最低工资的经济学分析与对我国的启示
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摘要
最低工资是一项对劳动力市场有着非常重要影响的政策。本文试图回答两个有关最低工资的问题,一是为什么最低工资会有这样的影响,二是最低工资在哪些方面能促进经济发展。尽管我国实行最低工资的时间不长,但通过对欧美市场最低工资的分析,我们可以得到两点对我国有用的启示,一是最低工资的制定受利益集团博弈的影响,具有收入再分配效应,其制定需要社会公众的关注和重视；二是最低工资是一把双刃剑,需要政策制定者审慎对待。它在改善贫困方面收效甚微；但在完善市场竞争,促进产业升级和鼓励人力资本投资方面则有一定作用。
Minimum wage is a policy which has an important impact on labor market in Western Countries. In this article, we try to answer two questions related to it. One is why minimum wage has such an impact on labor market and another is how we can use minimum wage policy to promote economic development. Although it has not been a long time since the implementation of minimum wage in China, through the research of minimum wage in western countries, we can learn that the setting of minimum wage should be paid attention to since it is influenced by interest group and results in a income redistribution, besides, policy maker should be careful with the minimum wage since it is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it has little positive effect of poverty-improving but on the other hand, it may contribute to promote market competition, industrial upgrade and human capital investment.
Minimum wage is a policy which has an important impact on labor market in Western Countries. In this article, we try to answer two questions related to it. One is why minimum wage has such an impact on labor market and another is how we can use minimum wage policy to promote economic development. Although it has not been a long time since the implementation of minimum wage in China, through the research of minimum wage in western countries, we can learn that the setting of minimum wage should be paid attention to since it is influenced by interest group and results in a income redistribution, besides, policy maker should be careful with the minimum wage since it is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it has little positive effect of poverty-improving but on the other hand, it may contribute to promote market competition, industrial upgrade and human capital investment.
引文
(1)Abbott, Lewis F. "Statutory Minimum Wage Controls:A Critical Review of their Effects on Labour Markets, Employment, and Incomes". ISR Publications, Manchester UK,2nd. edn.2000.
(2)Adams, S., Neumark, D. "The effects of living wage laws:Evidence from failed and derailed living wage campaigns". J. Urban Econ. 58(2),177-202 (2005)
(3)Addison and Blackburn, "Minimum Wage on Poverty." Industrial and Labor Relations Review,1999,393-409
(4)Alan Krueger, "Test Case for the Labor Market, "The Washington Post, September 2,1996, p. A23.
(5)Alison J. Wellington, "Effects of the Minimum Wage on the Employment Status of Youths:An Update,"Journal of Human Resources, Volume 26, no.1 (Winter 1991), pp.27-46.
(6)Arrigo Opocher and Ian Steedman, "Input Price-Input Quantity Relations and the Numeraire", Cambridge Journal of Economics, V. 3 (2009):937-948
(7)Burkhauser, Couch and Glenn "Public Policies for the Working Poor: The Earned Income Tax Credit versus Minimum Wage Legislation, in Research in Labor Economics ",15, edited by Sol W. Polanchek, Stamford, CT:JAI Press,1996,65-109
(8)Burkhauser, Couch and Wittenburg. "Who Gets What from Minimum Wage Hikes:A Re-Estimation of Card and Krueger's Distributional Analysis in Myth and Measurement:The New Economics of the Minimum Wage." Industrial and Labor Relations Review,1996,547-52
(9)Burkhauser and Joseph Sabia. "the Effectiveness of Minimum-Wage Increase in Reducing Poverty:Past, Present and Future" Contemporary Economic Policy:Apr 2007:262-282
(10)Card, D. and A. B. Krueger. "Myth and Measurement:The New Economics of the Minimum Wage". Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1995
(11)Danziger, Leif "Noncompliance and the Effects of the Minimum Wage on Hours and Welfare in Competitive Labor Markets", Labour Economics,2009, v.16,iss.6, pp.625-30
(12)Ehrenberg, R. and Smith, R. "Modern labor economics:theory and public policy", HarperCollins,1994,5th ed.
(13)Foster, J. E., J. Greer, E. Thorbecke (1984), "A Class of Decomposable Poverty Indices", Econometrica 52, pp.761-766
(14)Francois Eyraud, and Catherine Saget, "The fundamentals of minimum wage fixing", International Labour Office 2006
(15)Freeman, R. B. "The Minimum Wage as a Redistributive Tool." Economic Journal,106,1996,639-49
(16)Gary Fields, "The Unemployment Effects of Minimum Wages," International Journal of Manpower, Vol.15, issue 2(1994), pp.74-81.
