海南省旅游水资源承载力研究
|
摘要
旅游业已成为国民经济重要的经济增长点,区域水资源对旅游业的持续承载能力研究是当前旅游可持续发展研究的前沿和热点。
本文首次全面构建了旅游水资源承载力的理论和方法框架,提出了旅游水资源、旅游水资源承载力的概念,构造了常规趋势法和基于生态足迹理论的旅游水资源生态承载力方法。旅游水资源是指在一定的科学技术水平下,一定时空范围内的水资源总量中可被旅游业利用的水资源量。旅游水资源承载力是指以生态环境健康发展和社会经济可持续发展相协调(包括旅游业的可持续发展)为前提,旅游水资源所能够支撑的旅游活动规模,通常用可容纳的旅游者人数表示。常规趋势法是用旅游可供水量除以人均旅游用水标准,得出可承载的旅游者人数。基于生态足迹理论的旅游水资源生态承载力将旅游可供水量和旅游用水量转换成具有生态生产性土地面积。
对海南省及各市县的实证研究结果如下：
常规趋势法的计算结果表明：①海南省1998年到2008年旅游可供水量为4895.77万吨/年～20641.6万吨/年,占海南省可利用水资源总量的0.5%～1.23%；旅游水资源承载力为1791.69万人次～7261.41万人次；旅游水资源承载指数从1998年的0.47下降到2008年的0.28,处于完全承载状态。②2008年三亚、万宁、海口三市县旅游可供水量之和占到全省的65.13%；旅游水资源承载力分别为1930.39万人次、1742.97万人次、1199.11万人次,三者之和占到全省的66.15%,其他市县的相对较小,并且东部大于西部。2008年海南省各市县的旅游水资源承载指数介于0.05～0.77,各市县旅游水资源总体处于可承载状态,中部承载指数较小,西部较大。
基于生态足迹的旅游水资源生态承载力方法计算结果表明：①海南省旅游水资源生态承载力从1998年的357285hm2增加到2008年的1536545hm2,旅游人均水资源生态盈余从1998年的0.009 hm2增加到2008年的0.017 hm2,旅游水资源生态压力指数从1998年的0.12下降到2008年的0.07。说明旅游业对海南省水资源的利用水平逐年提升,但开发利用处于安全状态,旅游水资源还有较大的生态承载空间。②2008年海南省旅游水资源生态承载力排前三名的市县为三亚400112.97 hm2、海口337073.77 hm2、万宁261631.41 hm2,三者之和占全省的65.14%,其他14市县的旅游水资源生态承载力占全省的比例较小。旅游水资源生态压力指数介于0.01～0.2,各市县旅游水资源开发利用总体处于安全状态。
两种方法的计算结果比较接近,从保守的角度考虑,海南省1998年到2008年的旅游水资源承载力为1761.69万人次～7261.41万人次。两种研究方法均表明海南省旅游旺季出现在枯水期,而在丰水期,旅游人数相对较少。影响海南省及各市县旅游水资源承载力时空差异的主要因素是海南省水资源总量和旅游业发展水平。
根据上述研究结果从旅游产业内和产业外提出了提高海南旅游水资源承载力相关对策。
Tourism water resources carrying capacity is an important restriction factor for sustainable development of tourism, also is the key and the difficulty of tourism sustainable development research.
This paper constructs the tourism water resources carrying capacity theory and method comprehensively and firstly, puts forward the concept of tourism water resources, tourism water resources carrying capacity, constructs general trend method and tourism water ecological carrying capacity method based on ecological footprint theory. Tourism water resources are the total water resources quantity which can be used by tourism under the level of science and technology and in certain space-time scope. Tourism water resources carrying capacity is defined as the tourism activities scale the water resources which can be used by tourism on the premise of ecology environment healthy development and sustainable social and economic development to be coordinated (including the tourism sustainable development). It is usually described by the number of tourists that tourism water resources can accommodate. General trend method equals to the tourism water resources divided by each tourist's water consumption standard. Tourism water ecological carrying capacity method based on ecological footprint theory converts tourism available water supply and tourism water consumption into productive land area.
