基于孢粉、炭屑的近1600年来桂、渝岩溶区人类活动演变及对环境的影响研究
|
摘要
时下,近2000年以来的全球气候变化已经成为各国科学家关注的焦点。它的变化与人类的关系最为密切,对人类发展的影响最为强烈；同时,人类近2000年以来的发展,对地球环境也产生了重要的影响,如人类活动显著地改变了地球的温度状况,人类活动根本改变了地球的植被面貌,因此,探讨人类活动影响下的环境变化也已成为全球变化研究的重要议题。
孢粉和炭屑是重建古环境的重要的生态学指标,孢粉一般用来恢复古植被的变化,而炭屑一般用来指示“火”的发生。孢粉、炭屑分析是目前重建过去植被和气候变化、识别人类活动信息最佳方法。前人在重建古植被、古气候方面做了大量的研究(王琫瑜等,1997；张虎才,2002；许清海等,2004；郑卓,2003；罗运利,2012)。近20年来,随着环境考古学的发展,越来越多的孢粉学者,将注意力转向了人类活动干扰下环境及其演变研究(Hjelle,1997; Court-Picon,2006;张振卿,2007；李宜垠等,2008;Li et al,2009)。
西南岩溶区为世界上最大的连片岩溶区,岩溶区面积为62万km2,同时,西南岩溶区又是人口密集区,据调查西南岩溶区人口超1亿,其中贫困人口2000多万,在如此大的人口压力下,产生了一系列问题,如环境污染、水土流失,石漠化,洪涝和干旱等,其中石漠化问题已经成为制约西南地区经济、社会发展的重要因素,解决好石漠化问题关系到经济的发展和社会的稳定。近十几年来,很多学者对石漠化进行了研究,使我们对这一问题有了一个全面的认识,但对石漠化的成因问题,学术界仍没有一个统一的认识,在此背景下,本课题通过孢粉、炭屑并结合历史文献资料来研究西南岩溶区人类活动演变及其对环境的影响,通过对比分析揭示石漠化问题产生的原因。
通过对广西柳州龙寨表土孢粉研究发现：(1)洞穴沉积物的物质组成主要来源于地表河上、中游的冲刷,其孢粉组合与上、中游的植被与土地利用有密切关系。(2)研究区内人类活动较为强烈,孢粉组合主要为草本和蕨类植物,木本植物较少。(3)稻田和玉米地孢粉组合差异明显,稻田中水稻花粉,平均占36.39%,玉米地中,玉米花粉含量平均占13.22%。甘蔗地花粉组合中主要以高禾本科草类花粉及高蕨类植物孢子含量而与水田和玉米地相区别。而花生地、红薯地、大豆地易受其它花粉影响而不易识别。(4)除谷物花粉外,农田伴生草类对土地利用也具有较好的指示意义,莎草科、里白属孢粉指示稻作农业,而禾本科、菊科、蒿属等草类花粉对旱地具有较好指示。
通过对广西柳州龙寨剖面孢粉研究发现：(1)广西龙寨地区近1200年以来稻作农业的发展共经历了6个时期：唐晚期、五代到北宋、北宋到南宋、元朝到明末、清代到民国、解放后,其中唐朝、北宋到南宋、元朝到明末等这几个时期为稻作农业的面积较大。(2)在南宋末年或元朝初年,孢粉组合中首次出现了油菜花粉,可能说明该时期油菜随着中国人口的第二次大迁移,传入了广西。(3)自唐朝以来,广西龙寨地区的以水稻种植为主的土地利用格局已经形成,农业活动较为强烈,原生的木本植物在区内残存较少。
通过对重庆南平表土孢粉组合研究发现：(1)石漠化区,人类活动剧烈,土地利用主要以旱地为主,兼有水田,除水田与玉米地外,其他几种土地利用孢粉组合差异性较小。(2)在石漠化样地中,玉米花粉含量较高,可能说明石漠化的发生于玉米种植有一定的关系,但并不能确定玉米种植就是石漠化产生的唯一原因。
通过对重庆南平剖面孢粉研究发现：(1)近1600年以来,重庆南平槽坡之上,人类活动经历了5个阶段：宋朝以前,人类活动较弱,植被保存较好,宋朝以后到明朝初期,出现了第一个干扰阶段；明朝中期以后,人类活动减弱,木本植物花粉升高,到清朝乾隆以后,人类活动再次加强,森林大面积减少,开垦为耕地,种植水稻和玉米、甘薯,开始了石漠化的进程,到19世纪30年代,连片裸岩开始出现。(2)石漠化的发生是人类活动的结果,但石漠化的发生不只与玉米、红薯的种植有关,实质上是在坡地开荒等不合理的农业利用方式的结果。(3)大面积种植粮食,说明人口的增长促进对粮食的需求,是产生石漠化的根本驱动力。
广西龙寨和重庆南平剖面相对比,广西柳州龙寨地区不存在石漠化问题,而重庆南平则出现了比较严重的石漠化问题,我们认为自然因素(地质、地貌、气候等)为石漠化发生提供了的基本条件,而人类活动是石漠化发生的主要原因,驱动力为人口的增长。
近1600年来,植被的变化主要受人类活动的影响,单纯通过植被的变化已很难准确重建气候变化的过程,但结合气候记录与孢粉组合的变化,我们发现重要的气候事件对人类农业活动产生重要影响,如在中世纪暖期,气候温暖湿润,农业活动强烈；小冰期时气候干冷,农业活动减弱。
Recently, the globe changes over the past2000a has become the hottest topic for scientists from various countries. It's has a correlation with Human and affects the development of human society. Meanwhile, human has also had an important impact on the environment of global during the past2000years, such as, human activity has significantly changed the temperature of the global and fundamentally changed the composition of the Earth's vegetation system. Therefore, explore the global environmental change under the influence of human activity has become an important issue of global change research.
Pollen-spore and charcoal are important ecological indicators for reconstructing the palaeo-environment. Pollen-spore is generally used to reconstruct palaeo-vegetation and charcoal is generally used to reveal the occurrence of fire. Pollen-spore and charcoal is the best way to reconstruct palaeo-vegetation and palaeo-climate change and to identify human activities. Some researchers have done lots of work in reconstructing paleo-vegetation and palaeo-climate(Wang et al,1997; Xu et al,2004; Zhang,2002;Zheng,2004; Luo et al,2012). In recent20years, with the development of environmental archeology, more and more pollen researchers, turned to the environment evolution of human disturbance (Hjelle,1997; Court-Picon,2006; Zhang,2007; Li et al,2008;Li,2009).
