稻壳凝胶材料的制备与性能研究
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摘要
本论文分别以稻壳和石英砂为原料,与改性剂反应合成了一种新型凝胶材料,研究了不同因素对凝胶性能的影响;并通过对凝胶材料进行改性,合成出了具有较好絮凝效果的絮凝剂。
采用XRD分析法、SEM、IR分析法等手段考察了稻壳类与石英砂类凝胶产物的内部晶态、微观形貌及内部官能团结构,通过测定凝胶产物的成胶时间与凝胶强度考察改性剂浓度、反应温度及pH值等因素对其性能的影响;采用重铬酸钾法测定废水中的COD值考察改性稻壳类絮凝剂的絮凝效果。
研究结果表明,稻壳经胶溶后得到的产物没有改变原稻壳中含有的成分及内部晶态,即含有无定形态的SiO2、纤维素和半纤维素。随着改性剂浓度的增加,颗粒的分散性减弱,团聚增强;同时随着改性剂浓度的增加,凝胶的成胶时间缩短,凝胶强度增强。反应温度与pH值均影响凝胶强度,在温度超过70℃的范围内,均能形成稳定的凝胶;体系在中性或弱碱性时,凝胶的强度最大。胶溶前后没有改变石英砂的晶型结构,即含有结晶态的SiO2;改性剂溶液浓度和温度均影响凝胶产物的微观形貌。石英砂类凝胶材料与稻壳类具有相似的凝胶性能。以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为醚化剂、聚丙烯酰胺为助凝剂合成的改性稻壳类絮凝剂用于污水处理,其COD去除率达70%。改性稻壳类絮凝剂是通过电中和作用与吸附架桥作用使原水中的胶体和悬浮物颗粒聚集,形成絮体沉淀下来,从而达到絮凝的作用。通过对稻壳类凝胶改性后合成的无公害无毒絮凝剂在水处理工业将会有广阔的应用前景。
A new pattern gel material had been synthesized by the rice husks and quartz sand as raw materials with the modifying agent, and the different influence factors on the gel capability; the flocculant which had the better flocculating effect had been synthesized though changing the gel material .
The inside crystalline, microscopic pattern and the functional group were analyzed by means of XRD, scanning electron microscope and infrared spectrum analysis. The capability influence on the gel products by the concentration of the modifying agent, the reacting temperature and pH were analyzed though measuring the gel time and strength of gel material; the effectiveness of the rice husk flocculant was characterized by COD in the waste water using the potassium dichromate method.
The results show that the products by peptization on the rice husks have not changed the composition and the inside crystalline, which are the amorphous silica, cellulose and hemicellulose. As the concentration of the modifying agent increases, the dispersibility of the particle reduces and agglomeration intensifies, gel time decreases and the gel strength in creases simultaneity. The reacting temperature and pH have affected the gel strength, which can produce the steady gel exceeding 70℃, and the gel strength is most in the neutral or alkalescent system. The sand with cross linkage and no cross linkage contains the crystal silica; the concentrations of the modifying agent and reacting temperature have affected the microscopic patterns. The performance of the sand gel is similar with the rice husk gel’s.The rice husks flocculant has used for the treatment of wastewater, which is synthesized by hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) as the etherifying agent and polyacry lamide(PAM) as the coagulant. It can make the colloid and suspended substances agglomerate, forming the floccules though the electroneutrality and obsorption and bridge actions. The changed rice husks flocculant will have a extensive application prospect in water treatment industry.
采用XRD分析法、SEM、IR分析法等手段考察了稻壳类与石英砂类凝胶产物的内部晶态、微观形貌及内部官能团结构,通过测定凝胶产物的成胶时间与凝胶强度考察改性剂浓度、反应温度及pH值等因素对其性能的影响;采用重铬酸钾法测定废水中的COD值考察改性稻壳类絮凝剂的絮凝效果。
研究结果表明,稻壳经胶溶后得到的产物没有改变原稻壳中含有的成分及内部晶态,即含有无定形态的SiO2、纤维素和半纤维素。随着改性剂浓度的增加,颗粒的分散性减弱,团聚增强;同时随着改性剂浓度的增加,凝胶的成胶时间缩短,凝胶强度增强。反应温度与pH值均影响凝胶强度,在温度超过70℃的范围内,均能形成稳定的凝胶;体系在中性或弱碱性时,凝胶的强度最大。胶溶前后没有改变石英砂的晶型结构,即含有结晶态的SiO2;改性剂溶液浓度和温度均影响凝胶产物的微观形貌。石英砂类凝胶材料与稻壳类具有相似的凝胶性能。以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为醚化剂、聚丙烯酰胺为助凝剂合成的改性稻壳类絮凝剂用于污水处理,其COD去除率达70%。改性稻壳类絮凝剂是通过电中和作用与吸附架桥作用使原水中的胶体和悬浮物颗粒聚集,形成絮体沉淀下来,从而达到絮凝的作用。通过对稻壳类凝胶改性后合成的无公害无毒絮凝剂在水处理工业将会有广阔的应用前景。
A new pattern gel material had been synthesized by the rice husks and quartz sand as raw materials with the modifying agent, and the different influence factors on the gel capability; the flocculant which had the better flocculating effect had been synthesized though changing the gel material .