The results of the study on the whole province and the regions in Hainan are as follows:
The calculated results of General trend method show that:①Tourism available water supply of Hainan Province has increased from 48.9577 million ts in 1998 to 206.4160 million ts in 2008, the proportion of tourism available water supply to the total available water resources vary from 0.5% in 1998 to 1.23% in 2008; tourism water resources carrying capacity ranges from 17.9169 million in 1998 to 72.6141 million in 2008 in Hainan Province. Tourism water resources carrying capacity index decreases from 0.47 in 1998 to 0.28 in 2008, which is in completely bearing state.②In 2008, tourism available water supply of Sanya City, Wanning City, Haikou City take up of 65.13% of the total water supply in Hainan.; tourism water resources carrying capacity are 19.3039 million person,17.4297 million person,11.9911 million person respectively, the total of which occupies 66.15% of the total carrying capacity of the province, the proportion of carrying capacity in other regions is relatively small. The carrying capacity index of the eastern areas is larger than that in the west.
The calculated results of tourism water ecological carrying capacity method based on ecological footprint theory show that:①tourism water resources carrying capacity has increased from 357285hm2 in 1998 to 1536545hm2 in 2008.Ecological surplus of tourism water resources per capita increases from 0.009hm2 in 1998 to 0.017hm2 in 2008; ecological pressure index of tourism water resources decreases from 0.12 in 1998 to 0.07 in 2008. It shows that the use level of tourism water resources in Hainan has gradually increased, the level of development and utilization is in a save state, Hainan tourism water resources has great carrying potential;②In 2008, the top three regions of tourism water resources ecological carrying capacity are 400112.97hm2 in Sanya City,337073.77hm2 in Haikou City,261631.41hm2 in Wanning City,taking up of 65.14% of the total province,the proportion of carrying capacity in other regions is relatively small. Ecological pressure index of tourism water resources varies from 0.01 to 0.2, the levels of tourism water development and utilization of regions are in a save state.
The results of two methods are similar. From the conservative point, tourism water resources carrying capacity ranges from 17.6169 million in 1998 to 72.6141 million in 2008. Peak season is the dry season in Hainan Province. The main factors of spatial-temporal differences of tourism water resources carrying capacity are the total water resources and the level of tourism development.
Based on the results above, the paper proposes the solutions to improve the tourism water carrying capacity from internal and external of the tourism industry.
本文首次全面构建了旅游水资源承载力的理论和方法框架,提出了旅游水资源、旅游水资源承载力的概念,构造了常规趋势法和基于生态足迹理论的旅游水资源生态承载力方法。旅游水资源是指在一定的科学技术水平下,一定时空范围内的水资源总量中可被旅游业利用的水资源量。旅游水资源承载力是指以生态环境健康发展和社会经济可持续发展相协调(包括旅游业的可持续发展)为前提,旅游水资源所能够支撑的旅游活动规模,通常用可容纳的旅游者人数表示。常规趋势法是用旅游可供水量除以人均旅游用水标准,得出可承载的旅游者人数。基于生态足迹理论的旅游水资源生态承载力将旅游可供水量和旅游用水量转换成具有生态生产性土地面积。
对海南省及各市县的实证研究结果如下：
常规趋势法的计算结果表明：①海南省1998年到2008年旅游可供水量为4895.77万吨/年～20641.6万吨/年,占海南省可利用水资源总量的0.5%～1.23%；旅游水资源承载力为1791.69万人次～7261.41万人次；旅游水资源承载指数从1998年的0.47下降到2008年的0.28,处于完全承载状态。②2008年三亚、万宁、海口三市县旅游可供水量之和占到全省的65.13%；旅游水资源承载力分别为1930.39万人次、1742.97万人次、1199.11万人次,三者之和占到全省的66.15%,其他市县的相对较小,并且东部大于西部。2008年海南省各市县的旅游水资源承载指数介于0.05～0.77,各市县旅游水资源总体处于可承载状态,中部承载指数较小,西部较大。
基于生态足迹的旅游水资源生态承载力方法计算结果表明：①海南省旅游水资源生态承载力从1998年的357285hm2增加到2008年的1536545hm2,旅游人均水资源生态盈余从1998年的0.009 hm2增加到2008年的0.017 hm2,旅游水资源生态压力指数从1998年的0.12下降到2008年的0.07。说明旅游业对海南省水资源的利用水平逐年提升,但开发利用处于安全状态,旅游水资源还有较大的生态承载空间。②2008年海南省旅游水资源生态承载力排前三名的市县为三亚400112.97 hm2、海口337073.77 hm2、万宁261631.41 hm2,三者之和占全省的65.14%,其他14市县的旅游水资源生态承载力占全省的比例较小。旅游水资源生态压力指数介于0.01～0.2,各市县旅游水资源开发利用总体处于安全状态。