Southwest karst area is the world's largest contiguous karst areas, about620,000km2, accounting for1/3of total area of China. Meanwhile, it's also a densely populated areas, with a population over100million and exceeding20million poor. In such a large population pressure, resulting in a series of problems, for example, environmental pollution, soil erosion, the rocky desertification, floods and drought etc, and rocky desertification has limited the development of the economy and society in southwest karst area. Therefore, resolving this issue relates to economic development and social stability. In recent years, many researchers have done lots of study on rocky desertification, so we have a comprehensive understanding of the issue, but its cause is still not unified. In this context, we use pollen-spore and charcoal, combinning with historical materials, to study human impact on southwest karst envirionment, in order to figure out the cause of rocky desertification.
According to the result of surface pollen-spore data in Longzhai,Guangxi province, it is found that:(1) Cave sediments mainly comes from upper and middle reaches of surface river, and its pollen assemblages is related to the vegetation and land use of upper and middle reaches.(2) Human activity is more intense in study area, and its pollen assemblages is mainly composed by herbs and ferns,trees are seldom.(3) Pollen spectrum is different between rice and corn paddies. In rice paddy,the rice pollen accounted for36.39%,while in corn paddy, Zea pollen accounted for an average of13.22%. The sugarcane fields pollen assemblages different from which is in rice and maize filed, and mainly composed by Poaceae herbs and high percentage spore of ferns. Peanut, sweet potato, soybean fields pollen assemblages which are influenced by other pollen are not easy to identify (4) Apart cereal pollen, some weeds and ferns pollen-spore also has significant indicate for different land use, such as, Cyperaceae and Hicriopteris can indicates rice filed,at the same time Poaeae(grass^Composite> Artemisia indicates corn fields.
According to the result of pollen-spore data in Longzhai section,Guangxi province,it is found that:(1) Rice cultivating experienced six stages in Longzhai:late Tang, North Song to south Song, Yuan to late Ming, Qing to Republic, new China, and the Tang Dynasty, the Northern Song to the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty to the late Ming periods rice cultivating expanded.(2) The emerge of Brassica campestris L pollen grain indicates the cole was introduced to Guangxi during late south Song and early Yuan Dynasty, following the second population migration in history.(3) Since the Tang dynasty, the land use pattern of the main rice-cultivating was stabilished, undergoing a long and intencely agricultural activities and the nature vegetation was destroyed.
