南极普里兹湾海洋沉积记录及其对气候变化的响应
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摘要
本文利用中国南极科学考察（CHINARE）在南极普里兹湾海域开展的多个调查航次，针对海洋水体、颗粒物、沉积物和捕获器样品，进行了以有机碳为主的生源要素的分析与研究，探讨了上层海洋环境要素、生产力和浮游植物群落结构的变化，沉降颗粒物质来源、通量及全年变化趋势，沉积物中的有机碳埋藏通量以及利用生物标志物恢复了近百年来上层海洋生产力、浮游植物群落结构和海表温度的变化，揭示了海洋沉积记录对上层海洋环境和气候变化的响应。
普里兹湾海域上层水体硝酸盐、活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐分布趋势一致，均表现为湾内50m以浅水体中含量较低，溶解氧则呈现相反的分布趋势。海水颗粒有机碳含量从湾内向湾外递减，且湾内含量远远大于湾外，颗粒有机碳含量年际变化较大，且与叶绿素a、生物硅和浮游植物细胞丰度等均具有良好的正相关关系，而与营养盐呈负相关关系。颗粒有机碳主要由夏季生长旺盛的浮游植物贡献，占绝对优势的硅藻群落是颗粒有机碳的主要贡献者，研究海域不存在营养盐对浮游植物生长的限制。
多年来对普里兹湾海域的现场实测发现叶绿素a、初级生产力和新生产力均以湾内陆架区域最高，并远高于陆坡区和湾外深海区，湾内海域同时具有较高的新生产力和再生生产力。初级生产力虽然年际间差异较大，但多年来趋势较为稳定，实测平均值为0.91±0.52gC·m~(-2)·d~(-1)，按每年90天计则为82±47gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，而新生产力为35gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，显示该海域有较高的生产力输出通量。浮游植物细胞丰度也以湾内陆架区域最高，且初级生产力以微型和小型浮游生物贡献为主。研究海域浮游植物以硅藻占绝对优势，优势度可达80%以上。
普里兹湾湾内海域颗粒物沉降通量呈现出明显的季节性变化趋势，在南极夏季颗粒物沉降通量较高，而整个冬季通量都较低。沉积物捕获器获取的沉降颗粒物质全年通量为74.31g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，其中夏季约90天时间内的沉降通量占66%。有机碳全年沉降通量为4.3gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，占上层海洋初级生产力的5.2%，具有较高的碳输出通量。捕获器中生源组分沉降通量夏季最高，冬季则几乎为零，而陆源组分沉降通量则是夏季较高，冬季略低。
普里兹湾表层沉积物中有机碳含量与沉积物泥质含量分布相似，湾内东部区域多为泥质沉积，有机碳含量也较高，而湾内西部区域泥质含量和有机碳含量均较低。沉积物中有机碳的分布与生物硅具有良好的一致性，且与上层海洋浮游植物密切相关，占有优势地位的硅藻群落是有机质沉降和埋藏的主要贡献者。沉积物中有机碳与总氮呈密切线性相关，C/N比值为5.5~8.2，反映出有机质主要为海洋生源沉积。有机碳含量随沉积物深度增加逐渐降低，到达一定深度后趋于稳定，研究区域有机碳保存率较高，具有较高的碳汇潜力。
利用210Pb测年法测得了普里兹湾5个站位的沉积物沉积速率，平均为1.06mm·a~(-1)，与南北极多个陆架边缘海沉积速率相当。湾内中心区域的沉积速率相对较快，而靠近陆缘和冰架的沉积速率较慢。沉积物积聚通量为313~1254g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，受陆源砂输入和生源物质沉降的共同影响。有机碳沉积通量不仅与沉积物积聚通量有关，还受到沉积物有机碳含量的影响，湾内有机碳沉积通量平均为4g C m~(-2)a~(-1)，占上层海洋初级生产力的4.9%，表明研究海域具有较高的生物泵效率。
表层沉积物中的生物标志物含量与有机碳、生物硅等生源物质含量具有很好的一致性。应用沉积地层中长链烯酮不饱和指数估算的表层海水温度揭示近百年来南极普里兹湾表层海水温度变化范围为-1.85~1.44℃。海表温度在厄尔尼诺时期明显偏高，而在拉尼娜时期则较低，表现出受异常气候事件影响明显。利用浮游植物标志物重建了浮游植物群落结构的变化，浮游植物群落结构受到厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件的影响，在厄尔尼诺期间浮游植物群落结构发生明显改变，硅藻相对含量显著增高，甲藻降低；在拉尼娜期间硅藻比例有所降低，甲藻则呈增加趋势。底部被埋藏的浮游植物标志物总含量和硅藻植物群落有很高的一致性，反映出海洋底部对上层海洋生物地化过程的响应。
沉降颗粒物质中的生物钡通量与生源物质通量具有良好的一致性，根据通量模型估算的输出生产力可以反映出研究海域上层水体的生产力状况。沉积物中的生物钡与生物硅、有机碳含量都呈现正相关关系，且与上层海洋生产力和浮游植物密切相关。利用通量模型估算了百年来的输出生产力状况，结果表明近几十年生产力呈上升趋势，并与海表温度趋势相同，且都与厄尔尼诺暖事件呈对应关系，反映出极区海洋沉积记录信息不仅能够反映上层海洋环境的变化，还与全球气候变化密切相关。
The biogenic material mainly with organic carbon in seawater, particulatematters, sediments and sediment trap samples were analyzed during severalCHINARE cruises in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. The variations of environmentalelements, primary productivity and phytoplankton community in the upper oceans aswell as the source, flux and annual changing tendency of sediment particles and theburial flux of organic carbon in sediments were discussed. Meanwhile, biologicalmarkers were utilized to reconstruct the changes of ocean primary productivity,phytoplankton community and sea surface temperatures, revealing the response ofmarine sediment records to the upper ocean environment and climate changes.