两种方法的计算结果比较接近,从保守的角度考虑,海南省1998年到2008年的旅游水资源承载力为1761.69万人次～7261.41万人次。两种研究方法均表明海南省旅游旺季出现在枯水期,而在丰水期,旅游人数相对较少。影响海南省及各市县旅游水资源承载力时空差异的主要因素是海南省水资源总量和旅游业发展水平。
根据上述研究结果从旅游产业内和产业外提出了提高海南旅游水资源承载力相关对策。
Tourism water resources carrying capacity is an important restriction factor for sustainable development of tourism, also is the key and the difficulty of tourism sustainable development research.
This paper constructs the tourism water resources carrying capacity theory and method comprehensively and firstly, puts forward the concept of tourism water resources, tourism water resources carrying capacity, constructs general trend method and tourism water ecological carrying capacity method based on ecological footprint theory. Tourism water resources are the total water resources quantity which can be used by tourism under the level of science and technology and in certain space-time scope. Tourism water resources carrying capacity is defined as the tourism activities scale the water resources which can be used by tourism on the premise of ecology environment healthy development and sustainable social and economic development to be coordinated (including the tourism sustainable development). It is usually described by the number of tourists that tourism water resources can accommodate. General trend method equals to the tourism water resources divided by each tourist's water consumption standard. Tourism water ecological carrying capacity method based on ecological footprint theory converts tourism available water supply and tourism water consumption into productive land area.
The results of the study on the whole province and the regions in Hainan are as follows:
The calculated results of General trend method show that:①Tourism available water supply of Hainan Province has increased from 48.9577 million ts in 1998 to 206.4160 million ts in 2008, the proportion of tourism available water supply to the total available water resources vary from 0.5% in 1998 to 1.23% in 2008; tourism water resources carrying capacity ranges from 17.9169 million in 1998 to 72.6141 million in 2008 in Hainan Province. Tourism water resources carrying capacity index decreases from 0.47 in 1998 to 0.28 in 2008, which is in completely bearing state.②In 2008, tourism available water supply of Sanya City, Wanning City, Haikou City take up of 65.13% of the total water supply in Hainan.; tourism water resources carrying capacity are 19.3039 million person,17.4297 million person,11.9911 million person respectively, the total of which occupies 66.15% of the total carrying capacity of the province, the proportion of carrying capacity in other regions is relatively small. The carrying capacity index of the eastern areas is larger than that in the west.
The calculated results of tourism water ecological carrying capacity method based on ecological footprint theory show that:①tourism water resources carrying capacity has increased from 357285hm2 in 1998 to 1536545hm2 in 2008.Ecological surplus of tourism water resources per capita increases from 0.009hm2 in 1998 to 0.017hm2 in 2008; ecological pressure index of tourism water resources decreases from 0.12 in 1998 to 0.07 in 2008. It shows that the use level of tourism water resources in Hainan has gradually increased, the level of development and utilization is in a save state, Hainan tourism water resources has great carrying potential;②In 2008, the top three regions of tourism water resources ecological carrying capacity are 400112.97hm2 in Sanya City,337073.77hm2 in Haikou City,261631.41hm2 in Wanning City,taking up of 65.14% of the total province,the proportion of carrying capacity in other regions is relatively small. Ecological pressure index of tourism water resources varies from 0.01 to 0.2, the levels of tourism water development and utilization of regions are in a save state.
