现代地壳运动参考基准的研究
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摘要
由于地壳运动参考基准的混乱，同一个板块或同一个地壳形变区域，不同的文献资料给出的运动或形变速度和方向常常大不相同，差异的量级远大于测量误差，因此深入开展现代地壳运动参考基准研究，理清当前地壳运动参考基准使用中的混乱现象，不仅是大地测量学科发展的急需，对于促进地震、地质和地球物理等相关学科的发展也具有重要意义。
本文基于最新的地壳运动实测数据、地学热点数据、冰期后地壳回弹模型数据和其他相关研究成果，对现代地壳运动参考基准展开深入研究，并针对全球水平地壳运动、垂直地壳运动和区域水平地壳运动、垂直地壳运动分别提出了一套地球物理意义明确、易于实现、便于应用的参考基准。
本文的主要成果和创新点如下：
1.全面回顾了现代地壳运动参考基准的发展历程，深入分析了相关研究现状，指出了现代地壳运动参考基准即水平运动基准、垂直运动基准和区域基准当前存在的主要问题，明确了建立全球统一地壳运动参考基准的重要性和必要性。
2.建立了全球板块运动模型ITRF2005VEL和ITRF2008VEL，并和地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A以及以往的ITRF序列进行了深入比较，深入分析了彼此之间的一致性以及差异性，明确了差异性的主要原因，即与相应板块的测站较少、分布不均或者台站观测时间短对板块的约束不够等原因有关。讨论了构造板块总角动量的大小，13个板块的总角动量和不为零，说明ITRF2005和ITRF2008框架有可能不满足无整体旋转的要求；也有可能是由于台站选择的不同使得板块的总角动量之和不为零。
3.建立并优化了全球水平地壳运动参考基准，提出了建立平均热点参考基准（Medial-HotSpot Reference Datum）的方法及其约束准则。利用ITRF2005和ITRF2008的实测数据，分别建立了无整体旋转（NNR-no net rotation）参考基准NNR-ITRF2005和NNR-ITRF2008；根据目前板块运动和热点之间相对运动的现状，提出了建立平均热点参考基准的方法及其相应的约束准则，并综合利用地学热点数据和ITRF2005的实测数据，建立了基于平均热点参考架的绝对板块运动模型MHS-NUVEL1A和MHS-ITRF2005。
4.针对NNR基准和HS基准之间的较差旋转给出了定量估计。结果表明，基于热点的参考基准得到的岩石圈整体旋转与地球物理学家根据板块受力模型计算的岩石圈整体旋转在量级和方向上都基本一致，说明平均热点参考基准可能更符合实际情况。基于热点的参考基准能够更加真实的反映地幔对流的实际情况，研究地幔对流和板块运动的地球物理学家更倾向于采用热点参考基准，而大地测量学家则倾向于采用NNR参考基准。因此，我们提出，将基于实测数据的平均热点参考基准MHS-ITRF2005作为地球物理工作者研究全球水平地壳运动的参考基准，将无整体旋转模型NNR-ITRF2008作为大地测量学者研究水平地壳运动的参考基准。
5.提出并建立了最优全球垂直地壳运动的参考基准。深入分析了影响地壳垂直运动的主要因素，包括冰期后地壳的回弹、地面沉降、各种潮汐的变化等，提出4种建立垂直地壳运动参考基准的方案，即SLR垂向运动基准、ICE-5G模型基准、赤道附近垂向速度约束为零基准和地壳均衡学说基准，并分别进行了推导、验证和比较。结果表明，SLR垂直运动基准地球物理意义明确、易于实现、便于应用，是最优的地壳垂直运动的参考基准，因此我们提出将ITRF2008框架下SLR技术实现的垂向运动作为全球垂直地壳运动的参考基准。
6.针对中国地区的构造块体，分别提出了区域水平地壳运动和垂直运动参考基准的建立方案，并利用实测数据建立了中国地区的水平地壳形变模型。对于区域的水平地壳运动，提出将该形变区所依附板块的稳定主体作为该地区水平地壳形变研究的参考基准；对于区域的垂直地壳运动，提出将该区域的地壳垂直运动数据统一归算到最优的全球地壳垂直运动的参考基准上来，以建立一个与全球基准一致的该区域的地壳垂直运动速度场。
7.探讨并利用实测数据检测了固体地球的变化趋势，提出将全球的垂向运动归算到建立的SLR垂向基准上。系统分析了地球的非对称性变化现象，阐述了地球膨胀学说和地球压缩学说，并提出利用本文建立的最优全球垂直地壳运动参考基准，将全球的垂向速度都统一到该基准上，通过ITRF2008的数据研究地球的非对称性变化现象。结果表明地球半径的变化近似为(-0.1±0.2)mm/a，即在目前的1倍中误差范围内，还不能认为地球的半径发生了变化。
Due to the confusion of the crustal motion reference datum, for the same plate or crustaldeformation region, the speed and direction of motion or deformation given by differentdocuments are often very different, whose order of magnitude of the difference are much largerthan the measurement error, so an exhaustive study about modern crustal motion reference datumand sorting out the confusion in the use of crustal motion reference datum not only are in urgentneed of geodetic development of the subject, but also are of great significance to promote thedevelopment of related subjects such as earthquakes, geology and geophysics. By using acombination of crustal motion measured data of the newest space observation technology,hotspot data, postglacial crustal rebound model data and other relevant research, this papermakes an exhaustive study of crustal motion reference datum, exploring and putting forward aset of modern crustal motion reference datum which has a clear geophysical significance and iseasy to implement and apply and whose content covers the refinement of global horizontalcrustal motion reference datum, the establishment of vertical crustal motion reference datum anddiscussion on regional crustal motion and so on. The main conclusions and innovation are as thefollowings:
1. Summing up the definitions, the present development situations and the existing problemsof modern crustal motion, reference datum, and modern crustal motion reference datumrespectively. This paper elaborates the concepts and relations among reference system, referenceframe and the reference datum, gives the development of International Terrestrial ReferenceFrame (ITRF) series, and introduces the newest ITRF2008frameworks. It points out theproblems existing in the research of modern crustal motion reference datum, including thepresent research situation and existing problems of horizontal datum, vertical datum and theregional datum respectively, and puts forward the importance and necessity to establish theglobal uniform crustal motion datum.
