特低渗油藏水驱油规律研究
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摘要
在我国低渗透油田中,特低渗油藏或超低渗油藏占低渗透储量的一半以上。特低渗油藏由于渗透率较低,存在启动压力梯度,给油田开发带来很大困难,同时,特低渗油藏的储层在开发过程中,要发生部分或全部的不可逆变形,会明显地影响油田的动态特征。因此,特低渗油藏渗流机理的研究具有非常重要的意义。
本文推导了不可逆变形情况下,渗透率随着地层压力变化的数学表达式。考虑启动压力梯度,建立了不可逆变形条件下特低渗油藏单相非线性稳定渗流数学模型,并进行了数值求解。计算结果表明:在内边界定压条件下,渗透率下降变化系数越大,地层压力下降越缓慢,产量也随之下降,极限供油半径越小;在内边界定产量条件下,随着渗透率下降变化系数的增加,地层压力下降越快。在此基础上,建立了不可逆变形条件下特低渗油藏单相非线性不稳定渗流数学模型,并进行了数值求解。计算结果表明:在内边界定产量条件下,随着渗透率下降变化系数的增加,地层压力下降越快,井底流压越来越低,极限供油半径越大。
利用特低渗油藏单相启动压力实验的结果,得到油水两相渗流启动压力梯度的数学表达式。建立了考虑启动压力梯度的一维油水两相驱替数学模型,进行了数值求解。计算结果表明:启动压力梯度的存在造成了平均含水饱和度的降低和地层压力的升高;平面非均质性的存在导致地层平均含水饱和度和地层压力降低;在平面非均质性大小分别确定的情况下,按渗透率线性增加型和先增后降型的分布方式进行驱替时,驱替效果较好。
考虑特低渗油藏的储层变形特征及启动压力梯度的影响,建立一维油水两相流固耦合数学模型,进行了数值求解。计算结果表明:考虑耦合情况下,随着水驱油的不断进行,地层的渗透率和孔隙度是不断增加的;水相压力、含水饱和度和启动压力梯度相对于非耦合模型较低;地层的应变和有效应力逐渐增加。
In low permeability oil field of our country, extra-low or ultra-low permeability reservoirs account for more the half, the threshold pressure gradient occurs in extra-low permeability reservoirs and brings difficulties to the oilfield development, at the same time, with the variation of the formation pressure, the formation deformation is usually non-reversible in extra-low permeability reservoirs, It will obviously affect the dynamic characteristics of oilfield. So the flow mechanism research of extra-low permeability reservoir is very important.
By developing the connection that permeability varies with the pressure drop in this paper, the non-linear steady flow model is established accounting for non-reversible deformation, and which is sovled with numerical method. Under the condition of constant pressure , the results show that the formation pressure decreases more and more slowly with the permeability drop variation coefficient increasing, the oil production and limit control radius decreases; when the oil production is constant, the formation pressure decreases more and more quickly with the permeability drop variation coefficient increasing; on this basis, the non-linear nonsteady flow model is established accounting for non-reversible deformation, and which is sovled with numerical method, when the oil production is constant, the results show that the formation pressure decreases more and more quickly with the permeability drop variation coefficient increasing, the bottom hole flowing pressure decreases, and limit control radius increases.
Based on the treshold pressure gradient study of single phase on extra-low permeability reservoir, we can obtain oil-water two-phase treshold pressure gradient. One-dimension water-oil displacement mathematics model considering threshold pressure gradient is established. By means of numerical solution, computational solution indicates that threshold pressure gradient causes average water saturation rising and formation pressure decreasing; permeability areal heterogeneity causes average water saturation and formation pressure decreasing; on the base of areal heterogeneity dimension is confirmed, when displacing by linear rising mode and firstly rising then decreasing mode, displacement efficiency is better.
The one-dimension water-oil displacement and fluid-structure coupling mathematics model is established accounting for deformation characteristic and treshold pressure gradient, and which is sovled with numerical method. Computational solution indicates that porosity and permeability increases under fluid-structure coupling conditions; with respect to non-coupling model, water phase pressure, water saturation and treshold pressure gradient are lower; the formation strain and effective stress increases continuously.
本文推导了不可逆变形情况下,渗透率随着地层压力变化的数学表达式。考虑启动压力梯度,建立了不可逆变形条件下特低渗油藏单相非线性稳定渗流数学模型,并进行了数值求解。计算结果表明:在内边界定压条件下,渗透率下降变化系数越大,地层压力下降越缓慢,产量也随之下降,极限供油半径越小;在内边界定产量条件下,随着渗透率下降变化系数的增加,地层压力下降越快。在此基础上,建立了不可逆变形条件下特低渗油藏单相非线性不稳定渗流数学模型,并进行了数值求解。计算结果表明:在内边界定产量条件下,随着渗透率下降变化系数的增加,地层压力下降越快,井底流压越来越低,极限供油半径越大。
利用特低渗油藏单相启动压力实验的结果,得到油水两相渗流启动压力梯度的数学表达式。建立了考虑启动压力梯度的一维油水两相驱替数学模型,进行了数值求解。计算结果表明:启动压力梯度的存在造成了平均含水饱和度的降低和地层压力的升高;平面非均质性的存在导致地层平均含水饱和度和地层压力降低;在平面非均质性大小分别确定的情况下,按渗透率线性增加型和先增后降型的分布方式进行驱替时,驱替效果较好。
考虑特低渗油藏的储层变形特征及启动压力梯度的影响,建立一维油水两相流固耦合数学模型,进行了数值求解。计算结果表明:考虑耦合情况下,随着水驱油的不断进行,地层的渗透率和孔隙度是不断增加的;水相压力、含水饱和度和启动压力梯度相对于非耦合模型较低;地层的应变和有效应力逐渐增加。
In low permeability oil field of our country, extra-low or ultra-low permeability reservoirs account for more the half, the threshold pressure gradient occurs in extra-low permeability reservoirs and brings difficulties to the oilfield development, at the same time, with the variation of the formation pressure, the formation deformation is usually non-reversible in extra-low permeability reservoirs, It will obviously affect the dynamic characteristics of oilfield. So the flow mechanism research of extra-low permeability reservoir is very important.