According to the result of surface pollen-spore data in Nanping,Chongqing,it is found that:(1)Human impact is very dramatic in rocky desertification area, and the main land use is dry land, the difference of pollen assemblages of various land use is small.(2) In the rocky desertification samples, higher levels of corn pollen may indicate the occurrence of rocky desertification in related to corn planting,but corn planting is not the only factor can induce rocky desertification.(3) It's easly to distinguish rice paddy and corn fields,but other land uses, such as sweet potatoes, peanuts, soybeans are difficult to distinguish.
According to the result of pollen-spore data in Nanping section, Chongqing,it is found that:(1) On the trough slope of Nanping, human activities has gone through five stages:before Song dynasty human activity was weak and vegetation was well preserved. Song Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty was the first interference stage, after that,the human impact declined again and until Qing Dynasty, human activities re-strengthened, which resulted in forest reduce, replaced by rice paddy and corn fields,and the process of rocky desertification began, and till1830s the rocky desertification occurrence.(2) Rocky desertification is a result of human activities, but its occurrence is not only related to corn planting, other land use and unreasonable agricultural use may also lead to rocky desertification.(3) Large-scale cultivation of food indicated population growth for the demand for food, which is the fundamental driving force of the rocky desertification.
Compare the two sections we found:under the same natural conditions, rocky desertification problem does not occur in Longzhai, while Nanping facing serious rocky desertification problems,so we believe that natural factors(geology, topography, climate) provides the basic conditions for rocky desertification, while human activity is the key reason for rocky desertification, and the growth of population is a driving force.
In the past1600years, vegetation changes have been affected by human activities.It's difficult to reconstruct climate changes only by pollen-spore data, but combining climate records with pollen-spore data, we found hat the climate events can affect agricultural activities, such as, in Medieval Warm Period, the climate was warm and humid, agricultural activities was intense, but in Little Ice Age, climate was cold and dry, agricultural activities weakened.
孢粉和炭屑是重建古环境的重要的生态学指标,孢粉一般用来恢复古植被的变化,而炭屑一般用来指示“火”的发生。孢粉、炭屑分析是目前重建过去植被和气候变化、识别人类活动信息最佳方法。前人在重建古植被、古气候方面做了大量的研究(王琫瑜等,1997；张虎才,2002；许清海等,2004；郑卓,2003；罗运利,2012)。近20年来,随着环境考古学的发展,越来越多的孢粉学者,将注意力转向了人类活动干扰下环境及其演变研究(Hjelle,1997; Court-Picon,2006;张振卿,2007；李宜垠等,2008;Li et al,2009)。
西南岩溶区为世界上最大的连片岩溶区,岩溶区面积为62万km2,同时,西南岩溶区又是人口密集区,据调查西南岩溶区人口超1亿,其中贫困人口2000多万,在如此大的人口压力下,产生了一系列问题,如环境污染、水土流失,石漠化,洪涝和干旱等,其中石漠化问题已经成为制约西南地区经济、社会发展的重要因素,解决好石漠化问题关系到经济的发展和社会的稳定。近十几年来,很多学者对石漠化进行了研究,使我们对这一问题有了一个全面的认识,但对石漠化的成因问题,学术界仍没有一个统一的认识,在此背景下,本课题通过孢粉、炭屑并结合历史文献资料来研究西南岩溶区人类活动演变及其对环境的影响,通过对比分析揭示石漠化问题产生的原因。
通过对广西柳州龙寨表土孢粉研究发现：(1)洞穴沉积物的物质组成主要来源于地表河上、中游的冲刷,其孢粉组合与上、中游的植被与土地利用有密切关系。(2)研究区内人类活动较为强烈,孢粉组合主要为草本和蕨类植物,木本植物较少。(3)稻田和玉米地孢粉组合差异明显,稻田中水稻花粉,平均占36.39%,玉米地中,玉米花粉含量平均占13.22%。甘蔗地花粉组合中主要以高禾本科草类花粉及高蕨类植物孢子含量而与水田和玉米地相区别。而花生地、红薯地、大豆地易受其它花粉影响而不易识别。(4)除谷物花粉外,农田伴生草类对土地利用也具有较好的指示意义,莎草科、里白属孢粉指示稻作农业,而禾本科、菊科、蒿属等草类花粉对旱地具有较好指示。
