铁素体不锈钢热轧板材高温氧化行为及晶粒长大过程研究
|
摘要
本文主要对三种热轧铁素体不锈钢的高温氧化和动力学行为进行研究。通过将三种典型的铁素体不锈钢J409L、J410S、J430在箱式保温炉中于700-1000℃下进行保温,分别记录了其不同情况下的氧化增重,并制备了不同情况下的金相试样。通过金相分析、SEM、XRD、EDS及动力学分析,研究了其氧化物的构成和变化情况,不同氧化膜情况下的氧化过程的控制因素和机理,以及晶粒长大过程的影响因素,计算了三种不锈钢的高温氧化和晶粒长大行为的活化能,并用L-M参数对整个过程进行了描述。
研究结果表明:三种铁素体不锈钢在具有抗高温氧化性能的情况下,其氧化增重曲线均为抛物线型,在氧化的开始阶段(5h以内),三种不锈钢的氧化均受到金属与氧反应速率的控制,增重极快。在氧化膜包覆完整个金属后,氧化过程根据氧化膜的情况的不同(Cr的Cr2O3相,尖晶石结构),受到金属离子通过氧化膜或氧在氧化膜中扩散的控制。最后当温度与时间超出了一定范围后,氧化膜沿着氧化膜/金属界面在裂纹和空洞的作用下脱落,使得材料受到破坏,进入新的氧化循环。
计算表明,三种铁素体不锈钢的表观活化能为:Ea(J409L)=245.4 KJ/mol,Ea(J410S)=228.1 KJ/mol,Ea(J430)=234.2 KJ/mol,与700℃-900℃时铬氧化(生成Cr2O3氧化层)的活化能Ea=277.40KJ/mol相近,说明了Cr在抗氧化中的重要作用。宏观、微观及动力学分析,表明在三种不锈钢中,J409L的抗氧化能力最好。分析认为,这主要与其良好的成分控制、活泼元素Ti的存在有关,同时其良好的组织结构也起到了有益的作用。
三种铁素体不锈钢的原始状态下都具有一定的晶粒尺寸,在进行动力学分析时不能忽视其原始晶粒尺寸,本文中以希勒特模型进行了分析,计算三种铁素体不锈钢的晶粒长大激活能分别为103.8KJ/mol、124.5KJ/mol、128.5KJ/mol,并得出了三种不锈钢晶粒长大的动力学方程,可以对不同温度下的晶粒尺寸随温度变化进行预测。试验结果表明,在700-900℃,J409L不锈钢晶粒尺寸变化更大,长大速度更快,1000℃时三者晶粒尺寸差距不大。结合动力学模型,可以认为,温度对晶粒长大行为的影响更为敏感。分析表明,J409L等轴化大晶粒的组织结构是其晶粒长大更快的主要原因。
通过计算表明,三种不锈钢的高温氧化和晶粒长大行为中的时-温等效现象都可以用L-M参数进行描述,L-M参数的求出,对于三种不锈钢的生产、热处理、和使用都可以提供指导作用。
The anti-high-temperature oxidation performance and grain growth behavior of 409L,410S,430 hot-rolled ferritic stainless steels were studied in this paper. Put the test samples into the box-type furnace at various temperatures, Records the weight increase and grain size grow up in time. Rely on these records and XRD, SEM ,EDS and metallographic analysis , Kinetics and the diffusion mechanism of three kinds ferritic stainless steel anti-high-temperature oxidation performance and grain growth behavior was investigated.
The results show that 409L ferritic stainless steels has better anti-high-temperature oxidation performance . This is because the following two reasons . First , Impurity control of 409L stainless steel is very good ,and the stainless steel contain traces of Ti.Second , The microstructure of 409L stainless steel is equiaxial grain . The oxidation reaction activateion energy of 409L,410s,430 hot-rolled ferritic stainless steel is Ea(409L)=245.4 KJ/mol,Ea(410S)=228.1 KJ/mol,Ea(J430)=234.2 KJ/mol , The reaction control factors is the diffusion of metal ions and oxygen in oxide.
Metallographic analysis kinetics of grain growth was investigated for the three kinds ferritic stainless steels . Blow 900℃, Because of the big grain size ,the grain boundary migration driving force of 409L stainless steel is bigger than 410S and 430,So the 409L stainless steel grains grow faster. Through calculation, The grain growth activation energy of 409L,410S,430 hot-rolled ferritic stainless steel respectively is 103.8KJ/mol,124.5KJ/mol,128.5KJ/mol. Heat treatment temperature is the most important influence factor of grain growth behavior. By the dynamic equation we can predict the grain size in different temperature of different holding time.
