贡嘎山东坡森林区地下水补给系数的尺度研究
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摘要
森林通过对降水的截留与遮挡影响土壤水分运动、改变产汇流条件,从而在一定程度上起到调节洪峰和枯水期径流、控制土壤侵蚀、改善河流水质的作用,因而影响流域的水文过程,也影响地下水的补径排过程。因此研究森林区的水文循环对研究地下水的补给显得尤其重要。本文以贡嘎山东坡森林区的不同面积尺度的水文循环特征入手,研究森林区的降雨入渗过程及补给系数。
本文通过野外调查,结合前人的地质、水文地质及水文气象资料,分析了研究区降雨特征及含水层的特征。(一)通过室内对贡嘎山未成熟针叶林、成熟针叶林、阔叶林以及针阔混交林4种植被的枯落物进行人工模拟降水试验,观测不同枯落物对降水的截流量和滞后时间效应的规律。通过对枯落物的不分层与分层的对比试验,了解在降水过程中枯落物对降水的滞后作用的整体效应与不同枯落物层之间的独立水文效应。结果表明:(1)在枯落物分层试验中,①不同分解的枯落物层滞后时间受面积影响规律并不是很明显;②四种植被枯落物的不同分解层的截留量与面积尺度都成幂函数相关,相关系数R2都是0.813以上;(2)在枯落物不分层试验中,①未成熟针叶林枯落物的滞后时间最短,阔叶林枯落物的截留量最大,未成熟针叶林枯落物的截留量最小;②四种植被枯落物的截留量与面积尺度都成幂函数相关,相关系数R2都是0.84以上。(二)通过对不同植被下土壤的调蓄作用进行了分析,结果表明黄崩沟流域的土壤调蓄量为1.5399～5.133(106m3),观景台站流域的土壤调蓄量为0.1679～0.557(106m3),马道沟流域的土壤调蓄量为0.06508～2.169(106m3)。(三)对森林区内的三个不同面积流域的基流分割,结果表明三个站的径流来源主要是地下径流,而壤中流占的比例都很小。(四)通过水均衡方程计算得黄崩沟流域降雨入渗补给系数为0.494～0.247,观景台流域的降雨入渗补给系数为0.566～0.374。
Forests affect soil water movement and change conditions of runoff yield and flow Confluence through interception and occlusion of rainfall. To some extent, it can modulate the peak of flood and the runoff in dry season, control soil erosion, and improve water quality in rivers, thus not only affecting the hydrological processes of water basin, but also affecting the recharge, runoff and discharge processes in groundwater. As a result, it is significantly important to study hydrological cycle in forests area for the ground recharge. In this paper, the researches on the rainfall infiltration process and recharge coefficient in forest region have been conducted, for instance, studying the multi-scale hydrological cycle features of forest area in the East Slope of Gongga Mountain.
The characteristics of the rainfall and the aquifer have been discussed and analyzed through field investigation and combination the previous data on geology, hydrogeology and hydro-meteorology. (1)In order to find the regularity of the interception mount and the time lag effect with different litter, four types of vegetation, such as immature coniferous forest, mature coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous forest, were chosen to modulate indoor artificial rainfall experiment. Comparing stratified litter test with not stratified one demonstrates that the whole litter has an impact on rainfall lag effect and the different litters play independent role on hydrology. It indicates: 1) in the litter stratified experiment,①the variability which the area affects the lag time of different decomposition litter layer is not obvious,②the inception amounts in four different litter are exponential correlation with the area, with correlation coefficient R2 up to 0.813. 2) In the litter not stratified experiment,①the lag time and inception content in immature coniferous forest are minimal in four types, while, the interception amount is maximal in broad-leaved forest.②the inception amounts in four different litter are exponential correlation with the area, with correlation coefficient R2 more than 0.84.(2) By analysis of soil’s function of regulation and storage under different vegetables, It shows that soil storage capacity in Huangbeng Ditch Basin is between 1.5399×106m and 5.133×106m3, Guanjingtian station Basin is between 0.1679×106 m3and 0.557×106,and 0.06508×106m3 to 2.169×106m3 in Madao Ditch Basin. (3) By segment of the three different area basin base flow in forest region, it indicates that three station’s runoff are mainly underground runoff, as well as, the proportion of the interflow are very small. (4)Through the regional water balance calculation, the recharge coefficients of precipitation infiltration in Hongbeng Ditch Basin is between 0.247and 0.494, while it is between 0.566 and 0.374 in the Ma Dao Ditch Basin.
