水泥主要特性对水泥与减水剂适应性影响的研究
|
摘要
现代混凝土科学的发展离不开化学外加剂的使用，外加剂的出现扩大了混凝土的使用范围，成为混凝土技术发展的第三次突破，但是外加剂与水泥之间普遍存在着适应性问题。
减水剂是混凝土外加剂中的重要品种，在混凝土中的使用也最为广泛。因而，在实际工程中反映最多、反响也最强烈的就是减水剂与水泥之间的不适应问题，特别是在我国水泥胶砂强度检验标准采用ISO标准后，为适应新标准，水泥生产企业相继采取措施提高水泥强度使水泥性能产生了变化，这必然影响到了水泥与减水剂之间的适应性。
本文从水泥的主要组成与颗粒特性及水泥中的混合材等几个方面研究了水泥特性对水泥与减水剂适应性的影响。采用水泥净浆流动度作为宏观评价指标，综合水泥浆体的Zeta-电位和水泥颗粒对减水剂的吸附量等参数，对影响水泥与减水剂适应性的原因进行了探讨，并用混凝土坍落度试验进行了印证。
研究结果表明：水泥比表面积的提高使减水剂的饱和掺量增大、水泥浆体的流动性损失加快；水泥颗粒球形度的提高对减水剂的饱和掺量影响不大，但可使水泥浆体的流动性及流动性保持效果得到改善，在水灰比较低时这种改善效果更为明显；在水泥比表面积相近时，水泥颗粒中微细颗粒含量的增大，使水泥浆体的初始流动性增大，但使水泥浆体的流动性保持效果变差。
矿渣的掺入及其细度和掺量变化对减水剂的饱和掺量影响不大，但对水泥浆体的流动性及流动性保持效果有明显的影响；粉煤灰的掺入可降低减水剂的饱和掺量，但其细度和掺量变化对减水剂的饱和掺量影响不大。另外，减水剂对水泥颗粒的分散效果随水泥中矿渣和粉煤灰细度的提高和掺量的增大而增强。
本文还对混合材的辅助“减水”作用机理进行了探讨，结果表明：混合材的辅助减水作用主要靠三种效应：吸附作用效应(混合材的掺入可影响水泥对减水剂的吸附量)、颗粒堆积效应(混合材的掺入可降低水泥颗粒堆积系统的空隙率，从而在有水存在时可减少颗粒间填充水的量)和颗粒球形效应(掺入颗粒球形度比水泥熟料粒子更好的混合材时，可减小水泥颗粒的水力半径，使粒子更易于转动和滑动)。
水泥浆体的初始流动性取决于水泥颗粒单位面积上减水剂初始吸附量的大小，吸附量越大，则水泥浆体的初始流动性越好；而水泥浆体的流动性保持效果取决于一段时间后掺减水剂水泥浆体中减水剂浓度的大小，减水剂的浓度越大，则水泥浆体的流动性保持效果越好。
通过研究，将水泥熟料与混合材分开粉磨，提高混合材比表面积的方法是水泥生产厂家生产优质水泥可行的技术措施之一，具有明显的经济、社会和环境效益。
Development of modern concrete science depends greatly on the use of chemical
admixtures,that has extended the application fields of concrete and is believed to be the third breakthrough in progress of concrete technology. However,the compatibility of chemical admixtures with cement still remains a common problem.
As one of the most important concrete chemical admixture,water-reducing agent (WRA) has extensively used hi concrete for a long time. Thus the problem of incompatibility of WRA with cement occurs frequently and many researchers attach great importance to it. After adoption of new cement standard in China,the main characteristic of cement materials changed a lot compared with the former ones. As a result,there will certainly be some change in the compatibility of WRA with cement.
In this thesis,the effect of cement characteristic,such as clinker composition,particle properties and mineral admixture used in cement,on the compatibility of WRA with cement was studied. The cause of incompatibility of WRA with cement was analyzed hi consideration of fluidity and Zeta-potential of cement paste,as well as amount of WRA adsorbed on cement particle surface. In order to testify the analysis,the test of slump of concrete was carried out.
