北京市大兴区水环境现状评价与保护对策研究
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摘要
随着大兴区工农业生产的发展和人民生活水平的提高，水资源合理开发利用和水环境有效保护日益受到人们的密切关注。科学地评价水环境与污染源现状，制定水环境保护对策，对于本地区水资源的可持续利用具有重要的理论与实际意义。
论文在系统整理和分析本地区自然地理、地形地貌、水文地质条件、水利工程现状的基础上，详细评价了水环境质量现状，包括地表水、地下水、水源地与污灌区的水环境现状，探讨了各种水体中主要污染物的变化趋势；调查评价了污染源现状，包括工业污染源、农业污染源与生活污染源，并深入分析了研究区点源污染与非点源污染的分布特征及污染原因。结果表明：大兴区地表水体污染程度较重，水质均为劣Ⅴ类；水中的污染物种类多，浓度高，COD、BOD_5及氨氮污染较重；大兴区浅层地下水水质总体状况较差，基本为Ⅳ类水，主要超标污染物为总硬度、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮、氟化物等；大兴区深层承压水水质良好，绝大部分是Ⅱ类水，主要超标污染物为氟化物、亚硝酸盐氮、铁等；黄村水源地水质良好，水化学类型主要为硫酸—氯化钠(钙)型，矿化度小于1.5g／L，适合城镇生活及工业用水：各水体中的主要污染物含量都有增加的趋势；大兴区主要的排污行业是化工、食品、化肥生产、电镀、酿造、纺织印染，主要污染物为CODcr、SS和六价铬；非点源污染主要发生在6～9月，且随空间的变化差异不大。
对研究区进行了水功能区划，并划定了黄村水源地保护区。水源地的保护对策有：加强水源保护的执法和管理力度；建立城市地下水水源地特别保护区，实行水源地卫生防护制度；防止水源补给区的各种污染；建设水源涵养、防护林区，建设地下水人工回灌工程；建立水源地水质、水量监控网络。地表水保护策略有：实施水务纵向一体化管理模式；加大污水处理力度；加快以提高水环境容量和水体自净能力的工程措施与生态措施的建设。地下水保护的措施有：拦蓄降雨径流及汛后河水回补地下水；治理污染源；提高地下水用水效率；跨流域调水补源，加强深层承压水的管理等。
With the development of industry and agriculture and the improvement of the standard of living of Daxing Region, the exploitation and utilization of water resource and water environment protection have been paid more and more attention to. It has important theoretical and practical meaning for the sustainable development of water resource that we should assess water environment and the actuality polluting resource and draw the countermeasure of water environment protection.
Abased on synthesizing and analyzing the date of physical geography, topographty and physiognomy, geohydrologic condition and hydro project of Daxing Region, the status of water environment quality was discussed, including the water environment of surface water, groundwater, water resource and sewage irrigation region. Then the changing tendency of main contamination in all kinds of water body was discussed and the actuality polluting resource was investigated and assessed, including industrial pollution, agricultural pollution and domestic pollution. Lastly the distributing status and polluting cause of point pollution and non-point pollution was analysed. The result indicated: water body in Daxing Region was polluted severity, and included many kinds of contamination. The quality of the groundwater was bad, the contamination included CaCO3, , N03-N, NO2-N,etc. The quality of Huang village water source was well, and adapted to drink and use. The main polluted industry included deli, plating , brewing, weaving printing and dyeing,etc. The point pollution source occurred from June to September, and had few change in space.
Water function of research region was zoned, and the protecting region of water source in Huang village was set. The countermeasures of production about water source include: execute the law and manage strongly; set up the protect region of city ground water source and carry out sanitation system of water source protection; prevent the pollution of supply area; build forested area to defend water source and construct man-made groundwater recharge project; set up monitoring system of water quality and water quantity of water source. The measure of protection of surface water include-, carry out the portrait administering mode; dispose sewage; enhance the capability water environment and water body's self-cleaning ability. The measures of protection of ground water include: intercept and store rainfall runoff and river water after flood to supply groundwater; deal with polluting source; use groundwater effectively; dispatch water from other drainage area and strengthen the management of groundwater of deep layer.