The distribution tendency of nitrate, phosphate and silicate in the upper seawaterof Prydz Bay are consistent and their concentrations are low in shallow water with adepth less than50m, while dissolved oxygen is on the contrary. The contents ofparticulate organic carbon decreased from inner Prydz Bay to the outer with thecontent in inner bay is significant larger than that in outer bay. Particulate organiccarbon content also revealed significant interannual variation, which was positivelycorrelated to chlorophyll a, biogenic silicon, abundance of phytoplankton cells and soon, but negatively to nutrients. Particulate organic carbon is mainly fromphytoplankton bloomed in summer, whereas diatom community wherein is the maincontributor with its absolutely dominant position. Moreover there is no nutrient limiton phytoplankton growth in the study area.
Over the years, the in situ measurement in Prydz Bay found that the inner shelfshowed the highest chlorophyll a, primary productivity and new productivity thatwere much higher than those in the slope and abyssal region outside the bay.Meanwhile the inner bay revealed relevantly high new productivity and regeneratedproductivity. Primary productivity had a relatively stable trend despite of significantinterannual differences and the actual-measured mean was0.91±0.52gC·m~(-2)·d~(-1),which should be82±47gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)based on90days annually, and the mean of newproductivity was35gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1), showing a higher export productivity flux. Theabundance of phytoplankton cells was the highest in the inner-bay continental shelf where the primary productivity was mainly micro-plankton. Diatom assumed absolutedominance in phytoplankton community with degree of dominance more than80%.
Particulate deposition flux showed obvious seasonal variation in inner Prydz Bay.The flux was higher in summer, but lower in all winter. The annual particulatedeposition flux acquired by sediment trap was74.31g·m~(-2)·a~(-1), deposition fluxwherein around90days in summer accounted for66%. The annual organic carbondisposition flux was4.3gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1), accounting for5.2%of primary productivity inthe upper ocean, indicating a higher organic carbon export flux. The biogeniccomponent deposition flux acquired by the trap was the highest in summer and almostnothing in winter, while the terrigenous component deposition flux was higher insummer and slightly lower in winter.
The organic carbon and mud content in surface sediments shared the similardistribution trend in Prydz Bay, where revealed more mud sediment and a highercontent of organic carbon in the east inner bay and less contents of organic carbon andmud in the west area. The distribution of organic carbon and biogenic silicon insediments displayed a good consistency which was closely related to phytoplankton inthe upper ocean, and the dominant diatom community was the main contributor forthe sedimentation and burial of organic carbon. Organic carbon in the sediment wasclosely and linearly correlated to total nitrogen with C/N ratio ranging between5.5and8.2, reflecting that the main organic material was ocean biogenic sediment.Organic carbon content decreased with the increase of sediment depth and finallyreached stability at a certain depth. The study area had a high organic carbonpreservation rate and a high carbon sequestration.