It,is found that the saturation dosage of WRA is increased and the fluidity loss of cement paste is accelerated,as the specific surface area of cement particles is increased. It's also found that the increase roundness of cement particles has little effect on the saturation dosage of WRA,but it improves fluidity of cement paste and reduces the fluidity loss,especially in the case of lower w/c ratio. While the cements having approximate specific surface area,the increase in amount of fine particle smaller than 3 u m improves the initial fluidity of cement paste,but it reduces its ability for remaining the flowing property.
Addition of slag in cement takes little effect on saturation dosage of WRA,and so is the change in dosage and fineness of slag in cement. But they have obvious effect on fluidity and fluidity loss of cement paste. Addition of fly ash hi cement decreases the saturation dosage of WRA,but the dosage and fineness of fly ash have little effect on this saturation dosage. Additionally,the ability of WRA for dispersing cement particles could be strengthened when the dosage of slag and fly ash is increased,and so is their specific surface area of slag and fly ash.
It is proved hi this research that the initial fluidity of cement paste depends on the amount of WRA adsorbed on the unit surface area of cement particle,the more the adsorption of WRA is,the better the initial fluidity will be. In addition,the fluidity loss of cement paste at a certain time is depends on the concentration of WRA remaining in cement paste at that time. The higher the remained concentration is,the lower the fluidity loss will be.
In the final part of this thesis,the mechanism of "water-reducing effect" of mineral admixtures in cement paste was discussed and analyzed. It is shown that the "water-reducing effect" of mineral admixtures is mainly caused by three effects of particles of mineral admixtures,i.e. adsorption effect (mineral admixtures can affect adsorption of WRA on cement particle) ,particle compacting effect (pores of the packing system of cement particles can be partially tilled by finer particles of mineral admixtures) and spherical particle effect (the more sphericized particles of mineral admixtures will reduce hydraulic radius of cement particles,which making solid particles easy to spin and slide in paste system).
A new technology getting feasibility of high economic and social benefits of separately grinding cement clinker and mineral admixtures in order to produce high quality cement is proposed by the author.
减水剂是混凝土外加剂中的重要品种，在混凝土中的使用也最为广泛。因而，在实际工程中反映最多、反响也最强烈的就是减水剂与水泥之间的不适应问题，特别是在我国水泥胶砂强度检验标准采用ISO标准后，为适应新标准，水泥生产企业相继采取措施提高水泥强度使水泥性能产生了变化，这必然影响到了水泥与减水剂之间的适应性。
本文从水泥的主要组成与颗粒特性及水泥中的混合材等几个方面研究了水泥特性对水泥与减水剂适应性的影响。采用水泥净浆流动度作为宏观评价指标，综合水泥浆体的Zeta-电位和水泥颗粒对减水剂的吸附量等参数，对影响水泥与减水剂适应性的原因进行了探讨，并用混凝土坍落度试验进行了印证。
研究结果表明：水泥比表面积的提高使减水剂的饱和掺量增大、水泥浆体的流动性损失加快；水泥颗粒球形度的提高对减水剂的饱和掺量影响不大，但可使水泥浆体的流动性及流动性保持效果得到改善，在水灰比较低时这种改善效果更为明显；在水泥比表面积相近时，水泥颗粒中微细颗粒含量的增大，使水泥浆体的初始流动性增大，但使水泥浆体的流动性保持效果变差。
矿渣的掺入及其细度和掺量变化对减水剂的饱和掺量影响不大，但对水泥浆体的流动性及流动性保持效果有明显的影响；粉煤灰的掺入可降低减水剂的饱和掺量，但其细度和掺量变化对减水剂的饱和掺量影响不大。另外，减水剂对水泥颗粒的分散效果随水泥中矿渣和粉煤灰细度的提高和掺量的增大而增强。
本文还对混合材的辅助“减水”作用机理进行了探讨，结果表明：混合材的辅助减水作用主要靠三种效应：吸附作用效应(混合材的掺入可影响水泥对减水剂的吸附量)、颗粒堆积效应(混合材的掺入可降低水泥颗粒堆积系统的空隙率，从而在有水存在时可减少颗粒间填充水的量)和颗粒球形效应(掺入颗粒球形度比水泥熟料粒子更好的混合材时，可减小水泥颗粒的水力半径，使粒子更易于转动和滑动)。
水泥浆体的初始流动性取决于水泥颗粒单位面积上减水剂初始吸附量的大小，吸附量越大，则水泥浆体的初始流动性越好；而水泥浆体的流动性保持效果取决于一段时间后掺减水剂水泥浆体中减水剂浓度的大小，减水剂的浓度越大，则水泥浆体的流动性保持效果越好。
通过研究，将水泥熟料与混合材分开粉磨，提高混合材比表面积的方法是水泥生产厂家生产优质水泥可行的技术措施之一，具有明显的经济、社会和环境效益。
Development of modern concrete science depends greatly on the use of chemical