The results of two methods are similar. From the conservative point, tourism water resources carrying capacity ranges from 17.6169 million in 1998 to 72.6141 million in 2008. Peak season is the dry season in Hainan Province. The main factors of spatial-temporal differences of tourism water resources carrying capacity are the total water resources and the level of tourism development.
Based on the results above, the paper proposes the solutions to improve the tourism water carrying capacity from internal and external of the tourism industry.
引文
[1]林加禾,黄世福.海南省水资源状况与展望[J].人民珠江,1994.(03)：2-5.
[2]海南省水务局.2008年海南省水资源公报[N].海南日报,2008-08-18(2).
[3]UNESCO, FAO. Carrying capacity assessment with a pilot study of Kenya:A resource accounting methodology for sustainable development[R]. Paris and Rome,1985.
[4]徐有鹏.干旱地区资源承载力能力综合评价研究：以新疆和田流域为例[J].自然资源学报,1993,8(3)：229-237.
[5]冯尚友,刘国全.水资源持续利用的框架[J].水科学进展,1997,8(4)：301-307.
[6]惠泱河,等.二元模式下水资源承载力系统动态仿真模型研究[J].地理研究,2001,5(2)：191-198.
[7]王浩,等.西北地区水资源合理配置与承载能力研究[J].中国水利,2004,(22)：43-45.
[8]施雅风,曲耀光.乌鲁木齐河流域水资源承载力及其合理利用[M].北京：科学出版社,1992.
[9]阮本青,沈晋.区域水资源适度承载能力计算模型研究[J].水土保持学报,1998,4(3)：57-61.
[10]孙鸿烈.中国资源科学百科全书[M].北京：中国大百科全书出版社,2000.
[11]夏军,朱一中.水资源安全的度量：水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3)：262-269.
[12]Washingt DC:National Academy Press. Comm-ittee to review the Florida Keys Carrying Capacity Study, National Research Council Iterim Review of the Florida Keys Carrying Study[EB/OL].2001-10-21. http://books.Nap.edu/books/NI000343/html.
[13]Souro D Joardar. Carrying Capacitie sand Standards as Bases Towards Urban In frastructure Planningin India:A Caseofur Ban Water Supply and Sanitation[J]. Urban In frastruc-ture Planning in India,1998,22(3):327-337.
[14]Falkenmark M, Lundqvist J. Towards water secureity:political determination and human adaptation crucial[J]. Natural Resources Forum,1998,21(1):37-51.
[15]徐中民.情景基础的水资源承载力多目标分析理论与应用[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(2)：99-106.
[16]王顺久,等.流域水资源承载能力的综合评价方法[J].水利学报,2003,8(1)：85-92.
[17]程莉,汪德爟.苏州市水资源承载力研究[J].水文,2010,30(1)：47-55.
[18]赵毓梅.陕西省水资源承载力动态研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2008,24(1)：95-98,105.
[19]张衍广,林振山,陈玲玲.山东省水资源承载力的动力学预测[J].自然资源学报,2007,22 (4)：596-605.
[20]冯绍元,等.我国水资源承载力研究现状及进展[J].东华理工学院学报,2006,29(4)：301-306.
[21]孙富行,郑垂勇.水资源承载力研究思路和方法[J].人民长江,2006,37(2)：33-36.
[22]姚治君,王建华,江东,陈传友.区域水资源承载力的研究进展及其理论探析[J].水科学进展,2002,13(1)：111-115.
[23]张戈平,朱连勇.水资源承载力研究理论与方法探讨[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(2)：148-150.
[24]朱一中,夏军,谈戈.关于水资源承载力理论与方法的研究[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(2)：180-188.
[25]张永勇,夏军,王中根.区域水资源承载力理论与方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(2)：126-132.