The sedimentation rates of5cores in Prydz Bay were estimated by210Pb datingmethods, and the mean was1.06mm·a~(-1), which was equivalent to the sedimentationrate in the shelf ocean in Antarctic and Arctic oceans. The central inner bay areadisplayed a relatively faster sedimentation rate, and a relatively slow rate atcontinental margin and ice shelf. The sediment mass accumulation rate ranged from313to1254g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)and was influenced by terrigenous sand input and biogenicmatter sedimentation. The organic carbon accumulation rate was not only related tomass accumulation rates, but also influenced by the content of organic carbon in sediments. The average organic carbon accumulation rate was4gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1),accounting for4.9%of the primary productivity in the upper ocean, indicating ahigher biogenic pump efficiency in the study area.
The contents of biomarkers and biogenic matters such as organic carbon andbiogenic silicon in surface sediments displayed a good consistency. The surface watertemperature calculated by U37kin sediments ranged from-1.85℃to1.44℃in PrydzBay over the past100years. The sea surface temperature was clearly higher during ElNi o period and lower during La Ni a period, showing that it was apparentlyinfluenced by abnormal climate events. Phytoplankton markers were utilized forreconstruction of the changes of phytoplankton community structure which wasinfluenced by El Ni o and La Ni a events. Phytoplankton community changedsignificantly during El Ni o period with significantly increased content of diatom anddecrease of dinoflagellate and the opposite trends during La Ni a period. The contentof biomarker buried in sediments was highly consistent with diatom community,reflecting the response of ocean sediment to marine biogeochemistry process in theupper ocean.
The biogenic barium flux in sedimental particulate matters was well consistentwith biogenic matter flux, and the export productivity estimated by flux modelreflected the primary productivity in the upper ocean. The content of biogenic bariumwas positively correlated to biogenic silicon and organic carbon in sediments, andalso closely related to the productivity and phytoplankton in the upper ocean. Theexport productivity in recent100years was estimated by flux model and the resultsindicated that in recent several decades such productivity displayed an increasingtrend which was the same with the sea surface temperature trend and corresponded toEl Ni o event, suggesting that the marine sedimentary records in polar regions can notonly reflect the environmental changes of the upper ocean, but also be closely relatedto global climate changes.
普里兹湾海域上层水体硝酸盐、活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐分布趋势一致，均表现为湾内50m以浅水体中含量较低，溶解氧则呈现相反的分布趋势。海水颗粒有机碳含量从湾内向湾外递减，且湾内含量远远大于湾外，颗粒有机碳含量年际变化较大，且与叶绿素a、生物硅和浮游植物细胞丰度等均具有良好的正相关关系，而与营养盐呈负相关关系。颗粒有机碳主要由夏季生长旺盛的浮游植物贡献，占绝对优势的硅藻群落是颗粒有机碳的主要贡献者，研究海域不存在营养盐对浮游植物生长的限制。