2. Using space observation data to build a global plate motion model ITRF2005VEL andITRF2008VEL. Plate motion model is the first step in establishing horizontal crustal motionreference datum. This paper summarizes the plate motion model systematically, includinggeological and geophysical method and space geodetic method, and makes use of the latestITRF2005and ITRF2008data to establish the model of ITRF2005VEL and ITRF2008VELrespectively. Overall the two models and the scale of millions years of geographical modelNNR-NUVEL1A have a better consistency and the two models have a higher model accuracythan the previous ITRF sequences, which are inseparable with the more reasonable distributionof the base stations, and the higher station coordinates and velocity field solver accuracy in the two reference frames. But there exist some differences between them and NNR-NUVEL1A,which is related to the less and the uneven distribution of the corresponding plate's stations or theinsufficient constraints to plate because of the shortage of observation time. Finally it discussesthe size of the total angular momentum of the tectonic plates, and the result shows that the totalangular momentum of the13plates are not zero, indicating that ITRF2005and ITRF2008framework may not meet the requirements of no-net-rotation, or may be due to the differentchoice of stations that make the plate's angular momentum be not zero. In fact, the ITRFWorking Group on this question also has no consistent opinions.
3. Establishing and refining the global horizontal crustal motion reference datum, puttingforward the method of building the Medial-HotSpot (MHS) Reference Datum and itsconstraining criterion. The horizontal crustal motion reference datum includes two methods, eg.No-net-rotation (NNR) reference datum and Hot-spot (HS) reference datum. Using the latestspace observation data of ITRF2005and ITRF2008, NNR-ITRF2005and NNR-ITRF2008model were established and refined based on the ITRF framework. According to the present platemotion status and relative motions of hotspots, the constraint criterion for MHS ReferenceDatum is put forward, and by using the criterion to constrain the hotspot’s data to achieve theestablishment of the datum, that is, with the geological model NNR-NUVEL1A and geodeticmodel ITRF2005VEL as the foundation, this paper establishes the absolute plate motion modelMHS-NUVEL1A and MHS-ITRF2005VEL based on the Medial-Hotspot reference frame, andcompares and analyzes with other absolute plate motion model based on hotspots.
4. Discussing the overall rotation of the lithosphere, and providing a more accuratequantitative estimation about lithosphere’s overall rotation (drift) relative to the lower mantle.The result shows that the overall rotation of the lithosphere based on the reference datum of thehotspots and the overall rotation of the lithosphere calculated by geophysicists based onlithosphere plate force model are basically the same in magnitude and direction, which showsthat MHS Reference Datum may be more consistent with the actual situation. Reference datumbased on the hotspots can be more truly to reflect the actual situation of mantle convection, andthe Geophysicists that study the mantle convection and the motion of the plates prefer to use HSreference datum, but geodetic scientists tend to use NNR reference datum.
