电动汽车充电电源并联均流技术的研究
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摘要
当今世界,环境污染严重,能源出现危机,使得电动汽车逐渐成为人们关注焦点。电动汽车作为节能、无污染的交通工具,在市场上具有很大的优越性。而电动汽车充电技术也在不断发展。电动汽车充电电源通常采用多个电源模块并联供电的方式来实现大功率的输出。由于工艺水平的限制及元器件特性差异等因素,如果将各个模块直接并联,很难保证各模块均匀分担负载电流。因此,在并联系统中必须采用均流技术来平衡负载电流分配。目前,充电电源普遍采用输出阻抗法,主从控制法等模拟控制技术来实现均流,这些技术具有技术成熟,价格低廉的优点。近年来,数字控制技术在大功率变换器中得到广泛应用。数字控制可以实现复杂的控制策略,具有更高的稳定性、可靠性和灵活性。
本文针对75kW电动汽车充电电源,对其均流技术进行了深入的研究设计。文章共分为五个部分：第一部分,总结了国内外常用的均流控制技术,其中包括输出阻抗法,主从控制法,平均电流法,最大电流法：第二部分,根据环卫车整车充电的技术指标要求,设计了充电电源的系统结构,并计算充电模块的主电路参数；第三部分,提出了模拟电流内环,数字电压外环的双闭环控制的均流方案,并对模拟电流内环的四个部分(电流控制器、电流检测电路、驱动电路和脉冲宽度调制器)和数字电压外环的五个部分(电压检测电路,A／D采样,电压控制器、CAN总线通讯和D／A转换)进行详细的分析设计；第四部分,在MATLAB/Simulink环境下对采用双闭环控制模式的充电电源在轻载,满载,负载突变,参考电压突变的不同状况下的均流效果进行仿真。第五部分,对充电电源在输出不同电流值条件下的均流效果进行了测试,实验结果表明：无论充电电源在轻载还是满载状况下,不平衡度CS%都小于5%,符合均流的设计要求,验证了并联均流方案的可行性。
In present times,serious environmental pollution and energy crisis make electric vehicle has gradually become the focus. electric vehicle as a environmental, non-polluting transportation tool, will have great advantages in the market, meanwhile, the charging technology for electric vehicle is also constantly and continuously improved. Electric vehicle power supply usually adopte parallel current sharing technology in order to achieve high power output.However, As the technological level and characteristics of different component, if each module parallels directly, it is difficult to achieve current sharing. Therefore, parallel system must bo introduced current sharing technology in order to balance the load current distribution. At precent, charger commonly adopte analogy control technology such as voltage droop control method, master slave control method Etc.to achieve current sharing. These technologies have the the advantages of mature technology and low price. In recent years, digital control technology has widely used in high-power converter. Digital control technology can achieve complex control strategy and has higher stability, reliability and flexibility.
The thesis deeply researchs and designs the current-sharing technique based on 75kW electric vehicle power supply. This thesis composes of five sections:The first part summarizes the commonly used current-sharing control techniques include voltage droop control method, master slave control method, average current method, largest current method. The second part designs the power supply'system structure and calculates the main circuit' parameters. The third part presents a dual-closed-loop current-sharing scheme composed of analog curent inner loop and digital voltage outer loop. Also the third part detailed analyzes four parts of analog curent inner loop which includes current controller, current detecting circuit, driving circuit, PWM circuit and five parts of digital voltage outer loop which includes voltage detecting circuit, A/D sampling, voltage controller, CAN bus communication, D/A conversion. The fourth part gives the power supply'current-sharing simulation effect in different conditions of light load, full load, load changing, reference voltage changing in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The fifth part tests the power supply'current-sharing effect at different output current. The result of experiment shows that unbalanced degree is low than 5% either in the full load or in the light load. It satisfies the current-sharing requirements and it validates the feasibility of the parallel current-sharing scheme.