By developing the connection that permeability varies with the pressure drop in this paper, the non-linear steady flow model is established accounting for non-reversible deformation, and which is sovled with numerical method. Under the condition of constant pressure , the results show that the formation pressure decreases more and more slowly with the permeability drop variation coefficient increasing, the oil production and limit control radius decreases; when the oil production is constant, the formation pressure decreases more and more quickly with the permeability drop variation coefficient increasing; on this basis, the non-linear nonsteady flow model is established accounting for non-reversible deformation, and which is sovled with numerical method, when the oil production is constant, the results show that the formation pressure decreases more and more quickly with the permeability drop variation coefficient increasing, the bottom hole flowing pressure decreases, and limit control radius increases.
Based on the treshold pressure gradient study of single phase on extra-low permeability reservoir, we can obtain oil-water two-phase treshold pressure gradient. One-dimension water-oil displacement mathematics model considering threshold pressure gradient is established. By means of numerical solution, computational solution indicates that threshold pressure gradient causes average water saturation rising and formation pressure decreasing; permeability areal heterogeneity causes average water saturation and formation pressure decreasing; on the base of areal heterogeneity dimension is confirmed, when displacing by linear rising mode and firstly rising then decreasing mode, displacement efficiency is better.
The one-dimension water-oil displacement and fluid-structure coupling mathematics model is established accounting for deformation characteristic and treshold pressure gradient, and which is sovled with numerical method. Computational solution indicates that porosity and permeability increases under fluid-structure coupling conditions; with respect to non-coupling model, water phase pressure, water saturation and treshold pressure gradient are lower; the formation strain and effective stress increases continuously.
引文
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[4]冯文光.非线性低速渗流的研究现状与进展[J].石油勘探与开发,1986,13(2)
[5] Von Englehardt,W. and Tunn W.L.M. The flow of fluids though sandstones[J]. Cire.Ill.state.Geol.surv.1955,194:1-17
[6] Lutz J F,Kemper W D Intrinsic permeability of clay as affected by clay-water interaction[J].Soil Sci.1959,88(2):83-90
[7] Hansbo S. Consolidation of clay,with special reference to influence of vertical sand drains[J].Swedish Geotech.Inst.Proc.1960,18:41-159
[8] Mitchell J K, Younger J S.Abnormalities in hydraulic flow through fine-grained soils[J].ASTM Spech.1967,417:106-141
[9] Miller R J,Low P E. Threshold gradient for water flow in clay systems[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc.1963.27(6):605-609
[10] Alvaro Prada,Faruk Civan. Modification of Darcy’s law for the threshold pressure gradient[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,1999,22(4): 237-240
[11]黄延章等.低渗透油层渗流机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998.21(2)
[12]李道品.低渗透油田开发[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999.25-30
[13] Bear J.著.李竟生,陈崇希译.多孔介质流体动力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1983.97
[14]王允诚等编著.致密性油气储集层[M].地质出版社,1992.
[15]白矛、刘天泉等编著.孔隙裂缝弹性理论及应用导论[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999.
[16]黄延章.低渗透油层非线性渗流特征[J].特种油气藏,1997,1(4):9-14
[17]阮敏,何秋轩.低渗透非达西渗流临界点及临界参数判别法[J].西安石油学院学报.1999,14(3):9-10
[18]邓英尔,刘慈群.低渗油藏非线性渗流规律数学模型及其应用[J].石油学报,2001,22(4)
[19] Meinzer O E. Compressibility and elasticity of artesian aquifers[J].Econ. Geol, 1928,(23):263-271
[20]邓英尔等.高等渗流理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[21] Lewis R W, Sukirman Y. Finite element modeling of three-phase flow in deforming saturated oil reservoirs[J].Int. J. Num. Anal. Methods Geomech.1993,17: 577-598
[22] Lewis R W.Finite element modeling of two-phase heat and fluit flow in deforming porous media[J].Trans Porous Media.1989,4:319-334
[23] Settari A,Kry p R.and Yee C T. Coupling of fluid flow and soil behabiour to model injection into uncemented oil sands[J]. JCPT.1989,28(1): 81-92
[24] Settari A. Physics and modeling of thermal flow and soil mechanics in unconsolidated porous media[J]. SPE Production Engineering. February, 1992: 47-55
[25] Fung L S K. A Coupled geomechanical multiphase flow flow model for analysis of in situ revovery in cohesionless oil sands[J].JCPT.1992,31(6): 56-67
[26] Fung L S K. Coupled geomechanical-thermal simulation for deforming heavy-oil reservoirs[J].JCPT. 1994, 33(4): 22-28
[27] Chen H Y,Teufel L W and lee R L.Coupled fluid flow and geomechanics in reservoir study-1.theory and governing equations[J].SPE 30752
[28] Jose G Osorio,et al.Numerical simulation of the impact of flow-induced geomechanical response on the production of stress-sensitive reservoirs[J]. SPE 51920
[29]冉启全,顾小芸.弹塑性变形油藏中多相渗流的数值模拟[J].计算力学学报.1999,16(1):24-31
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