水泵水轮机“S”特性预测方法研究
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摘要
水泵水轮机运行工况复杂多变,作为水泵水轮机瞬态过渡过程中最重要的环节,水泵水轮机“S”特性是制约水泵水轮机安全、稳定运行的关键因素。严重的水泵水轮机“S”特性会导致机组不能由空载直接带负荷,造成机组水轮机工况并网启动困难；“S”特性较为明显的水泵水轮机,在甩负荷后会出现水轮机空载运行不稳定现象。水泵水轮机“S”特性研究对我国抽水蓄能技术的发展意义显著。
根据水力机械实验原理,提出了一种基于CFD的全新水泵水轮机“S”特性预测方法。在“定转速、定水头”的初始条件下对水泵水轮机“S”特性进行数值预测；利用数值计算水头反算求解单位转速,获得“S”特性单位转速与单位流量的对应关系；通过水泵水轮机“S”特性计算结果与实验结果的比较,验证预测方法的可行性。
针对水泵水轮机“S”特性定“转速、定水头预测方法”的不足,提出了水泵水轮机“S”特性单位转速和单位流量的修正公式。并应用数值计算验证数学修正的有效性和可行性,从“S”特性修正验证结果与实验结果的比较来看,修正公式可以较大程度的纠正数值预测方法的误差,尤其是对于低转速大流量计算工况可以起到极好的修正作用,这对于水泵水轮机过渡过程“四象限”全特性的预测有着重要意义。
应用“水泵水轮机‘S’特性预测方法”,计算了两种翼型结构的“空间曲面活动导叶”对水泵水轮机“S”特性的作用,通过两种翼型空间曲面导叶与常规导叶“S”特性修正结果比较,确认“空间曲面活动导叶”对水泵水轮机“S”特性作用显著,其中“空间曲面活动导叶”翼型NACA_1可以改善甚至消除水泵水轮机“S”特性。在两种翼型空间曲面导叶“S”特性计算结果基础上浅析了水泵水轮机“S”特性的形成机理。
在“定转速、定水头”的初始条件下,采用SST k-ω模型对边界层网格细化的水泵水轮机启动工况进行数值计算,以数值计算水头反映水轮机启动工况单位转速与单位流量的关系,预测水泵水轮机“S”特性。在此基础上针对计算方法存在的不足提出了数值预测结果的修正公式,并应用数值计算验证了修正结果,通过修正验证结果与试验结果的比较可以看出：修正计算结果与模型实验结果有着良好的近似关系,可以很好的反映水泵水轮机“S”特性。从而得到了一种较为准确的低比转速水泵水轮机“S”特性的预测方法。应用“水泵水轮机‘S’特性预测方法”计算了两种翼型空间曲面导叶对水泵水轮机‘S’特性的影响,确认“空间曲面活动导叶”翼型NACA_1可以显著改善水泵水轮机“S”特性。在此基础上浅析了水泵水轮机“S”特性的形成机理。
As the operation conditions of pump turbine are very complicated and various, the "S" characters of pump turbine are the most important part in the transient process of pump turbine. It is the key factor to restrict pump turbine to operate safely and stably. The serious "S" characters of pump turbine may result in the failure from no load of units to on load directly, so it is hard to connect the grid with start-up in the turbine mode. If "S" characters of pump-turbine are obvious, no load condition in the turbine mode will be unstable after the load rejection. Therefore, to research the "S" characters of pump-turbine are significant to develop the pumped storage.
According to the test principle of hydraulic machinery, it is proposed that a new prediction method of "S" characters of pump-turbine is formed based on CFD Numerical prediction of "S" characters of pump-turbine is performed at the initial conditions of constant speed and constant head. Then unit speed is calculated by numerical calculated head and the corresponding relationship of unit speed and unit discharge for "S" characters is obtained. Comparing the results between the calculation and the "S" character of pump turbine, it is proved that the new prediction method is feasible.
However, there is deficiency to predict "S" characters of pump turbine with above predicted method at constant speed and constant head. A rectification formula for unit speed and unit discharge at "S" character zone is proposed. It is proved that mathematical rectification is effective and feasible by the way of numerical calculation. From the comparative results between modified "S" character and test, it is shown that the rectification formula can significantly reduce the error of numerical prediction; especially it can play a great role to operate condition at low speed and large discharge. It is very significant to predict the "four quadrants" character at the transient process of pump turbine.
Based on the "S" character prediction method of pump turbine, two profile structures of guide vane of space curved surface are computed to study their effects to "S" characters of pump turbine. Comparing with corrected results between guide vane of space curved surface for two profile structures and convention guide vane, it is confirmed that guide vane of space curved surface plays a significant role to improve "S" characters of pump turbine. The guide vane of space curved surface with profile structure NACA_1can improve and even eliminate the "S" character of pump turbine. The paper presents the formative principle of "S" character on the basis of "S" characters computer results by two profile structures of guide vane of space curved surface.
By the initial condition of constant speed and constant head, numerical calculation of start-up condition of pump turbine is performed by boundary layer mesh refinement with SST k-w model. The relation of unit speed and unit flow at start-up operation condition is reflected by numerical head, and then the "S" characters of pump turbine can be predicted. As the deficiency of computation method, the rectification formula of numerical prediction method is proposed and it has been proved by numerical computation. According to the comparison of the correct results with test results, both of them have good approximation relationships and the former can reflect the "S" characters of pump turbine well. Thus, it is obtained that the accurate prediction method is used to predict "S" characters of low specific speed pump turbine. It is confirmed that profile NACA_1of guide vane of space curved surface can remarkably improve the "S" characters by calculating two profile structures of guide vane of space curved surface with the prediction method of "S" characters of pump turbine. The formative principle of "S" characters is discussed.