admixtures,that has extended the application fields of concrete and is believed to be the third breakthrough in progress of concrete technology. However,the compatibility of chemical admixtures with cement still remains a common problem.
As one of the most important concrete chemical admixture,water-reducing agent (WRA) has extensively used hi concrete for a long time. Thus the problem of incompatibility of WRA with cement occurs frequently and many researchers attach great importance to it. After adoption of new cement standard in China,the main characteristic of cement materials changed a lot compared with the former ones. As a result,there will certainly be some change in the compatibility of WRA with cement.
In this thesis,the effect of cement characteristic,such as clinker composition,particle properties and mineral admixture used in cement,on the compatibility of WRA with cement was studied. The cause of incompatibility of WRA with cement was analyzed hi consideration of fluidity and Zeta-potential of cement paste,as well as amount of WRA adsorbed on cement particle surface. In order to testify the analysis,the test of slump of concrete was carried out.
It,is found that the saturation dosage of WRA is increased and the fluidity loss of cement paste is accelerated,as the specific surface area of cement particles is increased. It's also found that the increase roundness of cement particles has little effect on the saturation dosage of WRA,but it improves fluidity of cement paste and reduces the fluidity loss,especially in the case of lower w/c ratio. While the cements having approximate specific surface area,the increase in amount of fine particle smaller than 3 u m improves the initial fluidity of cement paste,but it reduces its ability for remaining the flowing property.
Addition of slag in cement takes little effect on saturation dosage of WRA,and so is the change in dosage and fineness of slag in cement. But they have obvious effect on fluidity and fluidity loss of cement paste. Addition of fly ash hi cement decreases the saturation dosage of WRA,but the dosage and fineness of fly ash have little effect on this saturation dosage. Additionally,the ability of WRA for dispersing cement particles could be strengthened when the dosage of slag and fly ash is increased,and so is their specific surface area of slag and fly ash.
It is proved hi this research that the initial fluidity of cement paste depends on the amount of WRA adsorbed on the unit surface area of cement particle,the more the adsorption of WRA is,the better the initial fluidity will be. In addition,the fluidity loss of cement paste at a certain time is depends on the concentration of WRA remaining in cement paste at that time. The higher the remained concentration is,the lower the fluidity loss will be.
In the final part of this thesis,the mechanism of "water-reducing effect" of mineral admixtures in cement paste was discussed and analyzed. It is shown that the "water-reducing effect" of mineral admixtures is mainly caused by three effects of particles of mineral admixtures,i.e. adsorption effect (mineral admixtures can affect adsorption of WRA on cement particle) ,particle compacting effect (pores of the packing system of cement particles can be partially tilled by finer particles of mineral admixtures) and spherical particle effect (the more sphericized particles of mineral admixtures will reduce hydraulic radius of cement particles,which making solid particles easy to spin and slide in paste system).