多年来对普里兹湾海域的现场实测发现叶绿素a、初级生产力和新生产力均以湾内陆架区域最高，并远高于陆坡区和湾外深海区，湾内海域同时具有较高的新生产力和再生生产力。初级生产力虽然年际间差异较大，但多年来趋势较为稳定，实测平均值为0.91±0.52gC·m~(-2)·d~(-1)，按每年90天计则为82±47gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，而新生产力为35gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，显示该海域有较高的生产力输出通量。浮游植物细胞丰度也以湾内陆架区域最高，且初级生产力以微型和小型浮游生物贡献为主。研究海域浮游植物以硅藻占绝对优势，优势度可达80%以上。
普里兹湾湾内海域颗粒物沉降通量呈现出明显的季节性变化趋势，在南极夏季颗粒物沉降通量较高，而整个冬季通量都较低。沉积物捕获器获取的沉降颗粒物质全年通量为74.31g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，其中夏季约90天时间内的沉降通量占66%。有机碳全年沉降通量为4.3gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，占上层海洋初级生产力的5.2%，具有较高的碳输出通量。捕获器中生源组分沉降通量夏季最高，冬季则几乎为零，而陆源组分沉降通量则是夏季较高，冬季略低。
普里兹湾表层沉积物中有机碳含量与沉积物泥质含量分布相似，湾内东部区域多为泥质沉积，有机碳含量也较高，而湾内西部区域泥质含量和有机碳含量均较低。沉积物中有机碳的分布与生物硅具有良好的一致性，且与上层海洋浮游植物密切相关，占有优势地位的硅藻群落是有机质沉降和埋藏的主要贡献者。沉积物中有机碳与总氮呈密切线性相关，C/N比值为5.5~8.2，反映出有机质主要为海洋生源沉积。有机碳含量随沉积物深度增加逐渐降低，到达一定深度后趋于稳定，研究区域有机碳保存率较高，具有较高的碳汇潜力。
利用210Pb测年法测得了普里兹湾5个站位的沉积物沉积速率，平均为1.06mm·a~(-1)，与南北极多个陆架边缘海沉积速率相当。湾内中心区域的沉积速率相对较快，而靠近陆缘和冰架的沉积速率较慢。沉积物积聚通量为313~1254g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)，受陆源砂输入和生源物质沉降的共同影响。有机碳沉积通量不仅与沉积物积聚通量有关，还受到沉积物有机碳含量的影响，湾内有机碳沉积通量平均为4g C m~(-2)a~(-1)，占上层海洋初级生产力的4.9%，表明研究海域具有较高的生物泵效率。
表层沉积物中的生物标志物含量与有机碳、生物硅等生源物质含量具有很好的一致性。应用沉积地层中长链烯酮不饱和指数估算的表层海水温度揭示近百年来南极普里兹湾表层海水温度变化范围为-1.85~1.44℃。海表温度在厄尔尼诺时期明显偏高，而在拉尼娜时期则较低，表现出受异常气候事件影响明显。利用浮游植物标志物重建了浮游植物群落结构的变化，浮游植物群落结构受到厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件的影响，在厄尔尼诺期间浮游植物群落结构发生明显改变，硅藻相对含量显著增高，甲藻降低；在拉尼娜期间硅藻比例有所降低，甲藻则呈增加趋势。底部被埋藏的浮游植物标志物总含量和硅藻植物群落有很高的一致性，反映出海洋底部对上层海洋生物地化过程的响应。
沉降颗粒物质中的生物钡通量与生源物质通量具有良好的一致性，根据通量模型估算的输出生产力可以反映出研究海域上层水体的生产力状况。沉积物中的生物钡与生物硅、有机碳含量都呈现正相关关系，且与上层海洋生产力和浮游植物密切相关。利用通量模型估算了百年来的输出生产力状况，结果表明近几十年生产力呈上升趋势，并与海表温度趋势相同，且都与厄尔尼诺暖事件呈对应关系，反映出极区海洋沉积记录信息不仅能够反映上层海洋环境的变化，还与全球气候变化密切相关。
The biogenic material mainly with organic carbon in seawater, particulatematters, sediments and sediment trap samples were analyzed during severalCHINARE cruises in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. The variations of environmentalelements, primary productivity and phytoplankton community in the upper oceans aswell as the source, flux and annual changing tendency of sediment particles and theburial flux of organic carbon in sediments were discussed. Meanwhile, biologicalmarkers were utilized to reconstruct the changes of ocean primary productivity,phytoplankton community and sea surface temperatures, revealing the response ofmarine sediment records to the upper ocean environment and climate changes.
The distribution tendency of nitrate, phosphate and silicate in the upper seawaterof Prydz Bay are consistent and their concentrations are low in shallow water with adepth less than50m, while dissolved oxygen is on the contrary. The contents ofparticulate organic carbon decreased from inner Prydz Bay to the outer with thecontent in inner bay is significant larger than that in outer bay. Particulate organiccarbon content also revealed significant interannual variation, which was positivelycorrelated to chlorophyll a, biogenic silicon, abundance of phytoplankton cells and soon, but negatively to nutrients. Particulate organic carbon is mainly fromphytoplankton bloomed in summer, whereas diatom community wherein is the maincontributor with its absolutely dominant position. Moreover there is no nutrient limiton phytoplankton growth in the study area.