[26]段春青,等.区域水资源承载力概念及研究方法的探讨[J].地理学报,2010,65(1)：82-90.
[27]William E R. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity:what urban economics leaves out?[J]. Environment and Urbanization,1992,4(2):121-130.
[28]Wackenagel M, William E R. Our ecological footprint:reducing human impact on the earth[J].Gabriola Island, B.C.:New Society Publishers,1996,(5),2-17.
[29]黄林浦,等.水资源生态足迹计算方法[J].生态学报,2008,28(3)：1279-1286.
[30]洪辉,付娜.浅谈水资源生态足迹和生态承载力的研究[J].山西建筑,2007,33(30)：200-201.
[31]谭秀娟,郑钦玉.我国水资源生态足迹分析与预测[J].生态学报,2009,29(7)：3559-3567.
[32]徐中民,程国栋,张志强.生态足迹方法：可持续定量研究的新方法-以张掖地区1995年的生态足迹为例[J].生态学报,2001,21(9)：1484-1493.
[33]李培月,钱会,吴健华,魏亚妮.银川市2008年水资源生态足迹研究与分析[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(1)：69-71.
[34]卡羽,等.福建水资源生态足迹分析[J].福建林学院学报,2010,30(1)：1-5.
[35]王群,章锦河,杨兴柱.黄山风景区旅游水供需系统安全及动态调控研究[J].自然资源学报,2007(6)：896-906.
[36]刘会平,等.武汉东湖风景区旅游环境容量初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(3)：230-235.
[37]周金星,等.区域旅游环境容量研究—以宜宾地区为例[J].中南林业科技大学学报(社会科学版),2007,1(2)：85-87.
[38]袁基瑜,等.城市旅游环境承载力评价初探[J].工业技术经济,2006,25(7)：130-134.
[39]罗艳菊,等.海南省各市县旅游用水影响分析[J].热带地理,2010,30(2)：200-204.
[40]段春青,等.区域水资源承载力概念及研究方法的探讨[J].地理学报,2010,(65)1：82-90.
[41]侯志华.水资源承载力研究进展[J].资源开发与市场,2008,(24)3：248-251.
[42]赵西宁.水资源承载力研究现状与发展趋势分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2004,(22)4：173-177.
[43]张岳.中国水资源与可持续发展[J].中国农村水利水电(农田水利与小水电),1998,(5)：3-6.
[44]王群,等.国外旅游水环境影响研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(1)：127-136.
[2]海南省水务局.2008年海南省水资源公报[N].海南日报,2008-08-18(2).
[3]UNESCO, FAO. Carrying capacity assessment with a pilot study of Kenya:A resource accounting methodology for sustainable development[R]. Paris and Rome,1985.
[4]徐有鹏.干旱地区资源承载力能力综合评价研究：以新疆和田流域为例[J].自然资源学报,1993,8(3)：229-237.
[5]冯尚友,刘国全.水资源持续利用的框架[J].水科学进展,1997,8(4)：301-307.
[6]惠泱河,等.二元模式下水资源承载力系统动态仿真模型研究[J].地理研究,2001,5(2)：191-198.
[7]王浩,等.西北地区水资源合理配置与承载能力研究[J].中国水利,2004,(22)：43-45.
[8]施雅风,曲耀光.乌鲁木齐河流域水资源承载力及其合理利用[M].北京：科学出版社,1992.
[9]阮本青,沈晋.区域水资源适度承载能力计算模型研究[J].水土保持学报,1998,4(3)：57-61.
[10]孙鸿烈.中国资源科学百科全书[M].北京：中国大百科全书出版社,2000.
[11]夏军,朱一中.水资源安全的度量：水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3)：262-269.
[12]Washingt DC:National Academy Press. Comm-ittee to review the Florida Keys Carrying Capacity Study, National Research Council Iterim Review of the Florida Keys Carrying Study[EB/OL].2001-10-21. http://books.Nap.edu/books/NI000343/html.
[13]Souro D Joardar. Carrying Capacitie sand Standards as Bases Towards Urban In frastructure Planningin India:A Caseofur Ban Water Supply and Sanitation[J]. Urban In frastruc-ture Planning in India,1998,22(3):327-337.