A new technology getting feasibility of high economic and social benefits of separately grinding cement clinker and mineral admixtures in order to produce high quality cement is proposed by the author.
引文
1 陈建奎，混凝土外加剂原理与应用，中国计划出版社，1997。
2 中国建筑材料科学研究院、清华大学，高性能混凝土综合研究，“九五”国家重点科技攻关项目(专题报告一)，内部资料，2000年4月。
3 覃维祖，水泥—高效减水剂相容性及其检测研究，混凝土，1996(2)：11～20。
4 孙振平，蒋正武，混凝土外加剂与水泥适应性，混凝土，2000。
5 黄大能等，混凝土外加剂应用指南，中国建筑工业出版社，1989。
6 Pamachandran, V.S.& Malhotra, V.M., Superplasticizers in concrete admixtures handbook, Science and Technology. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, Nj, 1994.
7 Bonen, D. & Sarkar, S.l., the superplasticizer adsorption capacity of cement pastes, pore solution composition, and parameters affecting flow loss. Cement and Concrete Research, 23(1993).
8 Jolicoeur, C., Simard, M.A., Aitcin, P.C. & Baalbaki, M., Cement-superplasticizer compatibility in high-performance concrete. In proceedings from the high Performance Concrete, Toronto, 1992.
9 Ramachandran, V.S. & Feldman, R. F, Cement science, in concrete admixtures handbook. Noyes Publications, NJ, 1984.
10 Massazza, F. & Costa, U., Effects of Superplasticizers on the C_3A hydration. In Proceedings of 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris, Vol Ⅳ, 1980.
11. Collepardi, M., Monosi, S., Influence of gluconate, lignosuifonate or glucose on the C_3A hydration in the presence of gypsum with or without lime. Cement and Concrete Research. 14(1984).
12 Ramachandran, V.S. Use of superplasticizers in concrete. Ⅱ cement, 84(1987).
13 Ramachandran, V.S. Interaction of chemical admixtures in the cement-water syetem. Ⅱ Cement, 83(1986).
14 Nawa T., Effect of alkali sulfate on the rheological behavior of cement paste containing a superplasticizer. In proceedings of 3rd CANMENT/ACT International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 1989.
15 Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
16 陈文豹、田培等，混凝土外加剂及其在工程中的应用，煤炭工业出版社，1998。
17 钟明亮、王善拔，水泥与减水剂适应性问题的探讨，广东建材，1999(10)：10～14。
18 Hu XiuChun ,Liu CueYu, Yao BoPin, "Effect mechanism of water reducing agent for Concrete", Proceedings of 1985 Beijing International Symposium on Cement and Concrete,Vol.2,
19 Hiromi FVJIMARA, 粉料的粒径分布对砂浆塑变值和稠度的影响，国外建材科技(Science and Technology) , 1999 (3).
20 H.Uchikawa, S.U, chida, T.Okamura, Influence of fineness and particle size distribution of cement on fluidity of cement paste mortar and concrete. J Res Onoda Cem Co 42 (1990) 75-84.
21 王文义，我国水泥新标准及其对水泥产品质量和生产工艺的影响，建材院内部资料，1999年11月。
22 Wang Aiqin, The theoretic analysis of the influence of the particle size distribution of cement system on the property of cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 1999(24): 1721～1726.
23 [日]I Tanka, "Fluidity of Spherical Cement and Mechanism for Creating High Fluidity", Cement and Concrete Research, 1998(1).
24 黄有丰等，水泥颗粒特性及粉磨工艺进展对水泥性能的影响，水泥技术1999(2)：8。
25 Shunsuke Hanehaara, Kazuo Yamada "Interaction between Cement and Chemical admixture from the point of Cement Hydration, adsorption behavior of admixture and paste theology. Cement and Concrete Research, 1999(29): 1159～1165.