Over the years, the in situ measurement in Prydz Bay found that the inner shelfshowed the highest chlorophyll a, primary productivity and new productivity thatwere much higher than those in the slope and abyssal region outside the bay.Meanwhile the inner bay revealed relevantly high new productivity and regeneratedproductivity. Primary productivity had a relatively stable trend despite of significantinterannual differences and the actual-measured mean was0.91±0.52gC·m~(-2)·d~(-1),which should be82±47gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)based on90days annually, and the mean of newproductivity was35gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1), showing a higher export productivity flux. Theabundance of phytoplankton cells was the highest in the inner-bay continental shelf where the primary productivity was mainly micro-plankton. Diatom assumed absolutedominance in phytoplankton community with degree of dominance more than80%.
Particulate deposition flux showed obvious seasonal variation in inner Prydz Bay.The flux was higher in summer, but lower in all winter. The annual particulatedeposition flux acquired by sediment trap was74.31g·m~(-2)·a~(-1), deposition fluxwherein around90days in summer accounted for66%. The annual organic carbondisposition flux was4.3gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1), accounting for5.2%of primary productivity inthe upper ocean, indicating a higher organic carbon export flux. The biogeniccomponent deposition flux acquired by the trap was the highest in summer and almostnothing in winter, while the terrigenous component deposition flux was higher insummer and slightly lower in winter.
The organic carbon and mud content in surface sediments shared the similardistribution trend in Prydz Bay, where revealed more mud sediment and a highercontent of organic carbon in the east inner bay and less contents of organic carbon andmud in the west area. The distribution of organic carbon and biogenic silicon insediments displayed a good consistency which was closely related to phytoplankton inthe upper ocean, and the dominant diatom community was the main contributor forthe sedimentation and burial of organic carbon. Organic carbon in the sediment wasclosely and linearly correlated to total nitrogen with C/N ratio ranging between5.5and8.2, reflecting that the main organic material was ocean biogenic sediment.Organic carbon content decreased with the increase of sediment depth and finallyreached stability at a certain depth. The study area had a high organic carbonpreservation rate and a high carbon sequestration.
The sedimentation rates of5cores in Prydz Bay were estimated by210Pb datingmethods, and the mean was1.06mm·a~(-1), which was equivalent to the sedimentationrate in the shelf ocean in Antarctic and Arctic oceans. The central inner bay areadisplayed a relatively faster sedimentation rate, and a relatively slow rate atcontinental margin and ice shelf. The sediment mass accumulation rate ranged from313to1254g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)and was influenced by terrigenous sand input and biogenicmatter sedimentation. The organic carbon accumulation rate was not only related tomass accumulation rates, but also influenced by the content of organic carbon in sediments. The average organic carbon accumulation rate was4gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1),accounting for4.9%of the primary productivity in the upper ocean, indicating ahigher biogenic pump efficiency in the study area.
The contents of biomarkers and biogenic matters such as organic carbon andbiogenic silicon in surface sediments displayed a good consistency. The surface watertemperature calculated by U37kin sediments ranged from-1.85℃to1.44℃in PrydzBay over the past100years. The sea surface temperature was clearly higher during ElNi o period and lower during La Ni a period, showing that it was apparentlyinfluenced by abnormal climate events. Phytoplankton markers were utilized forreconstruction of the changes of phytoplankton community structure which wasinfluenced by El Ni o and La Ni a events. Phytoplankton community changedsignificantly during El Ni o period with significantly increased content of diatom anddecrease of dinoflagellate and the opposite trends during La Ni a period. The contentof biomarker buried in sediments was highly consistent with diatom community,reflecting the response of ocean sediment to marine biogeochemistry process in theupper ocean.
The biogenic barium flux in sedimental particulate matters was well consistentwith biogenic matter flux, and the export productivity estimated by flux modelreflected the primary productivity in the upper ocean. The content of biogenic bariumwas positively correlated to biogenic silicon and organic carbon in sediments, andalso closely related to the productivity and phytoplankton in the upper ocean. Theexport productivity in recent100years was estimated by flux model and the resultsindicated that in recent several decades such productivity displayed an increasingtrend which was the same with the sea surface temperature trend and corresponded toEl Ni o event, suggesting that the marine sedimentary records in polar regions can notonly reflect the environmental changes of the upper ocean, but also be closely relatedto global climate changes.
引文
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