通过对广西柳州龙寨剖面孢粉研究发现：(1)广西龙寨地区近1200年以来稻作农业的发展共经历了6个时期：唐晚期、五代到北宋、北宋到南宋、元朝到明末、清代到民国、解放后,其中唐朝、北宋到南宋、元朝到明末等这几个时期为稻作农业的面积较大。(2)在南宋末年或元朝初年,孢粉组合中首次出现了油菜花粉,可能说明该时期油菜随着中国人口的第二次大迁移,传入了广西。(3)自唐朝以来,广西龙寨地区的以水稻种植为主的土地利用格局已经形成,农业活动较为强烈,原生的木本植物在区内残存较少。
通过对重庆南平表土孢粉组合研究发现：(1)石漠化区,人类活动剧烈,土地利用主要以旱地为主,兼有水田,除水田与玉米地外,其他几种土地利用孢粉组合差异性较小。(2)在石漠化样地中,玉米花粉含量较高,可能说明石漠化的发生于玉米种植有一定的关系,但并不能确定玉米种植就是石漠化产生的唯一原因。
通过对重庆南平剖面孢粉研究发现：(1)近1600年以来,重庆南平槽坡之上,人类活动经历了5个阶段：宋朝以前,人类活动较弱,植被保存较好,宋朝以后到明朝初期,出现了第一个干扰阶段；明朝中期以后,人类活动减弱,木本植物花粉升高,到清朝乾隆以后,人类活动再次加强,森林大面积减少,开垦为耕地,种植水稻和玉米、甘薯,开始了石漠化的进程,到19世纪30年代,连片裸岩开始出现。(2)石漠化的发生是人类活动的结果,但石漠化的发生不只与玉米、红薯的种植有关,实质上是在坡地开荒等不合理的农业利用方式的结果。(3)大面积种植粮食,说明人口的增长促进对粮食的需求,是产生石漠化的根本驱动力。
广西龙寨和重庆南平剖面相对比,广西柳州龙寨地区不存在石漠化问题,而重庆南平则出现了比较严重的石漠化问题,我们认为自然因素(地质、地貌、气候等)为石漠化发生提供了的基本条件,而人类活动是石漠化发生的主要原因,驱动力为人口的增长。
近1600年来,植被的变化主要受人类活动的影响,单纯通过植被的变化已很难准确重建气候变化的过程,但结合气候记录与孢粉组合的变化,我们发现重要的气候事件对人类农业活动产生重要影响,如在中世纪暖期,气候温暖湿润,农业活动强烈；小冰期时气候干冷,农业活动减弱。
Recently, the globe changes over the past2000a has become the hottest topic for scientists from various countries. It's has a correlation with Human and affects the development of human society. Meanwhile, human has also had an important impact on the environment of global during the past2000years, such as, human activity has significantly changed the temperature of the global and fundamentally changed the composition of the Earth's vegetation system. Therefore, explore the global environmental change under the influence of human activity has become an important issue of global change research.
Pollen-spore and charcoal are important ecological indicators for reconstructing the palaeo-environment. Pollen-spore is generally used to reconstruct palaeo-vegetation and charcoal is generally used to reveal the occurrence of fire. Pollen-spore and charcoal is the best way to reconstruct palaeo-vegetation and palaeo-climate change and to identify human activities. Some researchers have done lots of work in reconstructing paleo-vegetation and palaeo-climate(Wang et al,1997; Xu et al,2004; Zhang,2002;Zheng,2004; Luo et al,2012). In recent20years, with the development of environmental archeology, more and more pollen researchers, turned to the environment evolution of human disturbance (Hjelle,1997; Court-Picon,2006; Zhang,2007; Li et al,2008;Li,2009).
Southwest karst area is the world's largest contiguous karst areas, about620,000km2, accounting for1/3of total area of China. Meanwhile, it's also a densely populated areas, with a population over100million and exceeding20million poor. In such a large population pressure, resulting in a series of problems, for example, environmental pollution, soil erosion, the rocky desertification, floods and drought etc, and rocky desertification has limited the development of the economy and society in southwest karst area. Therefore, resolving this issue relates to economic development and social stability. In recent years, many researchers have done lots of study on rocky desertification, so we have a comprehensive understanding of the issue, but its cause is still not unified. In this context, we use pollen-spore and charcoal, combinning with historical materials, to study human impact on southwest karst envirionment, in order to figure out the cause of rocky desertification.
