urban Flood prevention is an infant borderline science that has arisen recently and therefore definitely demands the summary of lots of practice from our daily work so as to be more comprehensive and more adaptable. It is believed that the flood prevention strategy of Jiaozhou city would be more scientific and rational, and be managed to keep in pace with era development.
我国大部分的城市由于各种历史原因前期规划并不完善,城市基础设施抗洪能力薄弱,这也给人民的生活带来了一定的安全隐患。提高城市的防洪能力,不仅是构建以人为本的和谐社会的需要,也是提高城市品质的需要。随着我国改革开放步伐的加快,城市在现代化建设中的地位越来越重要。城市因规模的扩大,一旦遭受到洪水来袭,同等洪水造成的损失也是以前的几倍甚至几十倍。所以目前的防洪工作尤为重要,城市防洪工程,是消除水患、保证城市安全的重要屏障,是保证城市发展的基础条件之一。目前,我国对城市防洪问题的研究远远滞后于城市发展的速度,这不仅不利于城市的可持续发展,也不利于国家和地区社会经济的可持续发展。城市防洪工程不仅是一项保民平安的“民心工程”,同时也是整个城市化进程的重要组成部分。城市防洪问题是不仅是关乎到个人安危,更是关系到全社会的事情,应引起各级政府和有关部门的高度重视。针对这种现状,本文通过横向对比国际、国内的防洪现状,纵向研究古往今来洪水给人们带来的灾害,综合观察之后,以胶州为载体,通过对胶州城市防洪的现状的研究,吸收国际、国内先进的防洪理念,借鉴其他国家和地区的防洪方法,制定出了符合当地实际的防洪对策。我国的城市防洪还处于初步探索阶段,防汛预案不完善,机构设置不够完备,城市防洪工作的各个环节还有待完善,还需要开展大量的工作来来使防洪更加科学更加合理。城市防洪是新兴发展起来的边缘学科,需要在我们在工作中通过实践来总结,通过总结来完善,胶州的城市防洪对策将来也会越来越科学,越来越合理,并努力跟上时代发展的步伐,成为民生发展的重要保障。
A city is the development center of politics, economy and culture of a region, and most cities in our country have been developed along rivers. Ever since ancient times, river banks have been areas where mass trade and business, economy prosperity and culture development took place. While rivers provide the basic conditions for the city, floods pose a grave threat to the security of urban areas. As is known, many cities along rivers have been invaded by floods in history and our country also has a long history of flood prevention as can be seen from the famous legendaries such as“Nvwa mends the sky”and“Dayu Tams the river”, and the story of Li Bing and his son’s contribution in the construction of Doujiang River during the War States Period and so on. These typical successful cases of flood prevention have been passed down from generation to generation with great approbation. With the social development and environmental changes, nowadays the society has encountered new requirements of flood prevention and management. Currently the program of flood prevention is no longer merely floods defense, but more importantly, has developed to the controlling of floods. Flood prevention concerns the security of the city as well as its residents’lives and properties, and therefore, the program of flood prevention must advance with times and take into consideration as many aspects and factors as possible. It not only needs to be proceeded in pace with urban construction, but should also become an opportunity of stipulating urbanization. With the rapid development of national economy and soaring population and the expanding of the city, flood prevention, which aims to adopt any possible measures to reduce losses caused by the floods, has been listed in the top agenda of many cities during the flood season.