26 I.orresan, Interaction between superplasticizer and cement with lime. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
27 D.Hamada, T. Sato Study on a new superplasticizer and application in concrete. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
28 Khayat, K.H. & Saric-coric,M. Effect on cement paste of Welan with superplasticizers. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
29 Nawa,T. Effect on fluidity of cement paste with superplasticizers of temperate. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
30 Hibino, M. Slump loss of concrete with different superplasticizer. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
31 廉慧珍，水泥标准修订后对混凝土质量的影响，“土建结构工程的安全性与耐久性”论文集，2001年11月。
32 国家经贸委、建设部、国家质量技术监督局联合文件，国经贸运行[2001]228号。
33 Isao Tanaka, Nabuo Suzuki et al "A comparison of the fluidity of spherical cement with that of broad cement and a study of the properties of fresh concrete using spherical cement", Cement and Concrete Research, 1999(29): 553～560.
34 王昕、张大同等，影响我国新型干法窑水泥ISO强度若干因素浅析，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
35 李娟，关于熟料组成、煅烧方法、细度及混合材对水泥性能影响的研究(硕士学位论文)，2000年4月。
36 聂秋林、杜激流，椭圆球对提高ISO法强度值及节能环保的作用和意义，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
37 孙新前、卜云兵，调整配料方案 提高水泥ISO强度，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
38 Wang Aiqin, The theoretic analysis of the influence of the particle size distribution of cement system on the property of cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 1999(24): 1721～1726.
39 罗吉祥、柳学忠、龙世宗，提高水泥强度等级的措施，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
40 丛培清、姚瑶，混合材品种、掺量、细度及掺入方式对ISO与GB强度的影响，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
41 颜碧兰、张大同等，有效提高水泥ISO强度的技术途径，“水泥企业实施新表准指导手册”，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
42 Damidot, D. & nonat, A, Investigations of the C_3S hydration process during the first hours of hydration. In Hydration and Setting of Cements, Proceedings of the international Rilem Workshop on Hydration and Setting. 1991.
43 Jolicoeru, C., Nkinamubanzi, P.C., Simard, M.A. & Piotte, M., Progress in under-standing the functional properties of superplasticizers in fresh concrete. In Proceedings of 4th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 1994.
44 Taylor, H.F.W., Cement Chemistry. Academic Press, London, 1990.
45 Taylor, H.F.W., Chemistry of cement hydration. In Proceedings of 8th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. I, 1986.
46 Massazza, F. & Daimon, M, Chemistry of hydration of cements and cementitious systems. In Proceedings of 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, New Delhi, Vol. 1, 1992.
47 Uchikawa, H., Hanehara, S. & Sawaki, D., The role of steric repulsive force in the dispersion of cement particles in fresh pastes prepared with organic admixture. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(1997).
48 Uchikawa, H., Hydration of cement and structures formation and properties of cement paste in the presence of organic admixtures. Proceedings of the Concrete in the Service of Mankind. Eds R. K. Dhir & M.j. McCarthy, 1995.
49杨南如，无机非金属材料现代测试方法，武汉工业大学出版社，1994。
50 U.Maeder,A.Corsaro,and R.Indermaur.Performance of admixtures in blended cements.Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete.2000
51 Asakura,A.,Yishida,Hi,Influence of superplaticizer on fluidity of fresh cement paste with different clinker phase composition.Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement,New Dehli,India Vol,Ⅳ,Theme Ⅲ,1992．
52 Collpardi,M.The world of chemical admixtures in concrete.Proceedings of the Congress Our World in Concrete and Structure.Singapore,1993．
53 Pierre-Claver Nkinamubanzi,Byung-Gi Kim and Pierre-Claude Aitcin,Some key cement factors that control the compatibility between naphthalene-Base superplasticizers and ordinary Portland cement.Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete.2000．
54 G.Mantegazza and M.L.Villa.Influence of hydroxyacids on the rheological and Mechanical Properties of superplasticized concrete.Proceedings of 4th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete.2000．
2 中国建筑材料科学研究院、清华大学，高性能混凝土综合研究，“九五”国家重点科技攻关项目(专题报告一)，内部资料，2000年4月。
3 覃维祖，水泥—高效减水剂相容性及其检测研究，混凝土，1996(2)：11～20。
4 孙振平，蒋正武，混凝土外加剂与水泥适应性，混凝土，2000。
5 黄大能等，混凝土外加剂应用指南，中国建筑工业出版社，1989。
6 Pamachandran, V.S.& Malhotra, V.M., Superplasticizers in concrete admixtures handbook, Science and Technology. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, Nj, 1994.