According to the result of surface pollen-spore data in Longzhai,Guangxi province, it is found that:(1) Cave sediments mainly comes from upper and middle reaches of surface river, and its pollen assemblages is related to the vegetation and land use of upper and middle reaches.(2) Human activity is more intense in study area, and its pollen assemblages is mainly composed by herbs and ferns,trees are seldom.(3) Pollen spectrum is different between rice and corn paddies. In rice paddy,the rice pollen accounted for36.39%,while in corn paddy, Zea pollen accounted for an average of13.22%. The sugarcane fields pollen assemblages different from which is in rice and maize filed, and mainly composed by Poaceae herbs and high percentage spore of ferns. Peanut, sweet potato, soybean fields pollen assemblages which are influenced by other pollen are not easy to identify (4) Apart cereal pollen, some weeds and ferns pollen-spore also has significant indicate for different land use, such as, Cyperaceae and Hicriopteris can indicates rice filed,at the same time Poaeae(grass^Composite> Artemisia indicates corn fields.
According to the result of pollen-spore data in Longzhai section,Guangxi province,it is found that:(1) Rice cultivating experienced six stages in Longzhai:late Tang, North Song to south Song, Yuan to late Ming, Qing to Republic, new China, and the Tang Dynasty, the Northern Song to the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty to the late Ming periods rice cultivating expanded.(2) The emerge of Brassica campestris L pollen grain indicates the cole was introduced to Guangxi during late south Song and early Yuan Dynasty, following the second population migration in history.(3) Since the Tang dynasty, the land use pattern of the main rice-cultivating was stabilished, undergoing a long and intencely agricultural activities and the nature vegetation was destroyed.
According to the result of surface pollen-spore data in Nanping,Chongqing,it is found that:(1)Human impact is very dramatic in rocky desertification area, and the main land use is dry land, the difference of pollen assemblages of various land use is small.(2) In the rocky desertification samples, higher levels of corn pollen may indicate the occurrence of rocky desertification in related to corn planting,but corn planting is not the only factor can induce rocky desertification.(3) It's easly to distinguish rice paddy and corn fields,but other land uses, such as sweet potatoes, peanuts, soybeans are difficult to distinguish.
According to the result of pollen-spore data in Nanping section, Chongqing,it is found that:(1) On the trough slope of Nanping, human activities has gone through five stages:before Song dynasty human activity was weak and vegetation was well preserved. Song Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty was the first interference stage, after that,the human impact declined again and until Qing Dynasty, human activities re-strengthened, which resulted in forest reduce, replaced by rice paddy and corn fields,and the process of rocky desertification began, and till1830s the rocky desertification occurrence.(2) Rocky desertification is a result of human activities, but its occurrence is not only related to corn planting, other land use and unreasonable agricultural use may also lead to rocky desertification.(3) Large-scale cultivation of food indicated population growth for the demand for food, which is the fundamental driving force of the rocky desertification.
Compare the two sections we found:under the same natural conditions, rocky desertification problem does not occur in Longzhai, while Nanping facing serious rocky desertification problems,so we believe that natural factors(geology, topography, climate) provides the basic conditions for rocky desertification, while human activity is the key reason for rocky desertification, and the growth of population is a driving force.
In the past1600years, vegetation changes have been affected by human activities.It's difficult to reconstruct climate changes only by pollen-spore data, but combining climate records with pollen-spore data, we found hat the climate events can affect agricultural activities, such as, in Medieval Warm Period, the climate was warm and humid, agricultural activities was intense, but in Little Ice Age, climate was cold and dry, agricultural activities weakened.
引文
Behre K E.The interpretation of anthropogenic indicators in pollen diagrams[J]. Pollen Spores(1981) 23:225-245.
Bennett K. D., Boreham S., Sharp M. J, and Switsur V. R. Holocene history of environment, vegetation and human settlement on Catta Ness, Lunnasting, Shetland[J]. Journal of Ecology(1992) 80:241-273.
Behre KE. Anthropogenic Indicators in Pollen Diagram[M]. Rotterdam:A A Balkema,1986.
Behre K. E.. The role of man in European vegetation history. In:Vegetation history (ed. B. Huntley & T. Webb) (1988) 633-672. Kluwer Acad. Publ, Dordrecht.
Birks H H, Birks H J B, Kaland P E, et al, eds. The Cultural Landscape——Past, Present and Future[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
Berglund B E. Vegetation history and human influence in south Scandinavia during prehistoric time[J]. Oikos(1969) 12(Suppl):9-28.