(17)Graham White, "The Poverty of Conventional Economic Wisdom and the Search for Alternative Economic and Social Policies", The Drawing Board:An Australian Review of Public Affairs, V.2, N.2 (Nov.2001): 67-87
(18)Gwartney, J. D., R. L. Stroup, R. S. Sobel, and D. A. Macpherson, "Economics:Private and Public Choice", Thomson South-Western, 2003,10th ed., p.97.
(19)Hristos Doucouliagos and T.D. Stanley, "Publication Bias in Minimum-Wage Research? A Meta-Regression Analysis," British Journal of Industrial Relations,2008.
(20)ILO 2009:Minimum wages policy
(21)Klein, Daniel and Stewart Dompe. "Reasons for Supporting the Minimum Wage:Asking Signatories of the "Raise the Minimum Wage" Statement", Jan 2007, p.133.
(22)Lemos.S, "Minimum wage effects across the private and public sectors in Brazil" [M]. Journal of Development Studies, Vol 43, No 4,2007, pp 700-720.
(23)Li, Haizheng, "Economic Transition and Returns to Education in China", Economics of Education Review,22,2003, pp.317-328.
(24)Manning, Alan, "Monopsony in motion:Imperfect Competition in Labor Markets". Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.2003, ISBN0691113122.
(25)Michael Anyadike-Danes and Wyne Godley, "Real Wages and Employment:A Sceptical View of Some Recent Empirical Work" Machester School, V.62, N.2, Jun.1989 172-187
(26)"National Minimum Wage", politics.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
(27)Neumark, David; William L. Wascher "Minimum Wages". Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press,2008
(28)Neumark, D., Cunningham, W., Siga, L. "The effects of the minimum wage in Brazil on the distribution of family incomes:1996-2001" J. Dev. Econ.80(1),136-159 (2006)
(29)Neumark, D., Wascher, W. "Minimum wages and employment:a case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: comment". Am. Econ. Rev.90(5),1362-1396 (2000)
(30)Neumark and Wascher. "Do Minimum Wages Fight Poverty?" Economic Inquiry,2002,315-333
(31)OECD (2009):OECD Employment Outlook 2009
(32)OECD (2009) Fundamental reform of personal income tax. OECD Tax Policy Stud,13
(33)Persson T, Tabellini G, "Political economics:explaining economic policy ". TheMIT Press, Cambridge,2007.
(34)Sabia, Joseph J. "the Effect of Minimum Wage Increases on Retail Employment and Hours:New Evidence from Montyly CPS Data", Journal of Labor Research,2009, v.30, iss.1, pp.75-97
(35)Sabia, Joseph J. "Minimum Wages and Poverty:Will a $9.50 Federal Minimum Wage Really Help the Working Poor?" Southern Economic Journal,1.2010, v76, iss.3, pp 592-623
(36)Saint-Paul G "The political economy of labor market institutions ". Oxford University Press, Oxford,2000.
(37)Sobel R, "Theory and evidence on the political economy of the minimum wage ", Journal of Political Economy 107(4),2007, pp761-785
(38)William M. Boal and Michael R. Ransom, "Monopsony in the Labor Market", Journal of Economic Literature, V.35, March, pgs.86-112
(39)Williams, Walter "South Africa's War Against Capitalism. New York: Praeger", published in 1989
(40)Zhang, Junsen and Yaohui Zhao, "Economic Returns to Schooling in Urban China,1988-1999", paper presented at the 2002 meetings of the Allied Social Sciences Association, Washington DC.
(41)Real Value of the Minimum Wage http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/issueguides minwage
(42)陈广汉,张光南“中国劳动力市场的二元结构及其工资差异研究”,《中山大学学报》社会科学版2010年第1期
(43)陈晓宇、陈良焜、夏晨,“20世纪90年代中国城镇教育收益率的变化与启示”,《北京大学教育评论》,2003年第3期
(44)程万泉《产能过剩是市场经济的常态》,经济参考报2010年1月12日
(45)李实、丁赛,“中国城镇教育收益率的长期变动趋势”,《中国社会科学》,2003年第6期
(46)罗小兰：我国劳动力市场买方垄断条件下最低工资就业效应分析[J].财贸研究,2007(4)
(47)罗小兰：我国最低工资标准农民工就业效应分析——对全国、地区及行业的实证研究[J].财经研究,2007(11).