The anti-high-temperature oxidation performance and grain growth behavior of 409L,410S,430 hot-rolled ferritic stainless steel can described by Larson-Miller parameters, which agrees with experimental results.
研究结果表明:三种铁素体不锈钢在具有抗高温氧化性能的情况下,其氧化增重曲线均为抛物线型,在氧化的开始阶段(5h以内),三种不锈钢的氧化均受到金属与氧反应速率的控制,增重极快。在氧化膜包覆完整个金属后,氧化过程根据氧化膜的情况的不同(Cr的Cr2O3相,尖晶石结构),受到金属离子通过氧化膜或氧在氧化膜中扩散的控制。最后当温度与时间超出了一定范围后,氧化膜沿着氧化膜/金属界面在裂纹和空洞的作用下脱落,使得材料受到破坏,进入新的氧化循环。
计算表明,三种铁素体不锈钢的表观活化能为:Ea(J409L)=245.4 KJ/mol,Ea(J410S)=228.1 KJ/mol,Ea(J430)=234.2 KJ/mol,与700℃-900℃时铬氧化(生成Cr2O3氧化层)的活化能Ea=277.40KJ/mol相近,说明了Cr在抗氧化中的重要作用。宏观、微观及动力学分析,表明在三种不锈钢中,J409L的抗氧化能力最好。分析认为,这主要与其良好的成分控制、活泼元素Ti的存在有关,同时其良好的组织结构也起到了有益的作用。
三种铁素体不锈钢的原始状态下都具有一定的晶粒尺寸,在进行动力学分析时不能忽视其原始晶粒尺寸,本文中以希勒特模型进行了分析,计算三种铁素体不锈钢的晶粒长大激活能分别为103.8KJ/mol、124.5KJ/mol、128.5KJ/mol,并得出了三种不锈钢晶粒长大的动力学方程,可以对不同温度下的晶粒尺寸随温度变化进行预测。试验结果表明,在700-900℃,J409L不锈钢晶粒尺寸变化更大,长大速度更快,1000℃时三者晶粒尺寸差距不大。结合动力学模型,可以认为,温度对晶粒长大行为的影响更为敏感。分析表明,J409L等轴化大晶粒的组织结构是其晶粒长大更快的主要原因。
通过计算表明,三种不锈钢的高温氧化和晶粒长大行为中的时-温等效现象都可以用L-M参数进行描述,L-M参数的求出,对于三种不锈钢的生产、热处理、和使用都可以提供指导作用。
The anti-high-temperature oxidation performance and grain growth behavior of 409L,410S,430 hot-rolled ferritic stainless steels were studied in this paper. Put the test samples into the box-type furnace at various temperatures, Records the weight increase and grain size grow up in time. Rely on these records and XRD, SEM ,EDS and metallographic analysis , Kinetics and the diffusion mechanism of three kinds ferritic stainless steel anti-high-temperature oxidation performance and grain growth behavior was investigated.
The results show that 409L ferritic stainless steels has better anti-high-temperature oxidation performance . This is because the following two reasons . First , Impurity control of 409L stainless steel is very good ,and the stainless steel contain traces of Ti.Second , The microstructure of 409L stainless steel is equiaxial grain . The oxidation reaction activateion energy of 409L,410s,430 hot-rolled ferritic stainless steel is Ea(409L)=245.4 KJ/mol,Ea(410S)=228.1 KJ/mol,Ea(J430)=234.2 KJ/mol , The reaction control factors is the diffusion of metal ions and oxygen in oxide.
Metallographic analysis kinetics of grain growth was investigated for the three kinds ferritic stainless steels . Blow 900℃, Because of the big grain size ,the grain boundary migration driving force of 409L stainless steel is bigger than 410S and 430,So the 409L stainless steel grains grow faster. Through calculation, The grain growth activation energy of 409L,410S,430 hot-rolled ferritic stainless steel respectively is 103.8KJ/mol,124.5KJ/mol,128.5KJ/mol. Heat treatment temperature is the most important influence factor of grain growth behavior. By the dynamic equation we can predict the grain size in different temperature of different holding time.
The anti-high-temperature oxidation performance and grain growth behavior of 409L,410S,430 hot-rolled ferritic stainless steel can described by Larson-Miller parameters, which agrees with experimental results.