根据水力机械实验原理,提出了一种基于CFD的全新水泵水轮机“S”特性预测方法。在“定转速、定水头”的初始条件下对水泵水轮机“S”特性进行数值预测；利用数值计算水头反算求解单位转速,获得“S”特性单位转速与单位流量的对应关系；通过水泵水轮机“S”特性计算结果与实验结果的比较,验证预测方法的可行性。
针对水泵水轮机“S”特性定“转速、定水头预测方法”的不足,提出了水泵水轮机“S”特性单位转速和单位流量的修正公式。并应用数值计算验证数学修正的有效性和可行性,从“S”特性修正验证结果与实验结果的比较来看,修正公式可以较大程度的纠正数值预测方法的误差,尤其是对于低转速大流量计算工况可以起到极好的修正作用,这对于水泵水轮机过渡过程“四象限”全特性的预测有着重要意义。
应用“水泵水轮机‘S’特性预测方法”,计算了两种翼型结构的“空间曲面活动导叶”对水泵水轮机“S”特性的作用,通过两种翼型空间曲面导叶与常规导叶“S”特性修正结果比较,确认“空间曲面活动导叶”对水泵水轮机“S”特性作用显著,其中“空间曲面活动导叶”翼型NACA_1可以改善甚至消除水泵水轮机“S”特性。在两种翼型空间曲面导叶“S”特性计算结果基础上浅析了水泵水轮机“S”特性的形成机理。
在“定转速、定水头”的初始条件下,采用SST k-ω模型对边界层网格细化的水泵水轮机启动工况进行数值计算,以数值计算水头反映水轮机启动工况单位转速与单位流量的关系,预测水泵水轮机“S”特性。在此基础上针对计算方法存在的不足提出了数值预测结果的修正公式,并应用数值计算验证了修正结果,通过修正验证结果与试验结果的比较可以看出：修正计算结果与模型实验结果有着良好的近似关系,可以很好的反映水泵水轮机“S”特性。从而得到了一种较为准确的低比转速水泵水轮机“S”特性的预测方法。应用“水泵水轮机‘S’特性预测方法”计算了两种翼型空间曲面导叶对水泵水轮机‘S’特性的影响,确认“空间曲面活动导叶”翼型NACA_1可以显著改善水泵水轮机“S”特性。在此基础上浅析了水泵水轮机“S”特性的形成机理。
As the operation conditions of pump turbine are very complicated and various, the "S" characters of pump turbine are the most important part in the transient process of pump turbine. It is the key factor to restrict pump turbine to operate safely and stably. The serious "S" characters of pump turbine may result in the failure from no load of units to on load directly, so it is hard to connect the grid with start-up in the turbine mode. If "S" characters of pump-turbine are obvious, no load condition in the turbine mode will be unstable after the load rejection. Therefore, to research the "S" characters of pump-turbine are significant to develop the pumped storage.
According to the test principle of hydraulic machinery, it is proposed that a new prediction method of "S" characters of pump-turbine is formed based on CFD Numerical prediction of "S" characters of pump-turbine is performed at the initial conditions of constant speed and constant head. Then unit speed is calculated by numerical calculated head and the corresponding relationship of unit speed and unit discharge for "S" characters is obtained. Comparing the results between the calculation and the "S" character of pump turbine, it is proved that the new prediction method is feasible.
However, there is deficiency to predict "S" characters of pump turbine with above predicted method at constant speed and constant head. A rectification formula for unit speed and unit discharge at "S" character zone is proposed. It is proved that mathematical rectification is effective and feasible by the way of numerical calculation. From the comparative results between modified "S" character and test, it is shown that the rectification formula can significantly reduce the error of numerical prediction; especially it can play a great role to operate condition at low speed and large discharge. It is very significant to predict the "four quadrants" character at the transient process of pump turbine.
Based on the "S" character prediction method of pump turbine, two profile structures of guide vane of space curved surface are computed to study their effects to "S" characters of pump turbine. Comparing with corrected results between guide vane of space curved surface for two profile structures and convention guide vane, it is confirmed that guide vane of space curved surface plays a significant role to improve "S" characters of pump turbine. The guide vane of space curved surface with profile structure NACA_1can improve and even eliminate the "S" character of pump turbine. The paper presents the formative principle of "S" character on the basis of "S" characters computer results by two profile structures of guide vane of space curved surface.
By the initial condition of constant speed and constant head, numerical calculation of start-up condition of pump turbine is performed by boundary layer mesh refinement with SST k-w model. The relation of unit speed and unit flow at start-up operation condition is reflected by numerical head, and then the "S" characters of pump turbine can be predicted. As the deficiency of computation method, the rectification formula of numerical prediction method is proposed and it has been proved by numerical computation. According to the comparison of the correct results with test results, both of them have good approximation relationships and the former can reflect the "S" characters of pump turbine well. Thus, it is obtained that the accurate prediction method is used to predict "S" characters of low specific speed pump turbine. It is confirmed that profile NACA_1of guide vane of space curved surface can remarkably improve the "S" characters by calculating two profile structures of guide vane of space curved surface with the prediction method of "S" characters of pump turbine. The formative principle of "S" characters is discussed.
引文
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