本文针对75kW电动汽车充电电源,对其均流技术进行了深入的研究设计。文章共分为五个部分：第一部分,总结了国内外常用的均流控制技术,其中包括输出阻抗法,主从控制法,平均电流法,最大电流法：第二部分,根据环卫车整车充电的技术指标要求,设计了充电电源的系统结构,并计算充电模块的主电路参数；第三部分,提出了模拟电流内环,数字电压外环的双闭环控制的均流方案,并对模拟电流内环的四个部分(电流控制器、电流检测电路、驱动电路和脉冲宽度调制器)和数字电压外环的五个部分(电压检测电路,A／D采样,电压控制器、CAN总线通讯和D／A转换)进行详细的分析设计；第四部分,在MATLAB/Simulink环境下对采用双闭环控制模式的充电电源在轻载,满载,负载突变,参考电压突变的不同状况下的均流效果进行仿真。第五部分,对充电电源在输出不同电流值条件下的均流效果进行了测试,实验结果表明：无论充电电源在轻载还是满载状况下,不平衡度CS%都小于5%,符合均流的设计要求,验证了并联均流方案的可行性。
In present times,serious environmental pollution and energy crisis make electric vehicle has gradually become the focus. electric vehicle as a environmental, non-polluting transportation tool, will have great advantages in the market, meanwhile, the charging technology for electric vehicle is also constantly and continuously improved. Electric vehicle power supply usually adopte parallel current sharing technology in order to achieve high power output.However, As the technological level and characteristics of different component, if each module parallels directly, it is difficult to achieve current sharing. Therefore, parallel system must bo introduced current sharing technology in order to balance the load current distribution. At precent, charger commonly adopte analogy control technology such as voltage droop control method, master slave control method Etc.to achieve current sharing. These technologies have the the advantages of mature technology and low price. In recent years, digital control technology has widely used in high-power converter. Digital control technology can achieve complex control strategy and has higher stability, reliability and flexibility.
The thesis deeply researchs and designs the current-sharing technique based on 75kW electric vehicle power supply. This thesis composes of five sections:The first part summarizes the commonly used current-sharing control techniques include voltage droop control method, master slave control method, average current method, largest current method. The second part designs the power supply'system structure and calculates the main circuit' parameters. The third part presents a dual-closed-loop current-sharing scheme composed of analog curent inner loop and digital voltage outer loop. Also the third part detailed analyzes four parts of analog curent inner loop which includes current controller, current detecting circuit, driving circuit, PWM circuit and five parts of digital voltage outer loop which includes voltage detecting circuit, A/D sampling, voltage controller, CAN bus communication, D/A conversion. The fourth part gives the power supply'current-sharing simulation effect in different conditions of light load, full load, load changing, reference voltage changing in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The fifth part tests the power supply'current-sharing effect at different output current. The result of experiment shows that unbalanced degree is low than 5% either in the full load or in the light load. It satisfies the current-sharing requirements and it validates the feasibility of the parallel current-sharing scheme.
引文
[1]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.北京.电子工业出版社.1998年.P1-P10
[2]蔡宣三.开关电源的均流技术.十一届电源年会论文集.P250-253
[3]吴奎东.模块化电源关键技术的研究.电源技术.2007年3期.P26-31
[4]刘胜利.现代高频开关电源实用技术.北京.电子工业出版社.2001年.P1-10
[5]何希才,张明莉.新型稳压电源及应用实例.北京.电子工业出版社.2004年.P56-67
[6]路秋生.直流稳压电源并联均流及实现.电子产品世界.2002年12月.P71-73
[7]王正国.DC/DC变换器并联均流技术研究.西南交通大学.2007
[8]Z.Ye, D.Boroyevich, K.Xing, F. C. Lee. Design of Parallel Sources in DC Distributed Power Systems by Using Gain-Scheduling Technique. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Page(s):161-165
[9]J.W. Kim, H.S. Choi, B.H. Cho.A Novel droop Method for the Converter Parallel Operation. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. Page(s):959-964
[10]郭海军.高频开关电源并联均流技术的研究.西南交通大学.2005
[11]施三保.开关电源的分布式并联均流技术概述.航电技术.2006年.2期.P19-23
[12]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京.电子工业出版社.2004年.P32-34
[13]张崇巍,张兴.PWM整流器及其控制.北京.机械工业出版社.2003年.P23-25
[14]阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术.北京.科学出版社.1999年
[15](美)Colonel Wm.T. Mclyman,龚绍文译.变压器与电感设计手册.北京.中国电力出社,2009年
[16]李升.基于软开关全桥变换器的电动汽车充电电源设计.北京交通大学.2008年
[17]韩卫军.直流开关电源的数字均流技术.低压电器.2004年9期.P46-48
[18]张天芳.开关电源的并联运行及其数字均流技术.淮海工学院学报.2006年6期.P29-32
[19]张卫平.开关变换器的建模与控制.北京.中国电力出版社.2005
[20]裴晓泽.大功率锂离子蓄电池充放电系统的研究.北京交通大学.2008
[21]邓宇航,韩明武,杨威.IGBT集成驱动电路及其功率扩展.电子器件.2005年.第3期.P539-541
[22]蓝宏,胡广艳,张立伟,叶斌.大电流高频IGBT用M57962L驱动能力解决方案.电气时代.2006年.第12期.P138-140
[23]杨国田,白焰.摩托罗拉68HC12系列为微控制器原理、应用开发技术.北京.中国电力出版社.2003年
[24]于艳君等.单端正激变换器谐振磁复位技术的研究.电子器件.2004年12期.P661-664.