7 Bonen, D. & Sarkar, S.l., the superplasticizer adsorption capacity of cement pastes, pore solution composition, and parameters affecting flow loss. Cement and Concrete Research, 23(1993).
8 Jolicoeur, C., Simard, M.A., Aitcin, P.C. & Baalbaki, M., Cement-superplasticizer compatibility in high-performance concrete. In proceedings from the high Performance Concrete, Toronto, 1992.
9 Ramachandran, V.S. & Feldman, R. F, Cement science, in concrete admixtures handbook. Noyes Publications, NJ, 1984.
10 Massazza, F. & Costa, U., Effects of Superplasticizers on the C_3A hydration. In Proceedings of 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris, Vol Ⅳ, 1980.
11. Collepardi, M., Monosi, S., Influence of gluconate, lignosuifonate or glucose on the C_3A hydration in the presence of gypsum with or without lime. Cement and Concrete Research. 14(1984).
12 Ramachandran, V.S. Use of superplasticizers in concrete. Ⅱ cement, 84(1987).
13 Ramachandran, V.S. Interaction of chemical admixtures in the cement-water syetem. Ⅱ Cement, 83(1986).
14 Nawa T., Effect of alkali sulfate on the rheological behavior of cement paste containing a superplasticizer. In proceedings of 3rd CANMENT/ACT International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 1989.
15 Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
16 陈文豹、田培等，混凝土外加剂及其在工程中的应用，煤炭工业出版社，1998。
17 钟明亮、王善拔，水泥与减水剂适应性问题的探讨，广东建材，1999(10)：10～14。
18 Hu XiuChun ,Liu CueYu, Yao BoPin, "Effect mechanism of water reducing agent for Concrete", Proceedings of 1985 Beijing International Symposium on Cement and Concrete,Vol.2,
19 Hiromi FVJIMARA, 粉料的粒径分布对砂浆塑变值和稠度的影响，国外建材科技(Science and Technology) , 1999 (3).
20 H.Uchikawa, S.U, chida, T.Okamura, Influence of fineness and particle size distribution of cement on fluidity of cement paste mortar and concrete. J Res Onoda Cem Co 42 (1990) 75-84.
21 王文义，我国水泥新标准及其对水泥产品质量和生产工艺的影响，建材院内部资料，1999年11月。
22 Wang Aiqin, The theoretic analysis of the influence of the particle size distribution of cement system on the property of cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 1999(24): 1721～1726.
23 [日]I Tanka, "Fluidity of Spherical Cement and Mechanism for Creating High Fluidity", Cement and Concrete Research, 1998(1).
24 黄有丰等，水泥颗粒特性及粉磨工艺进展对水泥性能的影响，水泥技术1999(2)：8。
25 Shunsuke Hanehaara, Kazuo Yamada "Interaction between Cement and Chemical admixture from the point of Cement Hydration, adsorption behavior of admixture and paste theology. Cement and Concrete Research, 1999(29): 1159～1165.
