水泵水轮机“S”区内流机理及优化设计研究
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摘要
水泵水轮机作为抽水蓄能电站的核心部件,是我国抽蓄电站国产化进程中的关键技术。在水泵水轮机的实际运行过程中发现机组并网时存在较大的不稳定问题,其主要原因就是机组的特性曲线呈现“S”形状,这种特性陆陆续续在多个电站反映出来,给电站的生产造成了很大的困难。本论文针对水泵水轮机的“S”特性问题,重点围绕现有机组“S”特性曲线的数值预测方法、“S”特性的形成机理和“S”特性曲线的水力优化设计三个方面开展了相应的研究工作,内容如下：
(1)首先,“S”特性曲线上的工况点是由水轮机工况、水轮机制动工况和反水泵工况组成的,是典型的非设计工况,在这些工况点的流动是目前的双方程涡粘性湍流模型所不能准确求解的。本文借鉴了二阶矩模型的优点,在York等人的工作基础上,采用对显式代数应力模型EASM模型进行线性化处理的方法修改了标准k-ε模型,并对修改的模型进行了典型算例的实验验证,结果表明新模型可以更加准确地计算大曲率流动特征。
(2)基于上述新模型,采用全三维全流道的湍流稳态计算方法对“S”特性曲线的工况点进行了仿真计算。计算结果表明仿真曲线与模型试验曲线吻合良好。进一步地对“S”特性曲线的典型工况点的内部流场进行了分析,初步解释了“S”特性曲线形成的机理为活动导叶出口和转轮进口之间的无叶区内“挡水环”的阻塞作用。
(3)为从瞬态过程真实流动的角度进一步解释“S”特性曲线对瞬态过程不稳定特性的影响,基于动态滑移面法建立了机组飞逸过程的三维瞬态流动的数值模拟方法,并对某电站水泵水轮机真机的飞逸过程进行了仿真计算。仿真结果显示数值方法可以准确地预测飞逸过程的转速变化曲线。进一步对人为假设的水头条件下对飞逸过程进行了仿真计算,得到了转速的波动曲线,进一步的流场的分析揭示了转速的波动原因为无叶区的动态失速造成的。
(4)从水力设计的角度出发,对“S”特性曲线的各个工况点的机组各部件的水力损失进行分析,得到转轮是导致水泵水轮机“S”特性的主要原因；进而对比了水泵水轮机“S”曲线典型工况点的环量分布规律,得到改进“S”特性方向在于提高转轮的过流能力。为了验证这一推论,首先通过数值模拟的方法研究了采用两不同导叶相对高度的转轮的特性曲线变化特征,验证了提高导叶高度的方法是可行的。在此基础上,对500m水头段的两个典型电站的水泵水轮机水力模型进行了设计和模型试验,并用试验结果验证了上述结论。
As the core technology in the localization process of pump storage power station, the design of pump turbine is the key issue. During the practical operating in several power stations, it was observed that severe unstable phenomenon is always occurring when synchronizing with the power grid, which have led to many difficulties in power production. The original cause is the S-shaped characteristic curve. Thus, focused on this problem, this thesis has carried out several researches including the development of numerical method to predict the S-shaped characteristic curve, explanation of formation mechanism of the S-shaped characteristic curve and the hydraulic design improvement. The arrangement of structure is described as follows:
(1) First, the operating points located on the S-shaped characteristic curve which consists of turbine condition, turbine braking condition and reverse pump condition are far away from the best efficiency point (BEP). In this sense, the internal flow pattern in so complex that the available two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models can't solve the flow structure accurately. Hence, based on the work by York, an improved k-ε model was established by modifying the turbulent viscosity coefficient based on the linear treatment of second-order turbulence model EASM. Consequently, the improved model was validated by two typical cases with available experimental data.
(2) Based on the new model, three dimensional steady flow simulations were carried out. The results show that the simulated curve agrees well with that obtained by model test. Further analysis on the internal flow of typical operating conditions was done. It can be concluded that the formation of S-shaped characteristic curve can be ascribed to the water ring which turns up in the vaneless space between runner and guide vanes and has a great blocking effect.
(3) To investigate how the S-shaped characteristic curve affects the stability of transient processes in terms of transient unsteady flow, a systematic method based on the dynamic sliding mesh (DSM) method was proposed and applied to simulate the run-away process for a prototype pump turbine. The calculated rotating speed profile agrees well with the measured one. Again, another transient simulation was carried out with artificially assumed boundary conditions under which the machine is expected to be unstable. The post-processed results show that the oscillating rotating speed profile was reproduced and the analysis on the flow field suggested that the dynamic stall occurred in the vaneless space is responsible for this.