5. Putting forward and establishing the optimal global vertical crust motion reference datum.This paper discusses the main factors that affect the global vertical motion detailed, includingpost-glacial rebound, ground subsidence, and various tidal changes and so on. After discussingthe necessity of studying vertical datum, this paper puts forward four kinds of schemes toestablish vertical crust motion reference datum, that is SLR vertical motion datum, ICE-5Gmodel datum, the datum that vertical velocity constraint is zero near the equator and crustal isostatic adjustment datum, and makes the corresponding derivation and validation respectively.Comparing those four kinds of vertical datum, the result shows that for SLR vertical motionreference datum, its geophysical significance is clear, and it's easy to implement and use, whichis the optimal reference datum of the global vertical crustal motion. So it is recommended thatthe vertical datum achieved by SLR technology under the ITRF2008framework is suitable as areference datum of the global vertical crustal motion.
6. Putting forward the method of regional horizontal crustal motion reference datum andregional vertical crustal motion reference datum respectively by using the crustal motion inChina as an example, and using the geodetic data to establish the horizontal crustal deformationmodel in China region. For the horizontal crustal motion of the region, the stable main body ofthe plate which the deformation area is attached to can be the reference datum of studying thehorizontal crustal deformation in this region. For the vertical crustal motion of this region, theregional crustal vertical motion data can be imputed unified to the optimal reference datum of theglobal crustal vertical motion, namely SLR vertical motion reference datum to establish avertical crustal motion velocity field of this area, which is consistent with the global crustalvertical motion datum.
7. Discussing and using the geodetic data to detect the change trend of the solid earth, andputting forward to attribute the global vertical motion to the established SLR vertical datum. Thispaper systematically discusses the earth's unsymmetrical phenomenon, and expounds thedoctrine of the earth's expansion and compression. After a detailed analysis of the status ofglobal change phenomena research, this paper puts forward to unify the global vertical velocityto the optimal global crustal vertical motion reference datum established by this paper, and thenuses the ITRF2008data to study the Earth's unsymmetrical change phenomenon. The resultshows that the earth radius's change rate is similar to (-0.1±0.2)mm/a, which shows that theradius of the earth cannot be considered changed in the range of one time mean error.
本文基于最新的地壳运动实测数据、地学热点数据、冰期后地壳回弹模型数据和其他相关研究成果，对现代地壳运动参考基准展开深入研究，并针对全球水平地壳运动、垂直地壳运动和区域水平地壳运动、垂直地壳运动分别提出了一套地球物理意义明确、易于实现、便于应用的参考基准。
本文的主要成果和创新点如下：
1.全面回顾了现代地壳运动参考基准的发展历程，深入分析了相关研究现状，指出了现代地壳运动参考基准即水平运动基准、垂直运动基准和区域基准当前存在的主要问题，明确了建立全球统一地壳运动参考基准的重要性和必要性。
2.建立了全球板块运动模型ITRF2005VEL和ITRF2008VEL，并和地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A以及以往的ITRF序列进行了深入比较，深入分析了彼此之间的一致性以及差异性，明确了差异性的主要原因，即与相应板块的测站较少、分布不均或者台站观测时间短对板块的约束不够等原因有关。讨论了构造板块总角动量的大小，13个板块的总角动量和不为零，说明ITRF2005和ITRF2008框架有可能不满足无整体旋转的要求；也有可能是由于台站选择的不同使得板块的总角动量之和不为零。