26 I.orresan, Interaction between superplasticizer and cement with lime. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
27 D.Hamada, T. Sato Study on a new superplasticizer and application in concrete. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
28 Khayat, K.H. & Saric-coric,M. Effect on cement paste of Welan with superplasticizers. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
29 Nawa,T. Effect on fluidity of cement paste with superplasticizers of temperate. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
30 Hibino, M. Slump loss of concrete with different superplasticizer. Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 2000.
31 廉慧珍，水泥标准修订后对混凝土质量的影响，“土建结构工程的安全性与耐久性”论文集，2001年11月。
32 国家经贸委、建设部、国家质量技术监督局联合文件，国经贸运行[2001]228号。
33 Isao Tanaka, Nabuo Suzuki et al "A comparison of the fluidity of spherical cement with that of broad cement and a study of the properties of fresh concrete using spherical cement", Cement and Concrete Research, 1999(29): 553～560.
34 王昕、张大同等，影响我国新型干法窑水泥ISO强度若干因素浅析，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
35 李娟，关于熟料组成、煅烧方法、细度及混合材对水泥性能影响的研究(硕士学位论文)，2000年4月。
36 聂秋林、杜激流，椭圆球对提高ISO法强度值及节能环保的作用和意义，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
37 孙新前、卜云兵，调整配料方案 提高水泥ISO强度，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
38 Wang Aiqin, The theoretic analysis of the influence of the particle size distribution of cement system on the property of cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 1999(24): 1721～1726.
39 罗吉祥、柳学忠、龙世宗，提高水泥强度等级的措施，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
40 丛培清、姚瑶，混合材品种、掺量、细度及掺入方式对ISO与GB强度的影响，水泥企业实施新标准指导手册，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
41 颜碧兰、张大同等，有效提高水泥ISO强度的技术途径，“水泥企业实施新表准指导手册”，中国建材工业出版社，2001年6月。
42 Damidot, D. & nonat, A, Investigations of the C_3S hydration process during the first hours of hydration. In Hydration and Setting of Cements, Proceedings of the international Rilem Workshop on Hydration and Setting. 1991.
43 Jolicoeru, C., Nkinamubanzi, P.C., Simard, M.A. & Piotte, M., Progress in under-standing the functional properties of superplasticizers in fresh concrete. In Proceedings of 4th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete. 1994.
44 Taylor, H.F.W., Cement Chemistry. Academic Press, London, 1990.
45 Taylor, H.F.W., Chemistry of cement hydration. In Proceedings of 8th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. I, 1986.
46 Massazza, F. & Daimon, M, Chemistry of hydration of cements and cementitious systems. In Proceedings of 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, New Delhi, Vol. 1, 1992.
47 Uchikawa, H., Hanehara, S. & Sawaki, D., The role of steric repulsive force in the dispersion of cement particles in fresh pastes prepared with organic admixture. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(1997).
48 Uchikawa, H., Hydration of cement and structures formation and properties of cement paste in the presence of organic admixtures. Proceedings of the Concrete in the Service of Mankind. Eds R. K. Dhir & M.j. McCarthy, 1995.
49杨南如，无机非金属材料现代测试方法，武汉工业大学出版社，1994。
50 U.Maeder,A.Corsaro,and R.Indermaur.Performance of admixtures in blended cements.Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete.2000
51 Asakura,A.,Yishida,Hi,Influence of superplaticizer on fluidity of fresh cement paste with different clinker phase composition.Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement,New Dehli,India Vol,Ⅳ,Theme Ⅲ,1992．
52 Collpardi,M.The world of chemical admixtures in concrete.Proceedings of the Congress Our World in Concrete and Structure.Singapore,1993．
53 Pierre-Claver Nkinamubanzi,Byung-Gi Kim and Pierre-Claude Aitcin,Some key cement factors that control the compatibility between naphthalene-Base superplasticizers and ordinary Portland cement.Proceedings of 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete.2000．
54 G.Mantegazza and M.L.Villa.Influence of hydroxyacids on the rheological and Mechanical Properties of superplasticized concrete.Proceedings of 4th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixture in Concrete.2000．