Due to various historical reasons, the primary existing plans of flood prevention in most cities of China are not yet perfect, and the basic infrastructure of flood resistance is still weak. This has undoubtedly embedded potential risks to people’s daily life. Therefore, to upgrade the flood prevention capability is not only the basic requirement of constructing a people-oriented harmonious society, but also the active demand of improving the quality of the city. With the acceleration of the reforming and opening up to the outside world, cities have become more and more significant in the modernization construction and the scale of cities is expanding as well, which means once attacked, the loss caused by floods of the same scale would be times of tens of times more than that of before, so flood prevention is especially important at present. The urban flood prevention is a security screen which eliminates flood disasters and safeguards the city and its residents, and it has become one of the basic requirements of urban development. Presently, the research on flood prevention in our country is still far behind the pace of urban development; the situation goes against the sustainable development of the city and furthermore, imposes restrictions on the sustainable development of social economy of the country and the regions. The urban flood prevention is not just“a project supported by common people”that safeguards the society, but it is also a significant component element of the progress of the entire urbanization program. It is the responsibility of the whole society and must arise top attention of government at all levels, relative departments, and moreover, various circles of the society. Above all, the author has compared the current situation of our country and the international condition horizontally and studied on the disasters caused by floods in history and till now vertically. Based on the comprehensive survey analysis, the author has selected Jiaozhou city in Shandong Province as a research area. Through the survey on its current flood prevention situation, a more comprehensive strategy which is in accordance with local conditions and has adopted international and national advanced theories, concepts and measures to protect the city from floods has been worked out in the essay. As our country is still in the primary period of the research and development of urban flood prevention, the pre-planning of urban flood prevention is not yet completed, and neither is the establishment of institutions perfect enough, thus every connection of the urban flood prevention
project is mandatory to be improved, and much more work is needed to enhance the scientification and rationalization of future flood prevention programs. Urban Flood prevention is an infant borderline science that has arisen recently and therefore definitely demands the summary of lots of practice from our daily work so as to be more comprehensive and more adaptable. It is believed that the flood prevention strategy of Jiaozhou city would be more scientific and rational, and be managed to keep in pace with era development.
引文
[1]梁礼民.城市防洪工程与城市建设探析[J].中国高新技术企业.2010,10:67～68.
[2]金磊.中国城市水灾透视[J].城市问题,1997(2):23～29.
[3]梁凤国.提高我国城市综合杭御洪水灾害能力的研究[J].电大理工,2000,4:43～44.
[4]中国历史上的重大洪涝灾害[J].生命与科学.2010,6:20.
[5]刘国平.对城市防洪中几个问题的认识[J].治淮.1999,2,19-20.
[6]梁礼民.当前我国城市防洪工程特点及新的变化趋势[J].民营科技.2010,7:197.
[7]黄淑玲,徐光来.城市化发展对城市洪灾的影响及减灾对策[J].安徽大学学报(自然科学版)2006,30(2):91～94.
[8]吴庆洲.论21世纪的城市防洪减灾[J].城市规划汇刊. 2002,(1) : 68～70.
[9]民政部国家减灾中心灾害信息部[M]全国灾害实录:灾害信息,2004,(8):63～64.
[10]王树山,尚信宽.城市防洪问题探析[J].东北水利水电.2009,6,41.
[11]冯利华,胡忠行.洪水影响因子的消长作用[J].灾害学, 2002,17(2):59～63.
[12]张震宇,王超,赵永江.论中国城市洪灾成因及防洪措施[J].中国人口·资源与环境1992,12(2):21～24.
[13]钟登华,李文颖.城市洪水预报及分析模型研究[J].河北水利水电技术.2001,2:8.
[14]邵国振.城市防洪与水环境治理结合断想[J].城市道桥与防洪.2004,11(6):64～67.
[15]胶州年鉴.胶州市史志编纂委员办公室.2007.
[16]胶州市水利志.胶州市水利志编纂委员会.1995.
[17]冯平,崔广涛,钟昀.城市洪涝灾害直接经济损失的评估与预测[J].水利学报, 2001,8:64～68.
[18]上海市城市规划设计研究院、胶州市城乡建设局,2003.12.
[19]中华人民共和国建设部.GB 50201-94.防洪标准.
[20]伊学农,刘遂庆、张敬光.城市防洪规划与城市总体规划的协调[J].城市道桥与防洪.2002,12(4):60～63.
[21]贾士权.城市防洪的几点思考[J].中国减灾,2002,12(2):41～42.
[22]中华人民共和国建设部.CJJ50-92.城市防洪工程设计规范.
[23]郑孝弟.城市防洪与水景观生态环境建设初探[J].能源与环境.2009,2:71～72.
[24]水利部水利水电规划设计总院.GB50286-98.堤防工程管理设计规范.