[14]Falkenmark M, Lundqvist J. Towards water secureity:political determination and human adaptation crucial[J]. Natural Resources Forum,1998,21(1):37-51.
[15]徐中民.情景基础的水资源承载力多目标分析理论与应用[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(2)：99-106.
[16]王顺久,等.流域水资源承载能力的综合评价方法[J].水利学报,2003,8(1)：85-92.
[17]程莉,汪德爟.苏州市水资源承载力研究[J].水文,2010,30(1)：47-55.
[18]赵毓梅.陕西省水资源承载力动态研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2008,24(1)：95-98,105.
[19]张衍广,林振山,陈玲玲.山东省水资源承载力的动力学预测[J].自然资源学报,2007,22 (4)：596-605.
[20]冯绍元,等.我国水资源承载力研究现状及进展[J].东华理工学院学报,2006,29(4)：301-306.
[21]孙富行,郑垂勇.水资源承载力研究思路和方法[J].人民长江,2006,37(2)：33-36.
[22]姚治君,王建华,江东,陈传友.区域水资源承载力的研究进展及其理论探析[J].水科学进展,2002,13(1)：111-115.
[23]张戈平,朱连勇.水资源承载力研究理论与方法探讨[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(2)：148-150.
[24]朱一中,夏军,谈戈.关于水资源承载力理论与方法的研究[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(2)：180-188.
[25]张永勇,夏军,王中根.区域水资源承载力理论与方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(2)：126-132.
[26]段春青,等.区域水资源承载力概念及研究方法的探讨[J].地理学报,2010,65(1)：82-90.
[27]William E R. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity:what urban economics leaves out?[J]. Environment and Urbanization,1992,4(2):121-130.
[28]Wackenagel M, William E R. Our ecological footprint:reducing human impact on the earth[J].Gabriola Island, B.C.:New Society Publishers,1996,(5),2-17.
[29]黄林浦,等.水资源生态足迹计算方法[J].生态学报,2008,28(3)：1279-1286.
[30]洪辉,付娜.浅谈水资源生态足迹和生态承载力的研究[J].山西建筑,2007,33(30)：200-201.
[31]谭秀娟,郑钦玉.我国水资源生态足迹分析与预测[J].生态学报,2009,29(7)：3559-3567.
[32]徐中民,程国栋,张志强.生态足迹方法：可持续定量研究的新方法-以张掖地区1995年的生态足迹为例[J].生态学报,2001,21(9)：1484-1493.
[33]李培月,钱会,吴健华,魏亚妮.银川市2008年水资源生态足迹研究与分析[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(1)：69-71.
[34]卡羽,等.福建水资源生态足迹分析[J].福建林学院学报,2010,30(1)：1-5.
[35]王群,章锦河,杨兴柱.黄山风景区旅游水供需系统安全及动态调控研究[J].自然资源学报,2007(6)：896-906.
[36]刘会平,等.武汉东湖风景区旅游环境容量初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(3)：230-235.
[37]周金星,等.区域旅游环境容量研究—以宜宾地区为例[J].中南林业科技大学学报(社会科学版),2007,1(2)：85-87.
[38]袁基瑜,等.城市旅游环境承载力评价初探[J].工业技术经济,2006,25(7)：130-134.
[39]罗艳菊,等.海南省各市县旅游用水影响分析[J].热带地理,2010,30(2)：200-204.
[40]段春青,等.区域水资源承载力概念及研究方法的探讨[J].地理学报,2010,(65)1：82-90.
[41]侯志华.水资源承载力研究进展[J].资源开发与市场,2008,(24)3：248-251.
[42]赵西宁.水资源承载力研究现状与发展趋势分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2004,(22)4：173-177.
[43]张岳.中国水资源与可持续发展[J].中国农村水利水电(农田水利与小水电),1998,(5)：3-6.
[44]王群,等.国外旅游水环境影响研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(1)：127-136.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |