大学生心理求助与应对效能的关系
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摘要
近年来,大学生的心理健康问题越来越受到广泛的关注。多数大学生在遭遇心理问题时,即使在能够获得专业帮助的情况下,也不愿意向心理咨询专业人员求助,致使心理问题变得更加严重,这一问题已经引起了国内外不少学者的关注。因此,如何改善大学生心理求助态度,帮助他们有效地应对心理危机,已成为心理健康工作者面临的重大课题。
本研究综合前人研究文献的观点,以开放式问卷为基础,编制了大学生心理求助态度问卷,通过独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析考察了人口统计学变量对求助态度和应对效能的影响,探讨了大学生心理求助态度、应对效能、求助行为三者之间的关系,运用Logistic回归及结构方程模型分析了心理求助态度、应对效能对求助行为的影响机制,研究获得的主要结论如下:
(1)大学生心理求助态度问卷包含四个维度:预期、需要、信任和接纳,该问卷具有良好的信效度。
(2)女生在求助态度总分及预期、需要、接纳、信任各维度得分高于男生;在接纳维度上,居住在县城及镇上学生得分高于农村和县级以上城市学生。
(3)男生在应对效能总分和胜任力维度上的得分高于女生;非独生子女在认知水平维度上的得分高于独生子女;一、四年级在认知水平维度上的得分高于二、三年级;在自信和认知水平维度上,艺术类学生得分高于理科生和文史类学生。
(4)与有心理问题但未求助者相比,求助者寻求专业性心理帮助的态度积极,他们对心理咨询的效果预期良好,并且信赖心理咨询师,对自己的心理帮助需要有很好的认知,接纳求助行为。而应对效能高的个体在自信程度、认知水平、胜任力的知觉维度上得分较高,他们在遇到心理问题时倾向于自己解决问题而不是求助于专业人员。
(5)心理求助态度、应对效能与求助行为之间存在显著的相关关系。
(6)根据理论假设及回归分析结果构建结构方程模型,该模型具有良好的拟合指数。需要对求助行为既有直接作用,又有通过认知水平的间接作用;信任对求助行为有直接的预测作用;认知水平在接纳与求助行为之间起完全中介作用。
In recent years, university student's mental health receive the widespread attention more and more. Most university students have difficulty in solving the mental problems themselves, but they are reluctant to seek professional psychological help even if they can obtain the specialized help, then the problems become more serious, This has already drawn many scholar's interest both at home and abroad. Therefore, how to improve the university student’s psychological help seeking attitude, help them to deal with the psychological crisis effectively has become the important issue which the psychological worker faces.
Based on literature summary and open-ended questionnaire investigation, An Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Questionnaire(ATSPPHQ) is constructed by factor analysis firstly, secondly we explore the relationships among ATSPPH, coping efficacy and psychological help seeking behavior, and thirdly we study whether demographic variables could affect ATSPPH and coping efficacy by using independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance, lastly we analyze the influence of ATSPPH, coping efficacy and psychological help seeking behavior by using Logistic regression anasysis and structural equation model. The study reaches conclusions as follows:
(1) The ATSPPHQ has four dimensions: expect, need, trust and acceptance. This questionnaire has satisfactory validity and reliability.
(2) Female students got higher score than male students in ATSPPH, expect, need, trust and acceptance. Family locus in town got higher score than that in countryside and city in dimension of acceptance.
(3) Male students got higher score than female students in coping efficacy and competence perception, non-single child got higher score than single child in dimension of cognition level, freshman and senior got higher score than sophomore and junior in dimension of cognition level, in dimension of self-confidence degree and cognition level, arts got higher score than science and liberal art students.
(4) Compared with the persons who have psychological problems but have not seek help, the visitor’s ATSPPH is positive, their expect for counselling is better, they trust the counselors and have preferable cognition to their own need for psychological help, so they accept psychological help seeking behavior. High coping efficacy indicate high self-confidence degree, cognition level and competence perception, when they run into psychological bother, they prefer to solve problems by themselves rather than seek professional psychological help.
(5) Psychological help seeking attitude, coping efficacy and psychological help seeking behavior all correlate with each other significantly.
(6) According to the theory of hypothesis and the regression analysis result, we construct structural equation model, it has satisfactory fitting index. Need toward psychological help seeking behavior both has the direct action, and has indirect function through the cognition level, trust are found to be direct predictors to psychological help seeking behavior, the cognition level palys the completely mediate role between acceptance and psychological help seeking behavior.