Brun C, Dessaint F, Richard H, Bretagnolle F. Arable-weed flora and its pollen representation:A case study from the eastern part of France[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(2007) 146:29-50.
Brun C. Biodiversity changes in highly anthropogenic environments (cultivated and ruderal) from the Neolithic to present day in the eastern part of France[J]. Holocene(2009) 19:861-871.
Brun C. Anthropogenic indicators in pollen diagrams in eastern France a critical review[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2011) 20:135-142.
Berglund B.E., Birks H.J.B., Ralska Jasiewiczowa M., Wright H.E. (Eds.). Palaeoecological Events during the Last 15,000 years. Regional Syntheses of Palaeoecological Studies of Lakes and Mires in Europe[J]. Wiley, Chichester(1996):1-764.
Crutzen P J, Stormer E F. The "Anthropogene". IGBP NewsLetter(2000) 41:17-18.
Caseldine C J. Surface pollen studies across Bankhead Moss, Fife, Scotland[J]. Journal of Biogeography(1981) 8:7-25.
Carcaillet C, Ali A A, Blarquez O, Genries A, Mourier B, Bremond L. Spatial variability of fire history in subalpine forests:From nature to cultural regimes[J].
ECOSCIENCE(2009),16(1):1-12.
Conedera M, Krebs P, Tinner W, Pradella M, Torriani D. The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill.) in Europe,from its origin to its diffusion on a continental scale[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2004),13:161-179.
Court Picon M., Buttler A., Beaulieu (de) J.L. Modern pollen/vegetation/landuse relationships in mountain environments:an example from the Champsaur valley (French Alps) [J]. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot(2006),15 (3):151-168.
Dimbleby G W. The Palynology of Archaeological Sites[M]. London:Academic Press,1985.
Dumayne Peaty L. Late Holocene human impact on the vegetation of southeastern Scotland:a pollen diagram from Dogden Moss, Berwickshire[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(1999),105:121-141.
Demske D, Tarasov P E, Nakagawa T, Suigetsu 2006 Project Members. Atlas of pollen, spores and further non-pollen palynomorphs recorded in the glacial-interglacial late Quaternary sediments of Lake Suigetsu, central Japan[J]. Quaternary International(2012),1-75.
Ejarque A, Miras Y, Riera S. Pollen and non-pollen palynomorph indicators of vegetation and highland grazing activities obtained from modern surface and dung datasets in the eastern Pyrenees[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(2011),167:123-139.
Firbas F. Der Pollenanalytysche Nachweis des Getreidebaus[J]. Zeitschrift fur Botanik(1937) 31:447-448.
Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R., Crane, P.R. Cretaceous angiosperm flowers:innovation and evolution in plant reproduction[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology(2006) 232:251-293.
Gaillard M. J, Birks H.J.B, Emanuelsson U, Berglund B.E. Modern pollen/land use relationships as an aid in the reconstruction of past land uses and cultural landscapes:an example from south Sweden[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (1992) 1:3-17.
Gaillard M. J, Birks H.J.B, Emanuelsson U, Karlsson S, Lageras P, Olausson D. Application of modern pollen/land-use relationships to the interpretation of pollen diagrams-reconstructions of landuse history in south Sweden,3000-0 BP[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(1994) 82(12):47-73.
Glasspool, I.J., Edwards, D., Axe, L. Charcoal in the Early Devonian:a wildfire-derived Konservat Lagerstatte[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(2006) 142:131-136.
Greisman A, Gaillard M J. The role of climate variability and fire in early and mid Holocene forest dynamics of southern Sweden[J]. JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE(2009),24(6):593-611.
Haug G H, Giinther D, Peterson L C, Sigman D M, Hughen K A, Aeschlimann B. Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization[J].Science(2003)299:1731-1735.
Heckenberger M J, Kuikuro A, Kuikuro U T, Russell J C, Schmidt M, Fausto C, Franchetto B. Amazonia 1492:Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland? [J]. Science(2003) 301,1710
Hicks S. The history of wilderness area in Finnish Lapland as revealed by pollen analysis. Arctic Centre Publications(1995) 7:126-140.
Hicks S, Birks H.J.B. Numerical analysis of modern and fossil pollen spectra as a tool for elucidating the nature of fine scale human activities in boreal areas[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (1996) 5:257-272.