3.建立并优化了全球水平地壳运动参考基准，提出了建立平均热点参考基准（Medial-HotSpot Reference Datum）的方法及其约束准则。利用ITRF2005和ITRF2008的实测数据，分别建立了无整体旋转（NNR-no net rotation）参考基准NNR-ITRF2005和NNR-ITRF2008；根据目前板块运动和热点之间相对运动的现状，提出了建立平均热点参考基准的方法及其相应的约束准则，并综合利用地学热点数据和ITRF2005的实测数据，建立了基于平均热点参考架的绝对板块运动模型MHS-NUVEL1A和MHS-ITRF2005。
4.针对NNR基准和HS基准之间的较差旋转给出了定量估计。结果表明，基于热点的参考基准得到的岩石圈整体旋转与地球物理学家根据板块受力模型计算的岩石圈整体旋转在量级和方向上都基本一致，说明平均热点参考基准可能更符合实际情况。基于热点的参考基准能够更加真实的反映地幔对流的实际情况，研究地幔对流和板块运动的地球物理学家更倾向于采用热点参考基准，而大地测量学家则倾向于采用NNR参考基准。因此，我们提出，将基于实测数据的平均热点参考基准MHS-ITRF2005作为地球物理工作者研究全球水平地壳运动的参考基准，将无整体旋转模型NNR-ITRF2008作为大地测量学者研究水平地壳运动的参考基准。
5.提出并建立了最优全球垂直地壳运动的参考基准。深入分析了影响地壳垂直运动的主要因素，包括冰期后地壳的回弹、地面沉降、各种潮汐的变化等，提出4种建立垂直地壳运动参考基准的方案，即SLR垂向运动基准、ICE-5G模型基准、赤道附近垂向速度约束为零基准和地壳均衡学说基准，并分别进行了推导、验证和比较。结果表明，SLR垂直运动基准地球物理意义明确、易于实现、便于应用，是最优的地壳垂直运动的参考基准，因此我们提出将ITRF2008框架下SLR技术实现的垂向运动作为全球垂直地壳运动的参考基准。
6.针对中国地区的构造块体，分别提出了区域水平地壳运动和垂直运动参考基准的建立方案，并利用实测数据建立了中国地区的水平地壳形变模型。对于区域的水平地壳运动，提出将该形变区所依附板块的稳定主体作为该地区水平地壳形变研究的参考基准；对于区域的垂直地壳运动，提出将该区域的地壳垂直运动数据统一归算到最优的全球地壳垂直运动的参考基准上来，以建立一个与全球基准一致的该区域的地壳垂直运动速度场。
7.探讨并利用实测数据检测了固体地球的变化趋势，提出将全球的垂向运动归算到建立的SLR垂向基准上。系统分析了地球的非对称性变化现象，阐述了地球膨胀学说和地球压缩学说，并提出利用本文建立的最优全球垂直地壳运动参考基准，将全球的垂向速度都统一到该基准上，通过ITRF2008的数据研究地球的非对称性变化现象。结果表明地球半径的变化近似为(-0.1±0.2)mm/a，即在目前的1倍中误差范围内，还不能认为地球的半径发生了变化。
Due to the confusion of the crustal motion reference datum, for the same plate or crustaldeformation region, the speed and direction of motion or deformation given by differentdocuments are often very different, whose order of magnitude of the difference are much largerthan the measurement error, so an exhaustive study about modern crustal motion reference datumand sorting out the confusion in the use of crustal motion reference datum not only are in urgentneed of geodetic development of the subject, but also are of great significance to promote thedevelopment of related subjects such as earthquakes, geology and geophysics. By using acombination of crustal motion measured data of the newest space observation technology,hotspot data, postglacial crustal rebound model data and other relevant research, this papermakes an exhaustive study of crustal motion reference datum, exploring and putting forward aset of modern crustal motion reference datum which has a clear geophysical significance and iseasy to implement and apply and whose content covers the refinement of global horizontalcrustal motion reference datum, the establishment of vertical crustal motion reference datum anddiscussion on regional crustal motion and so on. The main conclusions and innovation are as thefollowings:
1. Summing up the definitions, the present development situations and the existing problemsof modern crustal motion, reference datum, and modern crustal motion reference datumrespectively. This paper elaborates the concepts and relations among reference system, referenceframe and the reference datum, gives the development of International Terrestrial ReferenceFrame (ITRF) series, and introduces the newest ITRF2008frameworks. It points out theproblems existing in the research of modern crustal motion reference datum, including thepresent research situation and existing problems of horizontal datum, vertical datum and theregional datum respectively, and puts forward the importance and necessity to establish theglobal uniform crustal motion datum.
