锥形永磁同步风力发电机的研究
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摘要
永磁同步发电机具有结构简单、重量轻、可靠性好、效率高等优点，因而在中小型风力发电场合占据了主要地位。然而永磁同步发电机本身固有的齿槽转矩与风力发电机所希望的低速起动特性相矛盾，并且永磁同步发电机励磁调节困难等影响其实际应用的诸多关键技术问题，都需要进一步研究解决。本文提出一种锥形永磁同步风力发电机，通过锥形永磁转子在轴向移动，直接改变气隙长度以调节气隙磁场，从而可以有效地减小齿槽转矩以及实现输出外特性的调节。论文对这种发电机的结构特点、数学模型、磁场分布及其分析方法、性能参数及其影响因素等进行深入研究，为锥形永磁同步风力发电机的设计和应用提供基础。
锥形永磁同步发电机与普通永磁同步发电机结构上的不同之处在于其转子呈锥形，并且锥形永磁转子可以在轴向移动。本文首先阐述了锥形永磁同步发电机的总体结构和工作原理，详细介绍了锥形永磁转子在轴上的运动过程，分析了机械调节器的作用，并对转子铁心结构和永磁体布置方式的选择依据进行了研究。建立了锥形永磁同步发电机的等效磁网络模型和数学模型，探讨了等效磁网络模型中各部分磁导的计算以及数学模型中如永磁体耦合磁链和电感的特点。
其次，本文对比研究了分段二维有限元方法和三维有限元方法对锥形永磁同步发电机磁场分析的适用性，研究计算了梯形截面和平行四边形截面两种永磁体形状下电机的磁场分布。在得到磁场分布的基础上，研究发电机结构参数如锥角、转子的轴向位移等对空载漏磁系数的影响。之后通过实验，研究了转子轴向位移不同时发电机的外特性，并与电机常数接近的圆柱形转子永磁发电机进行了对比分析。通过实验，验证了分析计算结论的正确性。
鉴于交直轴电感参数直接影响锥形永磁同步发电机的工作特性，本文紧接着对锥形永磁同步发电机的交直轴电感参数从计算和实测两个方面进行了研究。首先定性分析了锥形永磁同步发电机的交直轴电感参数及其影响因素，之后基于磁链法计算分析了气隙长度、锥角、转子的轴向位移以及永磁体形状等结构参数对交直轴电感的影响。不考虑交直轴磁路之间的耦合效应时，采用电压积分法，在正弦电压激励下测试了转子轴向位移不同时样机的交直轴电感参数；考虑到交直轴磁路之间的耦合效应时，以含有直流偏移的方波电压激励，在转子轴向位移不同时，测试了存在交(直)轴电流时样机的直(交)轴电感。实测值表明，正弦波激励下的计算值与测试值吻合较好，由于转子振动的影响，方波激励下计算值与测试结果误差稍大。
针对锥形永磁同步发电机转子可以在轴向移动，从而改变气隙磁场的特点，本文最后研究了电机的齿槽转矩与电磁转矩，以及作用于转子的轴向磁拉力。结合具体样机定量分析计算了锥形永磁同步发电机中的转矩和轴向磁拉力与锥角、转子的轴向位移等结构参数以及交直轴电流之间的关系，并对齿槽转矩和电磁转矩进行了实验研究，验证了计算分析结果的正确性。
As permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) has advantages of simplestructure, high reliability and high efficiency for wind power generation, permanentmagnet generator has a dominant position in small and medium sized wind powergeneration applications. However, the inherent cogging torque of PMSG hasdisadvantageous influence on low speed and starting perfomance of wind turbine, and itis difficult to adjust the excitation of PMSG. All these key tequnonlogy problemsaffecting practical application of PMSG need to be further studied. In this paper,permanent magnet synchronous generator with conical rotor for wind power applicationwas proposed, in which the conical rotor could move in axial direction and the air gaplength would be changed to adjust air gap magnetic field, thus the reduction of coggingtorque and regulation of output characteristics could be accomplished effectively. Thestructure feature, mathematics model, calculation method for magnetic field,performance parameters and these influence factors were discussed to provide afoundation for the design and application of permanent magnet wind generator withconical rotor.
The rotor of conical shape which could move in axial direction is the structuredifferentia between PMSG with conical rotor and the nomal PMSG. In this paper, theglobal structure and operation mechanism of PMSG with conical were proposed firstly.The movement of conical PM rotor in axial direction was elaborated, and the action ofmechanical actuator which is installed in the back end of generator was analyzed.Thechoice of rotor structure and arrangement of permanent magnet was also illuminated. Theequivalent magnetic network model and mathematical model of permanent magnetsynchronous generator with conical rotor were set up, and the calculation of permeabilityof the equilalent magnetic network was investigated. The feature of parameters of themathematical model, such as inductaces and magnetic flux linkage of permanent magnet,was also discussed.