[25]Xi Y, Jain P K. Analysis of the Self-reset power transformer in a zero-voltage-switching forward converter topology. Telecommunications Energy Conference.2002. P156-163.
[26]童启明.控制系统数字仿真与监控组态软件应用.北京.科学出版社.2006.P160-164
[27]李华,范多旺.计算机控制系统.北京.机械工业出版社.2007年4月
[28]段文燕,吴黎辉,周迥,李海宾.PID算法中积分环节的改进.控制系统.2007年6期.P63-64
[29]郭景.基于CAN总线的主从式三相逆变电源并联控制技术研究.燕山大学.2006年
[30]许会军.数字控制DC-DC变换器的研究.天津大学.2006年
[31]牛利勇.纯电动公交充电系统关键技术研究.北京交通大学.2008年
[2]蔡宣三.开关电源的均流技术.十一届电源年会论文集.P250-253
[3]吴奎东.模块化电源关键技术的研究.电源技术.2007年3期.P26-31
[4]刘胜利.现代高频开关电源实用技术.北京.电子工业出版社.2001年.P1-10
[5]何希才,张明莉.新型稳压电源及应用实例.北京.电子工业出版社.2004年.P56-67
[6]路秋生.直流稳压电源并联均流及实现.电子产品世界.2002年12月.P71-73
[7]王正国.DC/DC变换器并联均流技术研究.西南交通大学.2007
[8]Z.Ye, D.Boroyevich, K.Xing, F. C. Lee. Design of Parallel Sources in DC Distributed Power Systems by Using Gain-Scheduling Technique. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Page(s):161-165
[9]J.W. Kim, H.S. Choi, B.H. Cho.A Novel droop Method for the Converter Parallel Operation. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. Page(s):959-964
[10]郭海军.高频开关电源并联均流技术的研究.西南交通大学.2005
[11]施三保.开关电源的分布式并联均流技术概述.航电技术.2006年.2期.P19-23
[12]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京.电子工业出版社.2004年.P32-34
[13]张崇巍,张兴.PWM整流器及其控制.北京.机械工业出版社.2003年.P23-25
[14]阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术.北京.科学出版社.1999年
[15](美)Colonel Wm.T. Mclyman,龚绍文译.变压器与电感设计手册.北京.中国电力出社,2009年
[16]李升.基于软开关全桥变换器的电动汽车充电电源设计.北京交通大学.2008年
[17]韩卫军.直流开关电源的数字均流技术.低压电器.2004年9期.P46-48
[18]张天芳.开关电源的并联运行及其数字均流技术.淮海工学院学报.2006年6期.P29-32
[19]张卫平.开关变换器的建模与控制.北京.中国电力出版社.2005
[20]裴晓泽.大功率锂离子蓄电池充放电系统的研究.北京交通大学.2008
[21]邓宇航,韩明武,杨威.IGBT集成驱动电路及其功率扩展.电子器件.2005年.第3期.P539-541
[22]蓝宏,胡广艳,张立伟,叶斌.大电流高频IGBT用M57962L驱动能力解决方案.电气时代.2006年.第12期.P138-140
[23]杨国田,白焰.摩托罗拉68HC12系列为微控制器原理、应用开发技术.北京.中国电力出版社.2003年
[24]于艳君等.单端正激变换器谐振磁复位技术的研究.电子器件.2004年12期.P661-664.
[25]Xi Y, Jain P K. Analysis of the Self-reset power transformer in a zero-voltage-switching forward converter topology. Telecommunications Energy Conference.2002. P156-163.
[26]童启明.控制系统数字仿真与监控组态软件应用.北京.科学出版社.2006.P160-164
[27]李华,范多旺.计算机控制系统.北京.机械工业出版社.2007年4月
[28]段文燕,吴黎辉,周迥,李海宾.PID算法中积分环节的改进.控制系统.2007年6期.P63-64
[29]郭景.基于CAN总线的主从式三相逆变电源并联控制技术研究.燕山大学.2006年
[30]许会军.数字控制DC-DC变换器的研究.天津大学.2006年
[31]牛利勇.纯电动公交充电系统关键技术研究.北京交通大学.2008年
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