论文在系统整理和分析本地区自然地理、地形地貌、水文地质条件、水利工程现状的基础上，详细评价了水环境质量现状，包括地表水、地下水、水源地与污灌区的水环境现状，探讨了各种水体中主要污染物的变化趋势；调查评价了污染源现状，包括工业污染源、农业污染源与生活污染源，并深入分析了研究区点源污染与非点源污染的分布特征及污染原因。结果表明：大兴区地表水体污染程度较重，水质均为劣Ⅴ类；水中的污染物种类多，浓度高，COD、BOD_5及氨氮污染较重；大兴区浅层地下水水质总体状况较差，基本为Ⅳ类水，主要超标污染物为总硬度、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮、氟化物等；大兴区深层承压水水质良好，绝大部分是Ⅱ类水，主要超标污染物为氟化物、亚硝酸盐氮、铁等；黄村水源地水质良好，水化学类型主要为硫酸—氯化钠(钙)型，矿化度小于1.5g／L，适合城镇生活及工业用水：各水体中的主要污染物含量都有增加的趋势；大兴区主要的排污行业是化工、食品、化肥生产、电镀、酿造、纺织印染，主要污染物为CODcr、SS和六价铬；非点源污染主要发生在6～9月，且随空间的变化差异不大。
对研究区进行了水功能区划，并划定了黄村水源地保护区。水源地的保护对策有：加强水源保护的执法和管理力度；建立城市地下水水源地特别保护区，实行水源地卫生防护制度；防止水源补给区的各种污染；建设水源涵养、防护林区，建设地下水人工回灌工程；建立水源地水质、水量监控网络。地表水保护策略有：实施水务纵向一体化管理模式；加大污水处理力度；加快以提高水环境容量和水体自净能力的工程措施与生态措施的建设。地下水保护的措施有：拦蓄降雨径流及汛后河水回补地下水；治理污染源；提高地下水用水效率；跨流域调水补源，加强深层承压水的管理等。
With the development of industry and agriculture and the improvement of the standard of living of Daxing Region, the exploitation and utilization of water resource and water environment protection have been paid more and more attention to. It has important theoretical and practical meaning for the sustainable development of water resource that we should assess water environment and the actuality polluting resource and draw the countermeasure of water environment protection.
Abased on synthesizing and analyzing the date of physical geography, topographty and physiognomy, geohydrologic condition and hydro project of Daxing Region, the status of water environment quality was discussed, including the water environment of surface water, groundwater, water resource and sewage irrigation region. Then the changing tendency of main contamination in all kinds of water body was discussed and the actuality polluting resource was investigated and assessed, including industrial pollution, agricultural pollution and domestic pollution. Lastly the distributing status and polluting cause of point pollution and non-point pollution was analysed. The result indicated: water body in Daxing Region was polluted severity, and included many kinds of contamination. The quality of the groundwater was bad, the contamination included CaCO3, , N03-N, NO2-N,etc. The quality of Huang village water source was well, and adapted to drink and use. The main polluted industry included deli, plating , brewing, weaving printing and dyeing,etc. The point pollution source occurred from June to September, and had few change in space.
Water function of research region was zoned, and the protecting region of water source in Huang village was set. The countermeasures of production about water source include: execute the law and manage strongly; set up the protect region of city ground water source and carry out sanitation system of water source protection; prevent the pollution of supply area; build forested area to defend water source and construct man-made groundwater recharge project; set up monitoring system of water quality and water quantity of water source. The measure of protection of surface water include-, carry out the portrait administering mode; dispose sewage; enhance the capability water environment and water body's self-cleaning ability. The measures of protection of ground water include: intercept and store rainfall runoff and river water after flood to supply groundwater; deal with polluting source; use groundwater effectively; dispatch water from other drainage area and strengthen the management of groundwater of deep layer.