Then, the appropriateness of segmental2dimensional finite element method and thethree dimensional finite element method for the magnetic field analysis of PMSG withcoanical rotor were contrast studied. In this paper, the flux distribution of permanentmagnet synchronous generator with conical rotor was studied for two types of permanentmagnet, ie. trapezoidal shape and parallelogram shape. And the influence of the structuralparameters of the generator such as the conical angle, the rotor axial displacement onthe no load magnetic flux leakage coefficient was analyzed. Then the externalcharacteristic of the generator with different axial displacement of rotor was experimental studied, which was compared to the external characteristic of nomal PMSG withcylindrical rotor in the meaning of a near electric machine constant. The analysis resultswere verified by experiment.
For the d and q axis inductance parameters affected the operating characteristics ofthe generator directly, the d and q axis inductance parameters of permanent magnetsynchronous generator with conical rotor were researched through calculation andexperiment subsequently in this paper. Firstly, the d and q axisinductance parameters and their influence factor for permanent magnet synchronousgenerator with conical rotor were analyzed qualitatively, and then the influence of theair gap length, the conical angle, the axial displacement of rotor and the magnet shape ond and q axis inductance was analyzed quantitatively base on flux linkage calculationmethod. Using voltage integral method, the d and q axis inductances with different axialdisplacements of rotor were tested under the sinusoidal voltage excitation of theprototype without regard to the coupling effect between the d and q axis magneticcircuits. Taking into account the coupling effect between the d and q axis magneticcircuits, when the rotor is at different axial locations, the d axis (q axis) inductances weremeasured with q axis (d axis) current under square wave voltage excitation with DCoffset. It is shown that the test results deviation was slightly larger under the square wavevoltage excitation because of the rotor vibration, but the calculated and tested valuesunder sinusoidal voltage excitation agreed well.
For the specific feature of PMSG with conical rotor that the air gap magnetica fieldwill be changed along with the movement of rotor in axial direction, the cogging torque,the electromagnetical torque and the axial magnetic force on the conical rotor werestudied lastly in this paper. Integrated with phrototype of permanent magnet synchronousgenerator with conical rotor, the relationship between torque as well as axial magneticforce, and conical angle, the axial displacement of rotor, the d and q axis current wasanalyzed, and the coggong torque and electrical torque for the prototype of permanentmagnet synchronous generator with conical rotor were measured to verify the calculationresults.
锥形永磁同步发电机与普通永磁同步发电机结构上的不同之处在于其转子呈锥形，并且锥形永磁转子可以在轴向移动。本文首先阐述了锥形永磁同步发电机的总体结构和工作原理，详细介绍了锥形永磁转子在轴上的运动过程，分析了机械调节器的作用，并对转子铁心结构和永磁体布置方式的选择依据进行了研究。建立了锥形永磁同步发电机的等效磁网络模型和数学模型，探讨了等效磁网络模型中各部分磁导的计算以及数学模型中如永磁体耦合磁链和电感的特点。
其次，本文对比研究了分段二维有限元方法和三维有限元方法对锥形永磁同步发电机磁场分析的适用性，研究计算了梯形截面和平行四边形截面两种永磁体形状下电机的磁场分布。在得到磁场分布的基础上，研究发电机结构参数如锥角、转子的轴向位移等对空载漏磁系数的影响。之后通过实验，研究了转子轴向位移不同时发电机的外特性，并与电机常数接近的圆柱形转子永磁发电机进行了对比分析。通过实验，验证了分析计算结论的正确性。
鉴于交直轴电感参数直接影响锥形永磁同步发电机的工作特性，本文紧接着对锥形永磁同步发电机的交直轴电感参数从计算和实测两个方面进行了研究。首先定性分析了锥形永磁同步发电机的交直轴电感参数及其影响因素，之后基于磁链法计算分析了气隙长度、锥角、转子的轴向位移以及永磁体形状等结构参数对交直轴电感的影响。不考虑交直轴磁路之间的耦合效应时，采用电压积分法，在正弦电压激励下测试了转子轴向位移不同时样机的交直轴电感参数；考虑到交直轴磁路之间的耦合效应时，以含有直流偏移的方波电压激励，在转子轴向位移不同时，测试了存在交(直)轴电流时样机的直(交)轴电感。实测值表明，正弦波激励下的计算值与测试值吻合较好，由于转子振动的影响，方波激励下计算值与测试结果误差稍大。
针对锥形永磁同步发电机转子可以在轴向移动，从而改变气隙磁场的特点，本文最后研究了电机的齿槽转矩与电磁转矩，以及作用于转子的轴向磁拉力。结合具体样机定量分析计算了锥形永磁同步发电机中的转矩和轴向磁拉力与锥角、转子的轴向位移等结构参数以及交直轴电流之间的关系，并对齿槽转矩和电磁转矩进行了实验研究，验证了计算分析结果的正确性。
As permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) has advantages of simplestructure, high reliability and high efficiency for wind power generation, permanentmagnet generator has a dominant position in small and medium sized wind powergeneration applications. However, the inherent cogging torque of PMSG hasdisadvantageous influence on low speed and starting perfomance of wind turbine, and itis difficult to adjust the excitation of PMSG. All these key tequnonlogy problemsaffecting practical application of PMSG need to be further studied. In this paper,permanent magnet synchronous generator with conical rotor for wind power applicationwas proposed, in which the conical rotor could move in axial direction and the air gaplength would be changed to adjust air gap magnetic field, thus the reduction of coggingtorque and regulation of output characteristics could be accomplished effectively. Thestructure feature, mathematics model, calculation method for magnetic field,performance parameters and these influence factors were discussed to provide afoundation for the design and application of permanent magnet wind generator withconical rotor.