本研究综合前人研究文献的观点,以开放式问卷为基础,编制了大学生心理求助态度问卷,通过独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析考察了人口统计学变量对求助态度和应对效能的影响,探讨了大学生心理求助态度、应对效能、求助行为三者之间的关系,运用Logistic回归及结构方程模型分析了心理求助态度、应对效能对求助行为的影响机制,研究获得的主要结论如下:
(1)大学生心理求助态度问卷包含四个维度:预期、需要、信任和接纳,该问卷具有良好的信效度。
(2)女生在求助态度总分及预期、需要、接纳、信任各维度得分高于男生;在接纳维度上,居住在县城及镇上学生得分高于农村和县级以上城市学生。
(3)男生在应对效能总分和胜任力维度上的得分高于女生;非独生子女在认知水平维度上的得分高于独生子女;一、四年级在认知水平维度上的得分高于二、三年级;在自信和认知水平维度上,艺术类学生得分高于理科生和文史类学生。
(4)与有心理问题但未求助者相比,求助者寻求专业性心理帮助的态度积极,他们对心理咨询的效果预期良好,并且信赖心理咨询师,对自己的心理帮助需要有很好的认知,接纳求助行为。而应对效能高的个体在自信程度、认知水平、胜任力的知觉维度上得分较高,他们在遇到心理问题时倾向于自己解决问题而不是求助于专业人员。
(5)心理求助态度、应对效能与求助行为之间存在显著的相关关系。
(6)根据理论假设及回归分析结果构建结构方程模型,该模型具有良好的拟合指数。需要对求助行为既有直接作用,又有通过认知水平的间接作用;信任对求助行为有直接的预测作用;认知水平在接纳与求助行为之间起完全中介作用。
In recent years, university student's mental health receive the widespread attention more and more. Most university students have difficulty in solving the mental problems themselves, but they are reluctant to seek professional psychological help even if they can obtain the specialized help, then the problems become more serious, This has already drawn many scholar's interest both at home and abroad. Therefore, how to improve the university student’s psychological help seeking attitude, help them to deal with the psychological crisis effectively has become the important issue which the psychological worker faces.
Based on literature summary and open-ended questionnaire investigation, An Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Questionnaire(ATSPPHQ) is constructed by factor analysis firstly, secondly we explore the relationships among ATSPPH, coping efficacy and psychological help seeking behavior, and thirdly we study whether demographic variables could affect ATSPPH and coping efficacy by using independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance, lastly we analyze the influence of ATSPPH, coping efficacy and psychological help seeking behavior by using Logistic regression anasysis and structural equation model. The study reaches conclusions as follows:
(1) The ATSPPHQ has four dimensions: expect, need, trust and acceptance. This questionnaire has satisfactory validity and reliability.
(2) Female students got higher score than male students in ATSPPH, expect, need, trust and acceptance. Family locus in town got higher score than that in countryside and city in dimension of acceptance.
(3) Male students got higher score than female students in coping efficacy and competence perception, non-single child got higher score than single child in dimension of cognition level, freshman and senior got higher score than sophomore and junior in dimension of cognition level, in dimension of self-confidence degree and cognition level, arts got higher score than science and liberal art students.
(4) Compared with the persons who have psychological problems but have not seek help, the visitor’s ATSPPH is positive, their expect for counselling is better, they trust the counselors and have preferable cognition to their own need for psychological help, so they accept psychological help seeking behavior. High coping efficacy indicate high self-confidence degree, cognition level and competence perception, when they run into psychological bother, they prefer to solve problems by themselves rather than seek professional psychological help.
(5) Psychological help seeking attitude, coping efficacy and psychological help seeking behavior all correlate with each other significantly.
(6) According to the theory of hypothesis and the regression analysis result, we construct structural equation model, it has satisfactory fitting index. Need toward psychological help seeking behavior both has the direct action, and has indirect function through the cognition level, trust are found to be direct predictors to psychological help seeking behavior, the cognition level palys the completely mediate role between acceptance and psychological help seeking behavior.
引文
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[3] 邓志军, 蔡水清. 当前大学生心理求助的特征、影响因素及教育对策. 宜春学院学报(社会科学版), 2005, 27(5): 114-117
[4] 段文婷. 大学生专业心理求助决策过程的特征分析. 华中师范大学硕士论文, 2007
[5] 樊富珉, 李伟. 大学生心理压力及应对方式. 青年研究, 2000, 6: 40-45
[6] 樊富珉. 中国内地青少年心理辅导的发展. 亚洲辅导学报, 1999, 6(2): 5-19
[7] 高一虹, 陆小娅. 大学生心理帮助与求助方式的性别差异. 妇女研究论丛, 2001, 39(2): 9-16
[8] 郝志红. 关于大学生寻求专业性心理帮助态度的预测因素研究. 天津师范大学硕士论文, 2004
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[3] 邓志军, 蔡水清. 当前大学生心理求助的特征、影响因素及教育对策. 宜春学院学报(社会科学版), 2005, 27(5): 114-117
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[5] 樊富珉, 李伟. 大学生心理压力及应对方式. 青年研究, 2000, 6: 40-45
[6] 樊富珉. 中国内地青少年心理辅导的发展. 亚洲辅导学报, 1999, 6(2): 5-19
[7] 高一虹, 陆小娅. 大学生心理帮助与求助方式的性别差异. 妇女研究论丛, 2001, 39(2): 9-16
[8] 郝志红. 关于大学生寻求专业性心理帮助态度的预测因素研究. 天津师范大学硕士论文, 2004
[9] 江光荣, 王铭. 大学生心理求助行为研究. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2003, 11(3): 180-184
[10] 江光荣, 夏勉. 心理求助行为: 研究现状及阶段-决策模型. 心理科学进展, 2006, 14(6): 888-894
[11] 李建明. 认知及心理健康因素对大学生心理求助的影响研究. 第一军医大学硕士论文, 2006
[12] 李先锋. 公众对心理咨询的心理误区访谈启示. 健康心理学杂志, 1999, 7(2): 209-211
[13] 凌苏心, 陈卫旗. 广州大学生的心理健康状况与教育对策. 心理科学, 2000, 23(5): 628-631
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