2. Using space observation data to build a global plate motion model ITRF2005VEL andITRF2008VEL. Plate motion model is the first step in establishing horizontal crustal motionreference datum. This paper summarizes the plate motion model systematically, includinggeological and geophysical method and space geodetic method, and makes use of the latestITRF2005and ITRF2008data to establish the model of ITRF2005VEL and ITRF2008VELrespectively. Overall the two models and the scale of millions years of geographical modelNNR-NUVEL1A have a better consistency and the two models have a higher model accuracythan the previous ITRF sequences, which are inseparable with the more reasonable distributionof the base stations, and the higher station coordinates and velocity field solver accuracy in the two reference frames. But there exist some differences between them and NNR-NUVEL1A,which is related to the less and the uneven distribution of the corresponding plate's stations or theinsufficient constraints to plate because of the shortage of observation time. Finally it discussesthe size of the total angular momentum of the tectonic plates, and the result shows that the totalangular momentum of the13plates are not zero, indicating that ITRF2005and ITRF2008framework may not meet the requirements of no-net-rotation, or may be due to the differentchoice of stations that make the plate's angular momentum be not zero. In fact, the ITRFWorking Group on this question also has no consistent opinions.
3. Establishing and refining the global horizontal crustal motion reference datum, puttingforward the method of building the Medial-HotSpot (MHS) Reference Datum and itsconstraining criterion. The horizontal crustal motion reference datum includes two methods, eg.No-net-rotation (NNR) reference datum and Hot-spot (HS) reference datum. Using the latestspace observation data of ITRF2005and ITRF2008, NNR-ITRF2005and NNR-ITRF2008model were established and refined based on the ITRF framework. According to the present platemotion status and relative motions of hotspots, the constraint criterion for MHS ReferenceDatum is put forward, and by using the criterion to constrain the hotspot’s data to achieve theestablishment of the datum, that is, with the geological model NNR-NUVEL1A and geodeticmodel ITRF2005VEL as the foundation, this paper establishes the absolute plate motion modelMHS-NUVEL1A and MHS-ITRF2005VEL based on the Medial-Hotspot reference frame, andcompares and analyzes with other absolute plate motion model based on hotspots.
4. Discussing the overall rotation of the lithosphere, and providing a more accuratequantitative estimation about lithosphere’s overall rotation (drift) relative to the lower mantle.The result shows that the overall rotation of the lithosphere based on the reference datum of thehotspots and the overall rotation of the lithosphere calculated by geophysicists based onlithosphere plate force model are basically the same in magnitude and direction, which showsthat MHS Reference Datum may be more consistent with the actual situation. Reference datumbased on the hotspots can be more truly to reflect the actual situation of mantle convection, andthe Geophysicists that study the mantle convection and the motion of the plates prefer to use HSreference datum, but geodetic scientists tend to use NNR reference datum.
5. Putting forward and establishing the optimal global vertical crust motion reference datum.This paper discusses the main factors that affect the global vertical motion detailed, includingpost-glacial rebound, ground subsidence, and various tidal changes and so on. After discussingthe necessity of studying vertical datum, this paper puts forward four kinds of schemes toestablish vertical crust motion reference datum, that is SLR vertical motion datum, ICE-5Gmodel datum, the datum that vertical velocity constraint is zero near the equator and crustal isostatic adjustment datum, and makes the corresponding derivation and validation respectively.Comparing those four kinds of vertical datum, the result shows that for SLR vertical motionreference datum, its geophysical significance is clear, and it's easy to implement and use, whichis the optimal reference datum of the global vertical crustal motion. So it is recommended thatthe vertical datum achieved by SLR technology under the ITRF2008framework is suitable as areference datum of the global vertical crustal motion.
6. Putting forward the method of regional horizontal crustal motion reference datum andregional vertical crustal motion reference datum respectively by using the crustal motion inChina as an example, and using the geodetic data to establish the horizontal crustal deformationmodel in China region. For the horizontal crustal motion of the region, the stable main body ofthe plate which the deformation area is attached to can be the reference datum of studying thehorizontal crustal deformation in this region. For the vertical crustal motion of this region, theregional crustal vertical motion data can be imputed unified to the optimal reference datum of theglobal crustal vertical motion, namely SLR vertical motion reference datum to establish avertical crustal motion velocity field of this area, which is consistent with the global crustalvertical motion datum.
7. Discussing and using the geodetic data to detect the change trend of the solid earth, andputting forward to attribute the global vertical motion to the established SLR vertical datum. Thispaper systematically discusses the earth's unsymmetrical phenomenon, and expounds thedoctrine of the earth's expansion and compression. After a detailed analysis of the status ofglobal change phenomena research, this paper puts forward to unify the global vertical velocityto the optimal global crustal vertical motion reference datum established by this paper, and thenuses the ITRF2008data to study the Earth's unsymmetrical change phenomenon. The resultshows that the earth radius's change rate is similar to (-0.1±0.2)mm/a, which shows that theradius of the earth cannot be considered changed in the range of one time mean error.
引文
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