引文
[1]黄元恒.近年来国外不锈钢发展状况[J].上海钢研,1999,(1):37-47
[2]耿丙玺.我国不锈钢产业发展综述[J].冶金管理,2008,(6):27-30
[3]张先鸣.我国不锈钢及线材制品的发展现状与动向[J].现代零部件,2008,(6):64-67
[4]余存烨,胡僬本.超铁素体不锈钢的进展与展望[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,2008,25(4):5-7
[5]刘冬萍,陈淑芳.不锈钢市场:欧美萧条国内趋稳[J].金属通报,2008,(49):20-23
[6]罗忠河.我国不锈钢表观消费量2010年将破1000万吨[J].中国不锈钢市场,2006,(5):8-9
[7]李晓波.国内铁素体不锈钢的最新发展[J].铸造设备研究, 2006,(4):52-55
[8]颜海涛,毕洪运,李鑫,徐洲.汽车排气系统用铁素体不锈钢的抗高温氧化性能[J].上海金属,2008,30(5):8-11
[9]刘尚潭,纪仁峰,胡弘剑.提高汽车排气管用不锈钢综合性能的试验研究[J].特钢技术,2008,14(55):13-18
[10]卫星.铁素体不锈钢在汽车排气系统的应用日益广泛[J].上海金属,2008,(3):63
[11]毛卫民,赵新兵.金属的再结晶与晶粒长大[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1994
[12]刘宗昌.材料组织结构转变原理[M].北京:冶金出版社,1995
[13]伏中哲.宝钢1780 mm热连轧机及不锈钢轧制工艺[J].中国冶金,2006,16(8):6-11
[14]王宪玉.SUS430不锈钢的冷轧工艺及质量[J].轧钢,2002,19(6):36-38
[15]叶晓宁.SUS430热轧带钢工艺研究及质量控制[J].宝钢技术,2005,(4):32-35
[16]戴波.基于不锈钢组织影响因素谈其性能和应用[J].现代制造技术与装备,2008,(5):11-13
[17]孟亚惠,季根顺,樊丁,张建斌.不锈钢高温组织与高温力学性能研究进展[J].热加工工艺,2009,38(4):12-16
[18]姚连登,谢良法,张英杰.马氏体不锈钢0Crl6Ni5Mo1加热工艺及钢中δ铁素体研究[J].宽厚板,1999,5(4):9
[19]李美栓.金属的高温腐蚀[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001
[20]杨瑞成,靳赛特,吕学飞,赵丽美.Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu合金的氧化动力学研究[J].材料热处理学报,2009,30(1):24-27
[21]彭建国,骆素珍,袁敏.304奥氏体不锈钢高温氧化行为研究[J].宝钢技术,2007,(4):29-31
[22]龙剑平,胤驰.1Cr18Ni9Ti高温氧化行为研究[J].热加工工艺,2008,37(18):1-3
[23]罗宏.316L不锈钢在沉积盐碱混合物下的高温腐蚀[J].腐蚀与保护,2008,29(9):510-513
[24]李红,罗海文.奥氏体不锈钢的再结晶动力学[J].钢铁研究学报,2008,20(9):32-35
[25]B. Song. High-rate Characterization of 304L Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures for Recrystallization Investigation[J]. Experimental Mechanics,2009
[26]黄俊霞,俞敏.变形条件对304不锈钢动态再结晶的影响[J].上海金属,2008,30(3):17-20
[27]葛东生,刘洁.铸态304奥氏体不锈钢热变形条件下动态再结晶组织特征研究[J].铸造设备研究,2008,(5):15-17
[28]周超,王毛球.38CrMoAl钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学研究[J].钢铁,2010, 45(12):73-76
[29]郭吉惠,宋建萍.20CrMoH钢奥氏体化时的晶粒长大行为[J].热处理, 2010,25(6):36-39
[30]程慧静,王福明,李长荣,徐国庆.Nb-V复合非调制钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为[J].金属热处理,2009,31(9):5-10
[31]刘建涛,刘国权,胡本芙等.FGH96合金晶粒长大规律的研究[J].材料热处理学报,2004,25(6):25-28
[32]苏德达.T8A(80)钢奥氏体的晶粒长大与石墨析出现象[J].金属制品,2003,29(5):24-27
[33]彭晟,朱松鹤,张恒华等.高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大的规律[J].钢铁,2009,44(2):72-74
[34]张海,江海涛.00Cr12Ti铁素体不锈钢的再结晶退火与成形性研究[J].钢铁,2008,43(11):74-77
[35]张海兵,王均安.Cr11铁素体不锈钢退火过程中的织构变化[J].上海金属,2007,29(4):17-21
[36]杨瑞成,孟威,陈奎,王晖.12Cr1MoV高温时效过程的动力学研究[J].材料科学与工艺,2008,16(1):19-22
[37]杨瑞成,王晖,羊海棠,陈奎,袁晓波.用Larson—Miller参数描述12CrlMoV与15CrMo的老化行为.材料科学与工艺,2002,10(4):395-398
[38]肖纪美,曹楚南.材料腐蚀学原理[M]北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[39]吴钱林,孙扬善,薛峰,周建.原位合成TiC弥散强化304不锈钢的高温氧化性为[J].材料热处理学报,2009,30(5):175-181
[40]张辉,王建军,刘春明.Ce对00Cr17高纯铁素体不锈钢再结晶及晶粒长大的影响[J].材料与冶金学报,2010,9(1):51-55
[41] Renata Stasko, Henryk Adrian, Anna Adrian . Effect of Nitrogen and Vanadium on Austenite Grain Growth Kinetics of A Low Alloy Steel [J]. Materials Characterization,2006,4-5(56):340.