Hjelle K.L. Relationships between pollen and plants in human-influenced vegetation types using presence absence data in western Norway[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(1997) 99:1-16.
Hjelle K.L. Modern pollen assemblages from mown and grazed vegetation types in western Norway[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(1999) 107:55-81.
Hjelle K L. Modern analogues and numerical analyses used in the reconstruction of past vegetation and landuse practices[J]. AmS Skrifter(2000) 16:93-101.
Hunt B G, Elliott T I. A Simulation of the climatic conditions associated with the collapse of the Maya civilization[J]. Climatic Change (2005) 69:393-407.
Iversen J. The influence of prehistoric man on vegetation. Dan Geol Under, Ser Ⅳ(1949) 3(6): 1-25.
Kaltenrieder P, Procacci G, Vanniere B, Tinner W. Vegetation and fire history of the Euganean Hills (Colli Euganei) as recorded by Lateglacial and Holocene sedimentary series from Lago della Costa (northeastern Italy) [J]. The Holocene(2010) 20(5):679-695.
Lane C S, Horn S P, Taylor Z P et al. Assessing the scale of prehistoric human impact in the neotropics using stable carbon isotope analyses of lake sediments:A test case from Costa Rica[J]. Latin American Antiquity(2009),20:120-133.
Lindbladh M, Niklasson M, Nilsson S G Long-time record of fire and open canopy in a high biodiversity forest in southeast Sweden[J]. Biological Conservation(2003),114:231-243.
Li X Q, Shang X, Dodson J, Zhou X Y. Holocene agriculture in the Guanzhong Basin in NW China indicated by pollen and charcoal evidence[J].The Holocene(2009)19(8):1213-1220.
Li H C, Bischoff J L, Ku T L, Lund S P, Stott L D. Climate Variability in East-Central California during the Past 1000 Years Reflected by High Resolution Geochemical and Isotopic Records from Owens Lake Sediments[J]. Quaternary Research (2000) 54:189-197.
Mighall T M, Timpany S, Blackford J J, Innes J B, O'Brien C E, O'Brien W, Harrison S. Vegetation change during the Mesolithic and Neolithic on the Mizen Peninsula, Co. Cork, southwest Ireland[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2008) 17:617-628
Massa C, Bichet V, Gauthier E, Perren B B, Mathieu O, Petit C, Monna F, Giraudeau J, Losno R, Richard H. A 2500 year record of natural and anthropogenic soil erosion in South Greenland[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews 32 (2012) 119-130
McAndrews, J.H. Human disturbance of North American forests and grasslands:the fossil pollen record. In:B. Huntley and T. Webb III (Eds.). Vegetation History volume of Handbook of Vegetation Science series[M]. Kluwer, Utrecht(1988):673-697.
Mighall T M, Timpany S, Blackford J J, Innes J B, O'Brien C E, O'Brien W, Harrison S.Vegetation change during the Mesolithic and Neolithic on the Mizen Peninsula, Co. Cork, south-west Ireland[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2008) 17:617-628.
Olsson F, Lemdahl G A continuous Holocene beetle record from the site Stavsa°kra, southern Sweden:implications for the last 10 600 years of forest and land use history[J]. JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE (2008) DOI:10.1002/jqs.
Olsson F, Gaillard M J, Lemdahl G, Greisman A, Lanos P, Marguerie D, Marcoux N, Skoglund P, Waglind J. A continuous record of fire covering the last 10,500 calendar years from southern Sweden-The role of climate and human activities[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2010),291:128-141.
Overland A, O'Connell M. New insights into late Holocene farming and woodland dynamics in western Ireland with particular reference to the early medieval horizontal watermill at Kilbegly, Co. Roscommon[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(2011) 163:205-226.
Poska A., Konigsson L. K. Traces of Mesolithic landuse in a pollen diagram from the Arusoo Mire at Kunda. In:Hackens,T., Hicks, S., Lang, V., Miller, U., Saarse, L. (Eds.), Coastal Estonia. Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History.PACT(1996) 51:299-309.
Poska A., Vesk S. Man and environment at 9500 BP. A palynological study of an Early-Mesolithic settlement site in southwest Estonia[J]. Acta Palaeobotanica Supplement 1999) 2:603-607.
Poska A, Saarse L, Vesk S. Reflections of pre and early-agrarian human impact in the pollen diagrams of Estonia[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology(2004) 209:37-50.