本文通过野外调查,结合前人的地质、水文地质及水文气象资料,分析了研究区降雨特征及含水层的特征。(一)通过室内对贡嘎山未成熟针叶林、成熟针叶林、阔叶林以及针阔混交林4种植被的枯落物进行人工模拟降水试验,观测不同枯落物对降水的截流量和滞后时间效应的规律。通过对枯落物的不分层与分层的对比试验,了解在降水过程中枯落物对降水的滞后作用的整体效应与不同枯落物层之间的独立水文效应。结果表明:(1)在枯落物分层试验中,①不同分解的枯落物层滞后时间受面积影响规律并不是很明显;②四种植被枯落物的不同分解层的截留量与面积尺度都成幂函数相关,相关系数R2都是0.813以上;(2)在枯落物不分层试验中,①未成熟针叶林枯落物的滞后时间最短,阔叶林枯落物的截留量最大,未成熟针叶林枯落物的截留量最小;②四种植被枯落物的截留量与面积尺度都成幂函数相关,相关系数R2都是0.84以上。(二)通过对不同植被下土壤的调蓄作用进行了分析,结果表明黄崩沟流域的土壤调蓄量为1.5399～5.133(106m3),观景台站流域的土壤调蓄量为0.1679～0.557(106m3),马道沟流域的土壤调蓄量为0.06508～2.169(106m3)。(三)对森林区内的三个不同面积流域的基流分割,结果表明三个站的径流来源主要是地下径流,而壤中流占的比例都很小。(四)通过水均衡方程计算得黄崩沟流域降雨入渗补给系数为0.494～0.247,观景台流域的降雨入渗补给系数为0.566～0.374。
Forests affect soil water movement and change conditions of runoff yield and flow Confluence through interception and occlusion of rainfall. To some extent, it can modulate the peak of flood and the runoff in dry season, control soil erosion, and improve water quality in rivers, thus not only affecting the hydrological processes of water basin, but also affecting the recharge, runoff and discharge processes in groundwater. As a result, it is significantly important to study hydrological cycle in forests area for the ground recharge. In this paper, the researches on the rainfall infiltration process and recharge coefficient in forest region have been conducted, for instance, studying the multi-scale hydrological cycle features of forest area in the East Slope of Gongga Mountain.
The characteristics of the rainfall and the aquifer have been discussed and analyzed through field investigation and combination the previous data on geology, hydrogeology and hydro-meteorology. (1)In order to find the regularity of the interception mount and the time lag effect with different litter, four types of vegetation, such as immature coniferous forest, mature coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous forest, were chosen to modulate indoor artificial rainfall experiment. Comparing stratified litter test with not stratified one demonstrates that the whole litter has an impact on rainfall lag effect and the different litters play independent role on hydrology. It indicates: 1) in the litter stratified experiment,①the variability which the area affects the lag time of different decomposition litter layer is not obvious,②the inception amounts in four different litter are exponential correlation with the area, with correlation coefficient R2 up to 0.813. 2) In the litter not stratified experiment,①the lag time and inception content in immature coniferous forest are minimal in four types, while, the interception amount is maximal in broad-leaved forest.②the inception amounts in four different litter are exponential correlation with the area, with correlation coefficient R2 more than 0.84.(2) By analysis of soil’s function of regulation and storage under different vegetables, It shows that soil storage capacity in Huangbeng Ditch Basin is between 1.5399×106m and 5.133×106m3, Guanjingtian station Basin is between 0.1679×106 m3and 0.557×106,and 0.06508×106m3 to 2.169×106m3 in Madao Ditch Basin. (3) By segment of the three different area basin base flow in forest region, it indicates that three station’s runoff are mainly underground runoff, as well as, the proportion of the interflow are very small. (4)Through the regional water balance calculation, the recharge coefficients of precipitation infiltration in Hongbeng Ditch Basin is between 0.247and 0.494, while it is between 0.566 and 0.374 in the Ma Dao Ditch Basin.
引文
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