近岸海域水环境综合管理中的若干基础问题研究及应用
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摘要
近岸海域是人类开发利用海洋资源的重要区域,也是受人类活动影响最为明显的区域。随着社会经济的迅速发展,人类在海岸带的开发活动加剧,近岸海域生态环境受到的压力日益增大,生境退化和环境污染等问题越来越严重。建立客观有效的近岸海域水环境综合管理体系已迫在眉睫。本文以渤海湾近岸海域为研究背景,对近岸海域水环境综合管理的一些基础问题进行研究,旨在为改善近岸海域水环境状况,促进海岸带地区的可持续发展提供技术支撑。
本文融合国内外近岸海域水环境综合管理基本理论,从陆海统筹的角度构建了近岸海域水环境综合管理的基本框架。综合应用流体力学、环境科学、管理学、海洋生态学以及数值模拟技术等多学科理论,建立了近岸海域水环境评估、预测和改善的技术体系。
系统分析了指标体系建立的原则和方法,建立基于营养要素、环境要素和生物要素的渤海湾近岸海域水环境的评价指标体系。综合运用多种方法对渤海湾近岸海域生态环境进行了评估,结果表明该海域水环境较差,而陆源污染和海岸带开发是影响渤海湾近岸海域水环境的主要因素。
用数学模型来预测水环境变化是近岸海域综合管理的重要技术手段,其关键是模型的率定和验证。本文基于参数反演的思想,就如何利用监测数据反演浅海水质模型中的综合扩散系数进行了尝试,将扩散系数的确定转化成依赖于区域内部监测数据的数值迭代过程。结果表明该方法实用有效,可用于其他类似问题。
研究了人类活动引起的岸线变化和污染物排放方式的改变对近岸海域水环境的影响。分析了沿海围垦造成的近岸海域海洋动力条件和污染物输移特征的变化;结合沉积物放射性同位素实验调查,对渤海湾近岸海域沉积物的迁移规律进行了探讨;研究了不同排放方式下蓄积污水形成的冲击负荷对近岸海域的影响过程;分析了海水淡化工程浓缩海水的排放对近岸海域水环境的影响。
探讨了保护和改善近岸海域水环境的减污增流措施。从陆海协调、以海定陆的角度分析了污染物允许排放量分配的方法,并对渤海湾近岸海域污染总量控制和分配进行了研究。分析了不同的入海径流增加量对近岸海域生境的改善。最后,构建了近岸海域环境与经济协调发展评估指标体系,并对渤海湾天津沿海地区近10年来的协调发展水平进行了分析,提出渤海湾水环境综合管理的措施和建议。
The coastal zone is the important region for exploiting and utilizing the marine resources, and it is also the area affected by human activities remarkably. With the rapid socio-economic development, human exploitation activities and migration to coastal areas is increasing continually, which put great pressures on the coastal zones and cause many problems such as marine resource exhaustion, water quality deterioration and eco-environmental degradation, etc. Therefore, it is urgent to establish an objective and effective integrated coastal management method to solve these serious problems. Aimed to provide some technical supports for improving the integrated coastal environment management, restoring the coastal environment, and then promoting the sustainable development for coastal zones, some basic problems about the theories, methods and practices are further discussed for the integrated coastal environment management with the Bohai Bay coastal zone as an example.
Firstly, the theories of integrated coastal management are summarized through reviewing the available research results, and an integrated coastal environment management framework is set up in the viewpoint of sea-land integration based on the thought of harmonies development between eco-environment and socio-economy.
Then multi-disciplinary theories, such as environmental fluid mechanics, information engineering, environmental science, management science, marine ecology, as well as numerical simulation techniques and so on, are used to build the synthetic evaluation, prediction and improving technical system of coastal zones.
The key problem of synthetic evaluation is to establish an indicator system and set up a series of effective evaluation methods. In this paper, the indicator system is established on the principles and methods of systematic analysis, and the coastal eco-environment indicator system for Bohai Bay is set up which includes the nutrition factors, the environmental factors and the ecological factors. Then the synthetic evaluation is applied to the coastal eco-environment of Bohai Bay. The results show that the present state of coastal environment is not good, for example the inorganic nitrogen pollution is serious and the bio-diversity index is low. These are mainly caused by the land discharged pollutants and exploitation activities along the coastline.
Prediction model is usually applied to simulate and analyze the variations of water eco-environment. It is an important method in the integrated water environmental management, while one key point is to determine the model parameters. In this paper, with the theory of parameter inversion, an attempt is carried out on the inversion of the dispersion coefficient in the water quality model for shallow water. The identification of the dispersion coefficient is turned into the numerical iterative processes relying on the field survey data in the study area, and its optimum value is obtained automatically. This method is proved to be effective through the application to the Bohai Bay, and it can be expected to apply to other similar problems in coastal waters.
After the calibration and verification, the prediction model is applied to simulate and synthetically analyze the influence of the human-induced changes of pollutant discharge and shoreline on the coastal waters. Details are given about the variations of hydrodynamic characteristics and pollutant transport under the influence of reclamation engineering. Coupling with the in-situ radioactive isotope investigation, the sediment transport in the western Bohai Bay is studied. Analysis is also carried out about the impact of the pulse release of pollutant caused by different operation mode of sluice on the river estuary. The influence on the local eco-environment, which induced by the discharging of concentrated sea water with high salinity and temperature from the seawater desalination project, is analyzed.
At last, the methods of protecting and improving the water environment of coastal zones are discussed such as controlling the amount of pollution discharged into the sea waters and increasing the runoff into sea. In the viewpoint of land-sea integration, the allocation method of the allowable pollution load is studied, and the total amount control of Bohai Bay coastal area is determined. Furthermore, the improving state of coastal waters is analyzed for different scenes of increasing runoff to the coastal waters. After constructing the evaluation index system of harmonious development between the coastal marine environment and the economy, the levels of harmonious development in the coastal areas of Bohai Bay in recent 10 years is studied, and some methods and suggestions are presented for the integrated coastal management of Bohai Bay.