(48)韩兆洲、魏章进：我国最低工资标准实证研究[J].统计研究,2006(1).
(49)国家统计局,2002,《中国统计年鉴》,中国统计出版社。
(50)平新乔.2005.民营企业中的劳工关系.http://www.ccer.pku.edu. cn/download/4231-1.pdf.
(51)唐斯,《民主的经济理论》,上海人民出版社2005年9月第一版
(52)薛兆丰.2004.最低工资法不可取[N].21世纪经济报道,11-18.
(53)易定红.西方劳动经济学两大流派比较[J].人大复印资料,2001(2)
(54)卢国人力资源和社会保障部2008年劳动力市场调查报告
(55)张五常.2000.最低工资种祸根[N].南方周末,11-15.
(56)中国国际扶贫中心课题组《世界各国贫困标准研究》2010年1月
(57)明塞尔：《劳动供给研究》,张凤林等译,中国经济出版社,2001
(58)伊兰伯格,史密斯：《现代劳动经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,2000
(59)中华人民共和国劳动和社会保障部：《最低工资规定》,中国人民共和国劳动和社会保障部网
(60)刘军胜苏海南.《当前我国最低工资标准变动趋势分析及政策思考》[J].中国人力资源开发,2006年,第1期：.
(61)胡放之,《中国经济起飞阶段的工资水平研究》中国经济出版社2005
ⅰ见Neumark和Wascher所著的《Minimum Wages》. Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press第3页
ii见Card, D.和A. B. Krueger所著《Myth and Measurement The New Economics of the Minimum Wage.》 Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1995第2页
ⅲ Fair Labor Standards Act
iv见《罗斯福选集》,商务印书馆,1982年中译本,第636页。
ⅴ Current Population Survey
vi所谓单、双峰偏好者不同的地方是对于政策的偏好顺序的不同：倘若双方候选人的政见皆与自己不符时,单峰偏好者会选择较接近自己一端的政见,而双峰偏好者则会选择另一较极端处的政见,其选择不往中间方向移动。举例来说,现有三个预算案政见,分别主张1000万、2000万、3000万,有一选民认为300万是最适合的数字,若该选民为单峰偏好者,则他会选择1000万,若该选民为双峰偏好者,则当他认为1000万太多时,可能会直接选择极端的3000万。
vii见Eurofound网站http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/definitions/so cialdumping.htm
ⅷ见Francois Eyraud和Catherine Saget, "The fundamentals of minimum wage fixing" published by International Labour Office2006年4月第51页
ⅸ Francois Eyraud, and Catherine Saget, "The fundamentals of minimum wage fixing" published by International Labour Office2006年4月第60页
x中国国际扶贫中心课题组《世界各国贫困标准研究》2010年1月
ⅹⅰ同上
ⅹii数据来源：国家统计局城市社会经济调查队2000年进行的“中国城镇住户调查”
ⅹⅲ中国人力资源和社会保障部2008年调查报告
xiv数据来源：同上
xv数据来源：中国人力资源和社会保障部
ⅹⅵ见Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. The Coming of the New Deal (1959), pp.87-135
xvii数据来源中国统计局
xviii程万泉《产能过剩是市场经济的常态》2010年1月
xix数据来源：香港工业总会《珠三角制造——香港工业的挑战和机遇》2007年出版
(2)Adams, S., Neumark, D. "The effects of living wage laws:Evidence from failed and derailed living wage campaigns". J. Urban Econ. 58(2),177-202 (2005)
(3)Addison and Blackburn, "Minimum Wage on Poverty." Industrial and Labor Relations Review,1999,393-409
(4)Alan Krueger, "Test Case for the Labor Market, "The Washington Post, September 2,1996, p. A23.
(5)Alison J. Wellington, "Effects of the Minimum Wage on the Employment Status of Youths:An Update,"Journal of Human Resources, Volume 26, no.1 (Winter 1991), pp.27-46.