[42]张旺峰,陈瑜眉,朱金华.利用拉伸曲线测定应变诱发马氏体相变能[J].金属学报2001 ,37(10)
[43]T. SAKAI. Ultrafine Grain Formation in Ferritic Stainless Steel during Severe Plastic Deformation[J]. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International,2008,39:2206-2213
[44]J. Manjanna. Martensitic transformation in SUS 316LN austenitic stainless steel at RT[J]. J Mater Sci, 2008,43:2659–2665
[45]M. Delucchi. Quantitative evaluation of oxide impurities in bright annealed stainless steels for deep drawing[J]. J Appl Electrochem,2009
[45]B. Prabha. Studies on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Super 304H Austenitic Stainless Steel[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2008
[47]Yeon Soo Jeong. Electrochemical Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel Processed with a Thermally Treated Ni- and Cr-rich Surface Coating[J]. Met Mater. 2009, 15(1): 37-42
[48]Jun’an Wang. Sintered Cu Alloyed Stainless Steels and Their Corrosion Behavior[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2008,17:780–784
[49] E. Garc?′a-Ochoa. Analysis of the dynamics of Intergranular corrosion process of sensitised 304 stainless steel using recurrence plots[J]. J Appl Electrochem,2009,39:637–645
[50]MORTEN KARLSEN. Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Backscatter Diffraction–Based Observations of Martensite Variant Selection andSlip Plane Activity in Supermartensitic Stainless Steels during Plastic Deformation at Elevated, Ambient, and Subzero Temperatures[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 2008,40:310-319
[51]Dong-Cherng Wen .Effect of Prior Hot Rolling on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel Containing Tempered Martensite and Ferrite[J].Met Mater,2009,15(3):365-372
[52]C. Capdevila. Application of thermoelectric power measurements to the study of cold rolled austenitic stainless steels[J]. J Mater Sci, 2009 , 44:4499–4502
[53]肖纪美.不锈钢的金属学问题[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2006
[54]李建萍,张维.金属材料晶粒大小测量方法的研究[J].南昌航空工业学院学报,2000,14(3):19-22
[55]李建萍.金属材料晶粒大小测量方法的探索[J].南方冶金学院学报,2000,21(2):112-116
[56]魏建忠,王国红,宗斌.金相样品制备和分析中的技巧及方法[J].理化检验,2006,42(3):154-156
[57]李神速.双回路EPR法测定奥氏体不锈钢的敏化[J].腐蚀科学与防护,2000,12(5):288-291
[58]李长明,张亚男.双相不锈钢的研究探讨[J].材料热处理技术,2009,38(6):45-47
[59]王少岩.不锈钢的腐蚀与防腐[J].沈阳师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(2):950-952
[60]岳睿,潘祖军,李艳.不锈钢的腐蚀分析[J].金属世界2006,(3):28-29
[61]张旺峰,陈瑜眉,朱金华.利用拉伸曲线测定应变诱发马氏体相变能[J].金属学报,2001,37(10):1023-1026
[62]李长明,张亚男.双相不锈钢的研究探讨[J].热加工工艺,2009,38(6):45-47
[63]刘继明,梁建宇.合金元素对铁素体不锈钢抗腐蚀性能的影响[J].山西冶金,2005,(4):9-12
[2]耿丙玺.我国不锈钢产业发展综述[J].冶金管理,2008,(6):27-30
[3]张先鸣.我国不锈钢及线材制品的发展现状与动向[J].现代零部件,2008,(6):64-67