本文融合国内外近岸海域水环境综合管理基本理论,从陆海统筹的角度构建了近岸海域水环境综合管理的基本框架。综合应用流体力学、环境科学、管理学、海洋生态学以及数值模拟技术等多学科理论,建立了近岸海域水环境评估、预测和改善的技术体系。
系统分析了指标体系建立的原则和方法,建立基于营养要素、环境要素和生物要素的渤海湾近岸海域水环境的评价指标体系。综合运用多种方法对渤海湾近岸海域生态环境进行了评估,结果表明该海域水环境较差,而陆源污染和海岸带开发是影响渤海湾近岸海域水环境的主要因素。
用数学模型来预测水环境变化是近岸海域综合管理的重要技术手段,其关键是模型的率定和验证。本文基于参数反演的思想,就如何利用监测数据反演浅海水质模型中的综合扩散系数进行了尝试,将扩散系数的确定转化成依赖于区域内部监测数据的数值迭代过程。结果表明该方法实用有效,可用于其他类似问题。
研究了人类活动引起的岸线变化和污染物排放方式的改变对近岸海域水环境的影响。分析了沿海围垦造成的近岸海域海洋动力条件和污染物输移特征的变化;结合沉积物放射性同位素实验调查,对渤海湾近岸海域沉积物的迁移规律进行了探讨;研究了不同排放方式下蓄积污水形成的冲击负荷对近岸海域的影响过程;分析了海水淡化工程浓缩海水的排放对近岸海域水环境的影响。
探讨了保护和改善近岸海域水环境的减污增流措施。从陆海协调、以海定陆的角度分析了污染物允许排放量分配的方法,并对渤海湾近岸海域污染总量控制和分配进行了研究。分析了不同的入海径流增加量对近岸海域生境的改善。最后,构建了近岸海域环境与经济协调发展评估指标体系,并对渤海湾天津沿海地区近10年来的协调发展水平进行了分析,提出渤海湾水环境综合管理的措施和建议。
The coastal zone is the important region for exploiting and utilizing the marine resources, and it is also the area affected by human activities remarkably. With the rapid socio-economic development, human exploitation activities and migration to coastal areas is increasing continually, which put great pressures on the coastal zones and cause many problems such as marine resource exhaustion, water quality deterioration and eco-environmental degradation, etc. Therefore, it is urgent to establish an objective and effective integrated coastal management method to solve these serious problems. Aimed to provide some technical supports for improving the integrated coastal environment management, restoring the coastal environment, and then promoting the sustainable development for coastal zones, some basic problems about the theories, methods and practices are further discussed for the integrated coastal environment management with the Bohai Bay coastal zone as an example.
Firstly, the theories of integrated coastal management are summarized through reviewing the available research results, and an integrated coastal environment management framework is set up in the viewpoint of sea-land integration based on the thought of harmonies development between eco-environment and socio-economy.
Then multi-disciplinary theories, such as environmental fluid mechanics, information engineering, environmental science, management science, marine ecology, as well as numerical simulation techniques and so on, are used to build the synthetic evaluation, prediction and improving technical system of coastal zones.
The key problem of synthetic evaluation is to establish an indicator system and set up a series of effective evaluation methods. In this paper, the indicator system is established on the principles and methods of systematic analysis, and the coastal eco-environment indicator system for Bohai Bay is set up which includes the nutrition factors, the environmental factors and the ecological factors. Then the synthetic evaluation is applied to the coastal eco-environment of Bohai Bay. The results show that the present state of coastal environment is not good, for example the inorganic nitrogen pollution is serious and the bio-diversity index is low. These are mainly caused by the land discharged pollutants and exploitation activities along the coastline.
Prediction model is usually applied to simulate and analyze the variations of water eco-environment. It is an important method in the integrated water environmental management, while one key point is to determine the model parameters. In this paper, with the theory of parameter inversion, an attempt is carried out on the inversion of the dispersion coefficient in the water quality model for shallow water. The identification of the dispersion coefficient is turned into the numerical iterative processes relying on the field survey data in the study area, and its optimum value is obtained automatically. This method is proved to be effective through the application to the Bohai Bay, and it can be expected to apply to other similar problems in coastal waters.
After the calibration and verification, the prediction model is applied to simulate and synthetically analyze the influence of the human-induced changes of pollutant discharge and shoreline on the coastal waters. Details are given about the variations of hydrodynamic characteristics and pollutant transport under the influence of reclamation engineering. Coupling with the in-situ radioactive isotope investigation, the sediment transport in the western Bohai Bay is studied. Analysis is also carried out about the impact of the pulse release of pollutant caused by different operation mode of sluice on the river estuary. The influence on the local eco-environment, which induced by the discharging of concentrated sea water with high salinity and temperature from the seawater desalination project, is analyzed.
At last, the methods of protecting and improving the water environment of coastal zones are discussed such as controlling the amount of pollution discharged into the sea waters and increasing the runoff into sea. In the viewpoint of land-sea integration, the allocation method of the allowable pollution load is studied, and the total amount control of Bohai Bay coastal area is determined. Furthermore, the improving state of coastal waters is analyzed for different scenes of increasing runoff to the coastal waters. After constructing the evaluation index system of harmonious development between the coastal marine environment and the economy, the levels of harmonious development in the coastal areas of Bohai Bay in recent 10 years is studied, and some methods and suggestions are presented for the integrated coastal management of Bohai Bay.
引文
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