(6)Arrigo Opocher and Ian Steedman, "Input Price-Input Quantity Relations and the Numeraire", Cambridge Journal of Economics, V. 3 (2009):937-948
(7)Burkhauser, Couch and Glenn "Public Policies for the Working Poor: The Earned Income Tax Credit versus Minimum Wage Legislation, in Research in Labor Economics ",15, edited by Sol W. Polanchek, Stamford, CT:JAI Press,1996,65-109
(8)Burkhauser, Couch and Wittenburg. "Who Gets What from Minimum Wage Hikes:A Re-Estimation of Card and Krueger's Distributional Analysis in Myth and Measurement:The New Economics of the Minimum Wage." Industrial and Labor Relations Review,1996,547-52
(9)Burkhauser and Joseph Sabia. "the Effectiveness of Minimum-Wage Increase in Reducing Poverty:Past, Present and Future" Contemporary Economic Policy:Apr 2007:262-282
(10)Card, D. and A. B. Krueger. "Myth and Measurement:The New Economics of the Minimum Wage". Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1995
(11)Danziger, Leif "Noncompliance and the Effects of the Minimum Wage on Hours and Welfare in Competitive Labor Markets", Labour Economics,2009, v.16,iss.6, pp.625-30
(12)Ehrenberg, R. and Smith, R. "Modern labor economics:theory and public policy", HarperCollins,1994,5th ed.
(13)Foster, J. E., J. Greer, E. Thorbecke (1984), "A Class of Decomposable Poverty Indices", Econometrica 52, pp.761-766
(14)Francois Eyraud, and Catherine Saget, "The fundamentals of minimum wage fixing", International Labour Office 2006
(15)Freeman, R. B. "The Minimum Wage as a Redistributive Tool." Economic Journal,106,1996,639-49
(16)Gary Fields, "The Unemployment Effects of Minimum Wages," International Journal of Manpower, Vol.15, issue 2(1994), pp.74-81.
(17)Graham White, "The Poverty of Conventional Economic Wisdom and the Search for Alternative Economic and Social Policies", The Drawing Board:An Australian Review of Public Affairs, V.2, N.2 (Nov.2001): 67-87
(18)Gwartney, J. D., R. L. Stroup, R. S. Sobel, and D. A. Macpherson, "Economics:Private and Public Choice", Thomson South-Western, 2003,10th ed., p.97.
(19)Hristos Doucouliagos and T.D. Stanley, "Publication Bias in Minimum-Wage Research? A Meta-Regression Analysis," British Journal of Industrial Relations,2008.
(20)ILO 2009:Minimum wages policy
(21)Klein, Daniel and Stewart Dompe. "Reasons for Supporting the Minimum Wage:Asking Signatories of the "Raise the Minimum Wage" Statement", Jan 2007, p.133.
(22)Lemos.S, "Minimum wage effects across the private and public sectors in Brazil" [M]. Journal of Development Studies, Vol 43, No 4,2007, pp 700-720.
(23)Li, Haizheng, "Economic Transition and Returns to Education in China", Economics of Education Review,22,2003, pp.317-328.
(24)Manning, Alan, "Monopsony in motion:Imperfect Competition in Labor Markets". Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.2003, ISBN0691113122.
(25)Michael Anyadike-Danes and Wyne Godley, "Real Wages and Employment:A Sceptical View of Some Recent Empirical Work" Machester School, V.62, N.2, Jun.1989 172-187
(26)"National Minimum Wage", politics.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
(27)Neumark, David; William L. Wascher "Minimum Wages". Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press,2008
(28)Neumark, D., Cunningham, W., Siga, L. "The effects of the minimum wage in Brazil on the distribution of family incomes:1996-2001" J. Dev. Econ.80(1),136-159 (2006)
(29)Neumark, D., Wascher, W. "Minimum wages and employment:a case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: comment". Am. Econ. Rev.90(5),1362-1396 (2000)
(30)Neumark and Wascher. "Do Minimum Wages Fight Poverty?" Economic Inquiry,2002,315-333
(31)OECD (2009):OECD Employment Outlook 2009
(32)OECD (2009) Fundamental reform of personal income tax. OECD Tax Policy Stud,13
(33)Persson T, Tabellini G, "Political economics:explaining economic policy ". TheMIT Press, Cambridge,2007.
(34)Sabia, Joseph J. "the Effect of Minimum Wage Increases on Retail Employment and Hours:New Evidence from Montyly CPS Data", Journal of Labor Research,2009, v.30, iss.1, pp.75-97
(35)Sabia, Joseph J. "Minimum Wages and Poverty:Will a $9.50 Federal Minimum Wage Really Help the Working Poor?" Southern Economic Journal,1.2010, v76, iss.3, pp 592-623
(36)Saint-Paul G "The political economy of labor market institutions ". Oxford University Press, Oxford,2000.