[4]余存烨,胡僬本.超铁素体不锈钢的进展与展望[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,2008,25(4):5-7
[5]刘冬萍,陈淑芳.不锈钢市场:欧美萧条国内趋稳[J].金属通报,2008,(49):20-23
[6]罗忠河.我国不锈钢表观消费量2010年将破1000万吨[J].中国不锈钢市场,2006,(5):8-9
[7]李晓波.国内铁素体不锈钢的最新发展[J].铸造设备研究, 2006,(4):52-55
[8]颜海涛,毕洪运,李鑫,徐洲.汽车排气系统用铁素体不锈钢的抗高温氧化性能[J].上海金属,2008,30(5):8-11
[9]刘尚潭,纪仁峰,胡弘剑.提高汽车排气管用不锈钢综合性能的试验研究[J].特钢技术,2008,14(55):13-18
[10]卫星.铁素体不锈钢在汽车排气系统的应用日益广泛[J].上海金属,2008,(3):63
[11]毛卫民,赵新兵.金属的再结晶与晶粒长大[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1994
[12]刘宗昌.材料组织结构转变原理[M].北京:冶金出版社,1995
[13]伏中哲.宝钢1780 mm热连轧机及不锈钢轧制工艺[J].中国冶金,2006,16(8):6-11
[14]王宪玉.SUS430不锈钢的冷轧工艺及质量[J].轧钢,2002,19(6):36-38
[15]叶晓宁.SUS430热轧带钢工艺研究及质量控制[J].宝钢技术,2005,(4):32-35
[16]戴波.基于不锈钢组织影响因素谈其性能和应用[J].现代制造技术与装备,2008,(5):11-13
[17]孟亚惠,季根顺,樊丁,张建斌.不锈钢高温组织与高温力学性能研究进展[J].热加工工艺,2009,38(4):12-16
[18]姚连登,谢良法,张英杰.马氏体不锈钢0Crl6Ni5Mo1加热工艺及钢中δ铁素体研究[J].宽厚板,1999,5(4):9
[19]李美栓.金属的高温腐蚀[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001
[20]杨瑞成,靳赛特,吕学飞,赵丽美.Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu合金的氧化动力学研究[J].材料热处理学报,2009,30(1):24-27
[21]彭建国,骆素珍,袁敏.304奥氏体不锈钢高温氧化行为研究[J].宝钢技术,2007,(4):29-31
[22]龙剑平,胤驰.1Cr18Ni9Ti高温氧化行为研究[J].热加工工艺,2008,37(18):1-3
[23]罗宏.316L不锈钢在沉积盐碱混合物下的高温腐蚀[J].腐蚀与保护,2008,29(9):510-513
[24]李红,罗海文.奥氏体不锈钢的再结晶动力学[J].钢铁研究学报,2008,20(9):32-35
[25]B. Song. High-rate Characterization of 304L Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures for Recrystallization Investigation[J]. Experimental Mechanics,2009
[26]黄俊霞,俞敏.变形条件对304不锈钢动态再结晶的影响[J].上海金属,2008,30(3):17-20
[27]葛东生,刘洁.铸态304奥氏体不锈钢热变形条件下动态再结晶组织特征研究[J].铸造设备研究,2008,(5):15-17
[28]周超,王毛球.38CrMoAl钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学研究[J].钢铁,2010, 45(12):73-76
[29]郭吉惠,宋建萍.20CrMoH钢奥氏体化时的晶粒长大行为[J].热处理, 2010,25(6):36-39
[30]程慧静,王福明,李长荣,徐国庆.Nb-V复合非调制钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为[J].金属热处理,2009,31(9):5-10
[31]刘建涛,刘国权,胡本芙等.FGH96合金晶粒长大规律的研究[J].材料热处理学报,2004,25(6):25-28
[32]苏德达.T8A(80)钢奥氏体的晶粒长大与石墨析出现象[J].金属制品,2003,29(5):24-27
[33]彭晟,朱松鹤,张恒华等.高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大的规律[J].钢铁,2009,44(2):72-74
[34]张海,江海涛.00Cr12Ti铁素体不锈钢的再结晶退火与成形性研究[J].钢铁,2008,43(11):74-77
[35]张海兵,王均安.Cr11铁素体不锈钢退火过程中的织构变化[J].上海金属,2007,29(4):17-21
[36]杨瑞成,孟威,陈奎,王晖.12Cr1MoV高温时效过程的动力学研究[J].材料科学与工艺,2008,16(1):19-22
[37]杨瑞成,王晖,羊海棠,陈奎,袁晓波.用Larson—Miller参数描述12CrlMoV与15CrMo的老化行为.材料科学与工艺,2002,10(4):395-398
[38]肖纪美,曹楚南.材料腐蚀学原理[M]北京:化学工业出版社,2002
[39]吴钱林,孙扬善,薛峰,周建.原位合成TiC弥散强化304不锈钢的高温氧化性为[J].材料热处理学报,2009,30(5):175-181
[40]张辉,王建军,刘春明.Ce对00Cr17高纯铁素体不锈钢再结晶及晶粒长大的影响[J].材料与冶金学报,2010,9(1):51-55
[41] Renata Stasko, Henryk Adrian, Anna Adrian . Effect of Nitrogen and Vanadium on Austenite Grain Growth Kinetics of A Low Alloy Steel [J]. Materials Characterization,2006,4-5(56):340.