引文
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[2] 姜文来．中国21世纪水资源安全对策研究[J]．水科学进展，2001，12(1)：66-71
[3] 汪恕诚．水环境承载能力分析与调控．中国水利，2001，(11)：6-9
[4] 水利部，2000年中国水资源公报
[5] 李贵宝，王东胜，潭红武，等．中国农村水环境恶化成因及其保护治理对策．水利部农村水利司“21世纪初期中国农村水利发展战略研究”课题任务之一
[6] 曹风中．中国环境与健康报告．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1999
[7] 北京市地质局．大兴县农田供水勘探报告．1973
[8] 大兴区水资源局．大兴区水资源调查评价与开发利用保护规划．1997
[9] 韩志文．大兴区水资源调查评价与预测：[硕士学位论文]．北京：中国农业大学，2002
[10] Groot W. T. D.. Environmental Research in the Environmental Policy Cycle. Environment management, 1989, 12: 659～662
[11] Biggs B. J. F., M. J. Duncan.Ecological Characterization, Classification and Modeling of New Zealand Riwers: An Introduction and Synthesis. New Zealand Journal of marine and freshwater Research, 1990,24: 227～304
[12] FAO. Groundwater Pollution. FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 31. Rome, 1979
[13] Brown L R, Hal W. China's water shortage could shake world food security[J]. World Watch, 1998,11(4):14～16
[14] Friedler E. Water reuse-an integral part of water resources management: Israel as a case study. Water Policy. 2001,(3):29-39
[15] Loucks D. P. Sustainability criteria for water resources system[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1999, 33～90
[16] Sharma K.D. Runoff behaviour of water harvesting microcatchments[J]. Agric Water Management, 1986,(11):137～144
[17] Europran Commission. Towards sustainable water resources management: A Stragtegic Approach[M]. Colourwise Ltd, Burgess Hill, UK. 1998,9:41～44
[18] Guang hao C., L. Jian. Study of oxygen update by tidal river sediment. Water Res.,1999, 33(13): 2905～2912
[19] Walmsley J. J. Framework for Measuring sustainable Development in Catch Systems[J]. Environmental Management. 2002, 29:195～206
[20] Mishra A., A. K. Ghorai, Sita Ram Singh. Rain-water soil and nutrient conservation in rainfed rice lands in Eastemlndia[J]. Agric Water Management, 1998, (38):45～57.
[21] Fresenius, K.E.Quentin,W.Schneider编著，张曼平等译，水质分析，北京：北京大学出版社，1991
[22] 杨忠耀．环境水文地质学．北京：原子能出版社，1990
[23] 北京市水利局．北京市地下水水质调查评价．1993
[24] 崔冠英，潘品蒸．水利工程地质．北京：水利水电出版社，1985
[25] 朱学愚．地下水资源评价．南京：南京大学出版社，1988
[26] 李昌静，卫钟鼎．地下水水质及其污染．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1983
[27] 范逢源．环境水利学，北京：中国农业出版社，1994年
[28] 潘乃礼，冯绍元．地下水水质现状和预测评价的理论与方法．北京：原子能出版社，1996
[29] 陈梁擎，冯绍元．北京大兴区浅层地下水水质初步评价．中国农村水利水电，2004．5：23～24
[30] Crook J. and R.Y. Surampalli Water reclamation and reuse criteria in the U. S. Wat. Sci. Tech. 1996,3 (10～11): 451-452
[31] 污染源统一监测分析方法编写组．污染源统一监测分析方法·废水部分．北京：技术标准出版社，1983
[32] Tredoux G., P. King and Cave L. Managing urban wastewater for maximizing water resource utilization. War. Sci. Tech. 1999,39(10-11):353-356
[33] 赵雪辉，韩盛．环境功能区划与绿洲城市及城镇的环境管理．干旱环境监测，1999．6(2)：99-104
[34] 李青山，冯明祥，王福庆．水功能区划分实用手册[M]．长春：东北师范大学出版社，1999．237-238．
[35] 石秋时．关于水功能区划．水资源保护，2002．3：58-59
[36] 薛禹群．地下水动力学．北京：地质出版社，1986
[37] National Rivers Authority. Guide to groundwater protection zones in England and Wales. [S]. London, 1995.
[38] 大兴区环境保护局．大兴区环境保护“十五”规划，2000
[39] 李建新．德国饮用水水源保护区的建立与保护[J]．地理科学进展，1998(4)：88～97．
[40] 藤绳克之．罗凤莲(译)．欧洲地下水水源的保护．水利科学，1994．1
[41] 水利部水政水资源司．水资源保护管理基础．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1996
[42] 国家环保局．饮用水水源保护区污染防治管理规定[S]，北京，1989．
[43] 北京市环境保护科学研究院，北京市大兴区环境保护局．北京市大兴区国家生态示范区建设规划．2003
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