(37)Sobel R, "Theory and evidence on the political economy of the minimum wage ", Journal of Political Economy 107(4),2007, pp761-785
(38)William M. Boal and Michael R. Ransom, "Monopsony in the Labor Market", Journal of Economic Literature, V.35, March, pgs.86-112
(39)Williams, Walter "South Africa's War Against Capitalism. New York: Praeger", published in 1989
(40)Zhang, Junsen and Yaohui Zhao, "Economic Returns to Schooling in Urban China,1988-1999", paper presented at the 2002 meetings of the Allied Social Sciences Association, Washington DC.
(41)Real Value of the Minimum Wage http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/issueguides minwage
(42)陈广汉,张光南“中国劳动力市场的二元结构及其工资差异研究”,《中山大学学报》社会科学版2010年第1期
(43)陈晓宇、陈良焜、夏晨,“20世纪90年代中国城镇教育收益率的变化与启示”,《北京大学教育评论》,2003年第3期
(44)程万泉《产能过剩是市场经济的常态》,经济参考报2010年1月12日
(45)李实、丁赛,“中国城镇教育收益率的长期变动趋势”,《中国社会科学》,2003年第6期
(46)罗小兰：我国劳动力市场买方垄断条件下最低工资就业效应分析[J].财贸研究,2007(4)
(47)罗小兰：我国最低工资标准农民工就业效应分析——对全国、地区及行业的实证研究[J].财经研究,2007(11).
(48)韩兆洲、魏章进：我国最低工资标准实证研究[J].统计研究,2006(1).
(49)国家统计局,2002,《中国统计年鉴》,中国统计出版社。
(50)平新乔.2005.民营企业中的劳工关系.http://www.ccer.pku.edu. cn/download/4231-1.pdf.
(51)唐斯,《民主的经济理论》,上海人民出版社2005年9月第一版
(52)薛兆丰.2004.最低工资法不可取[N].21世纪经济报道,11-18.
(53)易定红.西方劳动经济学两大流派比较[J].人大复印资料,2001(2)
(54)卢国人力资源和社会保障部2008年劳动力市场调查报告
(55)张五常.2000.最低工资种祸根[N].南方周末,11-15.
(56)中国国际扶贫中心课题组《世界各国贫困标准研究》2010年1月
(57)明塞尔：《劳动供给研究》,张凤林等译,中国经济出版社,2001
(58)伊兰伯格,史密斯：《现代劳动经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,2000
(59)中华人民共和国劳动和社会保障部：《最低工资规定》,中国人民共和国劳动和社会保障部网
(60)刘军胜苏海南.《当前我国最低工资标准变动趋势分析及政策思考》[J].中国人力资源开发,2006年,第1期：.
(61)胡放之,《中国经济起飞阶段的工资水平研究》中国经济出版社2005
ⅰ见Neumark和Wascher所著的《Minimum Wages》. Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press第3页
ii见Card, D.和A. B. Krueger所著《Myth and Measurement The New Economics of the Minimum Wage.》 Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1995第2页
ⅲ Fair Labor Standards Act
iv见《罗斯福选集》,商务印书馆,1982年中译本,第636页。
ⅴ Current Population Survey
vi所谓单、双峰偏好者不同的地方是对于政策的偏好顺序的不同：倘若双方候选人的政见皆与自己不符时,单峰偏好者会选择较接近自己一端的政见,而双峰偏好者则会选择另一较极端处的政见,其选择不往中间方向移动。举例来说,现有三个预算案政见,分别主张1000万、2000万、3000万,有一选民认为300万是最适合的数字,若该选民为单峰偏好者,则他会选择1000万,若该选民为双峰偏好者,则当他认为1000万太多时,可能会直接选择极端的3000万。
vii见Eurofound网站http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/definitions/so cialdumping.htm
ⅷ见Francois Eyraud和Catherine Saget, "The fundamentals of minimum wage fixing" published by International Labour Office2006年4月第51页
ⅸ Francois Eyraud, and Catherine Saget, "The fundamentals of minimum wage fixing" published by International Labour Office2006年4月第60页
x中国国际扶贫中心课题组《世界各国贫困标准研究》2010年1月
ⅹⅰ同上
ⅹii数据来源：国家统计局城市社会经济调查队2000年进行的“中国城镇住户调查”
ⅹⅲ中国人力资源和社会保障部2008年调查报告
xiv数据来源：同上
xv数据来源：中国人力资源和社会保障部
ⅹⅵ见Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. The Coming of the New Deal (1959), pp.87-135
xvii数据来源中国统计局
xviii程万泉《产能过剩是市场经济的常态》2010年1月
xix数据来源：香港工业总会《珠三角制造——香港工业的挑战和机遇》2007年出版
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