[42]张旺峰,陈瑜眉,朱金华.利用拉伸曲线测定应变诱发马氏体相变能[J].金属学报2001 ,37(10)
[43]T. SAKAI. Ultrafine Grain Formation in Ferritic Stainless Steel during Severe Plastic Deformation[J]. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International,2008,39:2206-2213
[44]J. Manjanna. Martensitic transformation in SUS 316LN austenitic stainless steel at RT[J]. J Mater Sci, 2008,43:2659–2665
[45]M. Delucchi. Quantitative evaluation of oxide impurities in bright annealed stainless steels for deep drawing[J]. J Appl Electrochem,2009
[45]B. Prabha. Studies on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Super 304H Austenitic Stainless Steel[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2008
[47]Yeon Soo Jeong. Electrochemical Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel Processed with a Thermally Treated Ni- and Cr-rich Surface Coating[J]. Met Mater. 2009, 15(1): 37-42
[48]Jun’an Wang. Sintered Cu Alloyed Stainless Steels and Their Corrosion Behavior[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2008,17:780–784
[49] E. Garc?′a-Ochoa. Analysis of the dynamics of Intergranular corrosion process of sensitised 304 stainless steel using recurrence plots[J]. J Appl Electrochem,2009,39:637–645
[50]MORTEN KARLSEN. Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Backscatter Diffraction–Based Observations of Martensite Variant Selection andSlip Plane Activity in Supermartensitic Stainless Steels during Plastic Deformation at Elevated, Ambient, and Subzero Temperatures[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 2008,40:310-319
[51]Dong-Cherng Wen .Effect of Prior Hot Rolling on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel Containing Tempered Martensite and Ferrite[J].Met Mater,2009,15(3):365-372
[52]C. Capdevila. Application of thermoelectric power measurements to the study of cold rolled austenitic stainless steels[J]. J Mater Sci, 2009 , 44:4499–4502
[53]肖纪美.不锈钢的金属学问题[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2006
[54]李建萍,张维.金属材料晶粒大小测量方法的研究[J].南昌航空工业学院学报,2000,14(3):19-22
[55]李建萍.金属材料晶粒大小测量方法的探索[J].南方冶金学院学报,2000,21(2):112-116
[56]魏建忠,王国红,宗斌.金相样品制备和分析中的技巧及方法[J].理化检验,2006,42(3):154-156
[57]李神速.双回路EPR法测定奥氏体不锈钢的敏化[J].腐蚀科学与防护,2000,12(5):288-291
[58]李长明,张亚男.双相不锈钢的研究探讨[J].材料热处理技术,2009,38(6):45-47
[59]王少岩.不锈钢的腐蚀与防腐[J].沈阳师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(2):950-952
[60]岳睿,潘祖军,李艳.不锈钢的腐蚀分析[J].金属世界2006,(3):28-29
[61]张旺峰,陈瑜眉,朱金华.利用拉伸曲线测定应变诱发马氏体相变能[J].金属学报,2001,37(10):1023-1026
[62]李长明,张亚男.双相不锈钢的研究探讨[J].热加工工艺,2009,38(6):45-47
[63]刘继明,梁建宇.合金元素对铁素体不锈钢抗腐蚀性能的影响[J].山西冶金,2005,(4):9-12