[25]任林娥,林彬.城市防洪堤岸与城市景观的结合[J].广东水利水电,2001,08:69～72.
[26]杨浩.城市防洪与城区景观建设的实践与思考[J].西水利.2010,4:131～132.
[27]陶理志.生态护坡在城市防洪堤的应用[J].人民长江,2007,5:81.
[28]贾超,李术才,曹升乐,左文君.济南城市防洪现状及对策分析[J].灾害学.2009,3:31～34.
[29] Brivio P A, Colombo R,MaggiM, et al. Integration of remote sens2ing data and GIS for accurate mapp ing of flood areas[ J ].REMOTE ENSING,2002,23(3):429～441.
[30]王双怀.中国古代的水利设施及其特征[J].陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2010,39(2):109
[2]金磊.中国城市水灾透视[J].城市问题,1997(2):23～29.
[3]梁凤国.提高我国城市综合杭御洪水灾害能力的研究[J].电大理工,2000,4:43～44.
[4]中国历史上的重大洪涝灾害[J].生命与科学.2010,6:20.
[5]刘国平.对城市防洪中几个问题的认识[J].治淮.1999,2,19-20.
[6]梁礼民.当前我国城市防洪工程特点及新的变化趋势[J].民营科技.2010,7:197.
[7]黄淑玲,徐光来.城市化发展对城市洪灾的影响及减灾对策[J].安徽大学学报(自然科学版)2006,30(2):91～94.
[8]吴庆洲.论21世纪的城市防洪减灾[J].城市规划汇刊. 2002,(1) : 68～70.
[9]民政部国家减灾中心灾害信息部[M]全国灾害实录:灾害信息,2004,(8):63～64.
[10]王树山,尚信宽.城市防洪问题探析[J].东北水利水电.2009,6,41.
[11]冯利华,胡忠行.洪水影响因子的消长作用[J].灾害学, 2002,17(2):59～63.
[12]张震宇,王超,赵永江.论中国城市洪灾成因及防洪措施[J].中国人口·资源与环境1992,12(2):21～24.
[13]钟登华,李文颖.城市洪水预报及分析模型研究[J].河北水利水电技术.2001,2:8.
[14]邵国振.城市防洪与水环境治理结合断想[J].城市道桥与防洪.2004,11(6):64～67.
[15]胶州年鉴.胶州市史志编纂委员办公室.2007.
[16]胶州市水利志.胶州市水利志编纂委员会.1995.
[17]冯平,崔广涛,钟昀.城市洪涝灾害直接经济损失的评估与预测[J].水利学报, 2001,8:64～68.
[18]上海市城市规划设计研究院、胶州市城乡建设局,2003.12.
[19]中华人民共和国建设部.GB 50201-94.防洪标准.
[20]伊学农,刘遂庆、张敬光.城市防洪规划与城市总体规划的协调[J].城市道桥与防洪.2002,12(4):60～63.
[21]贾士权.城市防洪的几点思考[J].中国减灾,2002,12(2):41～42.
[22]中华人民共和国建设部.CJJ50-92.城市防洪工程设计规范.
[23]郑孝弟.城市防洪与水景观生态环境建设初探[J].能源与环境.2009,2:71～72.
[24]水利部水利水电规划设计总院.GB50286-98.堤防工程管理设计规范.
[25]任林娥,林彬.城市防洪堤岸与城市景观的结合[J].广东水利水电,2001,08:69～72.
[26]杨浩.城市防洪与城区景观建设的实践与思考[J].西水利.2010,4:131～132.
[27]陶理志.生态护坡在城市防洪堤的应用[J].人民长江,2007,5:81.
[28]贾超,李术才,曹升乐,左文君.济南城市防洪现状及对策分析[J].灾害学.2009,3:31～34.
[29] Brivio P A, Colombo R,MaggiM, et al. Integration of remote sens2ing data and GIS for accurate mapp ing of flood areas[ J ].REMOTE ENSING,2002,23(3):429～441.
[30]王双怀.中国古代的水利设施及其特征[J].陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2010,39(2):109