The rotor of conical shape which could move in axial direction is the structuredifferentia between PMSG with conical rotor and the nomal PMSG. In this paper, theglobal structure and operation mechanism of PMSG with conical were proposed firstly.The movement of conical PM rotor in axial direction was elaborated, and the action ofmechanical actuator which is installed in the back end of generator was analyzed.Thechoice of rotor structure and arrangement of permanent magnet was also illuminated. Theequivalent magnetic network model and mathematical model of permanent magnetsynchronous generator with conical rotor were set up, and the calculation of permeabilityof the equilalent magnetic network was investigated. The feature of parameters of themathematical model, such as inductaces and magnetic flux linkage of permanent magnet,was also discussed.
Then, the appropriateness of segmental2dimensional finite element method and thethree dimensional finite element method for the magnetic field analysis of PMSG withcoanical rotor were contrast studied. In this paper, the flux distribution of permanentmagnet synchronous generator with conical rotor was studied for two types of permanentmagnet, ie. trapezoidal shape and parallelogram shape. And the influence of the structuralparameters of the generator such as the conical angle, the rotor axial displacement onthe no load magnetic flux leakage coefficient was analyzed. Then the externalcharacteristic of the generator with different axial displacement of rotor was experimental studied, which was compared to the external characteristic of nomal PMSG withcylindrical rotor in the meaning of a near electric machine constant. The analysis resultswere verified by experiment.
For the d and q axis inductance parameters affected the operating characteristics ofthe generator directly, the d and q axis inductance parameters of permanent magnetsynchronous generator with conical rotor were researched through calculation andexperiment subsequently in this paper. Firstly, the d and q axisinductance parameters and their influence factor for permanent magnet synchronousgenerator with conical rotor were analyzed qualitatively, and then the influence of theair gap length, the conical angle, the axial displacement of rotor and the magnet shape ond and q axis inductance was analyzed quantitatively base on flux linkage calculationmethod. Using voltage integral method, the d and q axis inductances with different axialdisplacements of rotor were tested under the sinusoidal voltage excitation of theprototype without regard to the coupling effect between the d and q axis magneticcircuits. Taking into account the coupling effect between the d and q axis magneticcircuits, when the rotor is at different axial locations, the d axis (q axis) inductances weremeasured with q axis (d axis) current under square wave voltage excitation with DCoffset. It is shown that the test results deviation was slightly larger under the square wavevoltage excitation because of the rotor vibration, but the calculated and tested valuesunder sinusoidal voltage excitation agreed well.
For the specific feature of PMSG with conical rotor that the air gap magnetica fieldwill be changed along with the movement of rotor in axial direction, the cogging torque,the electromagnetical torque and the axial magnetic force on the conical rotor werestudied lastly in this paper. Integrated with phrototype of permanent magnet synchronousgenerator with conical rotor, the relationship between torque as well as axial magneticforce, and conical angle, the axial displacement of rotor, the d and q axis current wasanalyzed, and the coggong torque and electrical torque for the prototype of permanentmagnet synchronous generator with conical rotor were measured to verify the calculationresults.
引文
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