The inside crystalline, microscopic pattern and the functional group were analyzed by means of XRD, scanning electron microscope and infrared spectrum analysis. The capability influence on the gel products by the concentration of the modifying agent, the reacting temperature and pH were analyzed though measuring the gel time and strength of gel material; the effectiveness of the rice husk flocculant was characterized by COD in the waste water using the potassium dichromate method.
The results show that the products by peptization on the rice husks have not changed the composition and the inside crystalline, which are the amorphous silica, cellulose and hemicellulose. As the concentration of the modifying agent increases, the dispersibility of the particle reduces and agglomeration intensifies, gel time decreases and the gel strength in creases simultaneity. The reacting temperature and pH have affected the gel strength, which can produce the steady gel exceeding 70℃, and the gel strength is most in the neutral or alkalescent system. The sand with cross linkage and no cross linkage contains the crystal silica; the concentrations of the modifying agent and reacting temperature have affected the microscopic patterns. The performance of the sand gel is similar with the rice husk gel’s.The rice husks flocculant has used for the treatment of wastewater, which is synthesized by hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) as the etherifying agent and polyacry lamide(PAM) as the coagulant. It can make the colloid and suspended substances agglomerate, forming the floccules though the electroneutrality and obsorption and bridge actions. The changed rice husks flocculant will have a extensive application prospect in water treatment industry.
引文
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[8] Tuomela , M., Vikman , M., Hatakka , A. etal . Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment.Biores .Technol. 2000,(72):169-183
[9] Erashima,N,Atalla,R.H,Vanderhart,D.L.. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of specifically C-13-enriched lignin in wheat straw from conifer in Phytochem.1997,(46):863-870
[10] Sun, R.C.,Fang, J. M.,Goodwin, A,etal. Physicochemical and structural characterization of alkali lignins from abaca fibre.Wood Chem. Technol.1998,(18):313-331
[11] Sun, R .C,Mott, L ,Bolton, J . Fractional and structural characterization of ball milled and enzyme lignins from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber.Wood Fiber Science.1998,(30):301-311
[12]贾中兆,万永敏,张少明.稻壳热解制备纳米二氧化硅.新技术新工艺.2006,(5):81-82
[13]朱能武.固体废物处理与利用.北京大学出版社2006年193-194
[14]董梅.国外稻壳综合利用的进展.粮食流通技术.2004 ,(3): 32-35
[15]侯海涛.稻壳开发利用综述.粮油加工.2003,(3): 26-27
[16]卢芳仪,卢爱军.稻壳的综合利用.粮食与饲料工艺.1997,(12): 41-42
[17]张世润,刘曙辉.稻壳活性炭的研制.林业科技.2001,26(1):36-38
[18]杨兴存.利用稻壳生产水玻璃的研究.山东建材.1997,(5):14-15
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[20]赵启涛,陈雯,刘中华.活性炭的应用与研究进展.昆明理工大学学报.2000,25(5):8 -12
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[22]郭玉鹏,杨少凤,赵敬哲等.由稻壳制备高比表面积活性炭.高等学校化学学报.2000,21(3):335-338
[23]原芳,刘琰,孙德智等.稻壳活性炭的制备及在水质净化中的应用.哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版) .2005,21(2):166-169
[24]武文洁,张淑萍,王万森等.以稻壳为原料制备活性炭研究.天津化工.2006,20(6):55-58
[25]崔小明.稻壳资源的综合利用.企业技术开发.1997,(12):4-7
[26]阮长青,马军喜,崔素萍等.稻壳沉淀法制备白炭黑工艺的研究.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报.2005,17(2):63-66
[27]卫延安,朱永义.提高稻壳灰制备活性炭、白炭黑质量的方法研究.郑州工程学院学报.2003,24(1):61-63
[28]王立,王领军,姚惠源.稻壳硅综合利用.粮食与油脂.2006,(4):14-16
[29] Ajiwe.A pilot plant for production of ceiling boards from rice husks.Bilresourece Techonlogy.1998,66(10):41-43
[30] Ajiwe.A preliminary study of manufacture of cement from rice husk ash . Bioresourece Technology.1998,(10):189-193
[31]吴士平.国外巧用稻壳新法.农资科技.2000,(3):47
[32]杜婷,郭太平,刘中心等.利用农业废弃物生产绿色墙体材料.建筑技术.2006,37(9) :707-708
[33]程博闻,康卫民.纤维素吸附材料.人造纤维.2003,33(6):17-19
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