(4) From the point view of hydraulic design, a hydraulic loss analysis was done to the operating points located on the S-shaped curve. The result shows that it is runner which leads to the formation of the S-shaped curve. Through comparison of circulation distribution between two different and typical operating points, it is concluded that the direction to eliminate the S-shaped curve is to increase the flow capacity of runner. Consequently, this strategy was validated by numerical results of two runners with different height of guide vanes. Based on the above methodology, two hydraulic models were designed with different heights of guide vanes for the same project. From the model test's results, it was again validated that increasing the flow capacity of runner is a good way to improve the instability of pump turbine.
(1)首先,“S”特性曲线上的工况点是由水轮机工况、水轮机制动工况和反水泵工况组成的,是典型的非设计工况,在这些工况点的流动是目前的双方程涡粘性湍流模型所不能准确求解的。本文借鉴了二阶矩模型的优点,在York等人的工作基础上,采用对显式代数应力模型EASM模型进行线性化处理的方法修改了标准k-ε模型,并对修改的模型进行了典型算例的实验验证,结果表明新模型可以更加准确地计算大曲率流动特征。
(2)基于上述新模型,采用全三维全流道的湍流稳态计算方法对“S”特性曲线的工况点进行了仿真计算。计算结果表明仿真曲线与模型试验曲线吻合良好。进一步地对“S”特性曲线的典型工况点的内部流场进行了分析,初步解释了“S”特性曲线形成的机理为活动导叶出口和转轮进口之间的无叶区内“挡水环”的阻塞作用。
(3)为从瞬态过程真实流动的角度进一步解释“S”特性曲线对瞬态过程不稳定特性的影响,基于动态滑移面法建立了机组飞逸过程的三维瞬态流动的数值模拟方法,并对某电站水泵水轮机真机的飞逸过程进行了仿真计算。仿真结果显示数值方法可以准确地预测飞逸过程的转速变化曲线。进一步对人为假设的水头条件下对飞逸过程进行了仿真计算,得到了转速的波动曲线,进一步的流场的分析揭示了转速的波动原因为无叶区的动态失速造成的。
(4)从水力设计的角度出发,对“S”特性曲线的各个工况点的机组各部件的水力损失进行分析,得到转轮是导致水泵水轮机“S”特性的主要原因；进而对比了水泵水轮机“S”曲线典型工况点的环量分布规律,得到改进“S”特性方向在于提高转轮的过流能力。为了验证这一推论,首先通过数值模拟的方法研究了采用两不同导叶相对高度的转轮的特性曲线变化特征,验证了提高导叶高度的方法是可行的。在此基础上,对500m水头段的两个典型电站的水泵水轮机水力模型进行了设计和模型试验,并用试验结果验证了上述结论。
As the core technology in the localization process of pump storage power station, the design of pump turbine is the key issue. During the practical operating in several power stations, it was observed that severe unstable phenomenon is always occurring when synchronizing with the power grid, which have led to many difficulties in power production. The original cause is the S-shaped characteristic curve. Thus, focused on this problem, this thesis has carried out several researches including the development of numerical method to predict the S-shaped characteristic curve, explanation of formation mechanism of the S-shaped characteristic curve and the hydraulic design improvement. The arrangement of structure is described as follows:
(1) First, the operating points located on the S-shaped characteristic curve which consists of turbine condition, turbine braking condition and reverse pump condition are far away from the best efficiency point (BEP). In this sense, the internal flow pattern in so complex that the available two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models can't solve the flow structure accurately. Hence, based on the work by York, an improved k-ε model was established by modifying the turbulent viscosity coefficient based on the linear treatment of second-order turbulence model EASM. Consequently, the improved model was validated by two typical cases with available experimental data.
(2) Based on the new model, three dimensional steady flow simulations were carried out. The results show that the simulated curve agrees well with that obtained by model test. Further analysis on the internal flow of typical operating conditions was done. It can be concluded that the formation of S-shaped characteristic curve can be ascribed to the water ring which turns up in the vaneless space between runner and guide vanes and has a great blocking effect.
(3) To investigate how the S-shaped characteristic curve affects the stability of transient processes in terms of transient unsteady flow, a systematic method based on the dynamic sliding mesh (DSM) method was proposed and applied to simulate the run-away process for a prototype pump turbine. The calculated rotating speed profile agrees well with the measured one. Again, another transient simulation was carried out with artificially assumed boundary conditions under which the machine is expected to be unstable. The post-processed results show that the oscillating rotating speed profile was reproduced and the analysis on the flow field suggested that the dynamic stall occurred in the vaneless space is responsible for this.
(4) From the point view of hydraulic design, a hydraulic loss analysis was done to the operating points located on the S-shaped curve. The result shows that it is runner which leads to the formation of the S-shaped curve. Through comparison of circulation distribution between two different and typical operating points, it is concluded that the direction to eliminate the S-shaped curve is to increase the flow capacity of runner. Consequently, this strategy was validated by numerical results of two runners with different height of guide vanes. Based on the above methodology, two hydraulic models were designed with different heights of guide vanes for the same project. From the model test's results, it was again validated that increasing the flow capacity of runner is a good way to improve the instability of pump turbine.
引文
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