Power, M.J., Marlon, J.R., Bartlein, P.J. and Harrison, S.P. Fire History and the Global Charcoal Database:a new tool for hypothesis testing and data exploration[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology(2010) 291(12):52-59.
Raynor GS, Ogden EC and Hayes JV Dispersion and deposition of corn pollen from experimental sources[J]. Agronomy Journal (1972) 64:420-427.
Riera Mora S, Esteban Amat A. Vegetation history and human activity during the last 6000 years on the central Catalan coast (northeastern Iberian Peninsula) [J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (1994) 3:7-23.
Soepboer W, Sugita S, Lotter A F. Regional vegetation-cover changes on the Swiss Plateau during the past two millennia:A pollen-based reconstruction using the REVEALS model [J]. Quaternary Science Reviews(2010) 29:472-483
Schofield J E, Edwards K J. Grazing impacts and woodland management in Eriksfjord:Betula, coprophilous fungi and the Norse settlement of Greenland[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2011) 20:181-197.
Scott, A.C. Forest fire in the fossil record. In:Cerda, A., Robichaud, P. (Eds.), Fire Effects on Soils and Restoration Strategies[M]. Science Publishers Inc., New Hampshire(2009) pp.1-37.
Scott, A.C. Charcoal recognition, taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology(2010) 291,11-39 (this issue).
Taylor C P,Horn S P,Finkelstein D B. Maize pollen concentrations in Neotropical lake sediments as an indicator of the scale of prehistoric agriculture[J]. The Holocene(2012), DOI: 10.1177/0959683612450201.
Tan M, Liu T S, Hou J Z, Qin X G, Zhang H C, Li T Y. Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-scale revealed by a 2650 year stalagmite record of warm season temperature[J]. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS(2003) 30(12):191-194.
Tinner W, Leeuwen J FN, Colombaroli D, Vescovi E, Knaap W O, Henne P D, Pasta S, D'Angelo S, Mantia T L. Holocene environmental and climatic changes at Gorgo Basso, a coastal lake in southern Sicily, Italy[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews(2009) 28:1498-1510.
Ulli M. Huber and Vera Markgraf:European impact at the steppe forest ecotone in southern Patagonia[J]. The Holocene(2003) 13(4):567-579
Vanniere B, Colombaroli D, Chapron E, Leroux A, Tinner W, Magny M. Climate versus human-driven fire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes:the Holocene record of Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy)[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews (2008),27:1181-1196.
Willis K. J. Gillson L, Brncic T M. How "Virgin" Is Virgin Rainforest? [J]. Science(2004) 304:402-403.
Yang S X, Zheng Z,Huang K Y,Zong Y Q,Wang J H,Xu Q H, ect al. Modern pollen assemblages from cultivated rice fields and rice pollen morphology:Application to a study of ancient land use and agriculture in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].The Holocence(2012), DOI: 10.1177/0959683612449761.
Yao T D, Thompson L G, Duan K Q, Xu B Q, Wang N L, Pu J C, Tian L D, Sun W Z, Kang S Q, Qin X.Temperature and methane records over the last 2 ka in Dasuopu ice core[J]. Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences)(2002) 12:1068-1074.
Yi S H, Saito Y, Oshima H, Zhou Y Q, Wei H L.Holocene environmental history inferred from pollen assemblages in the Huanghe(Yellow River)delta, China:climate change and human impact[J].Quaternary Sci Rev(2003) 22:609-628.
曹艳峰,黄春长,庞奖励.运城盆地洪积扇全新世时期的野火与环境变化的初步探讨[J].植物生态学报(2005)29(4)：692-696.
崔海亭,李宜垠,胡金明,腰希申,李旸.利用炭屑显微结构复原青铜时代的植被[J].科学通报(2004)7(19)：1504-1507.
曹现勇.安阳恒河流域全新世以来环境变化与人类活动的沉积记录.(2008)学位论文.
程安云,王世杰,李阳兵,白晓永,倪雪波.贵州省喀斯特石漠化历史演变过程研究及其意义[J].水土保持通报(2010)30(2)：15-23.
冻国栋,吴松弟,曹树基,候杨方.中国人口史[M].复旦大学出版社,2001.
丁伟,庞瑞洺,许清海,李月丛,曹现勇.中国东部暖温带低山丘陵区表土花粉对人类活动的指示意义[J].科学通报(2011)56(11)：839-847.
韩昭庆.雍正王朝在贵州的开发对贵州石漠化的影响[J].复旦学报(社会科学版)(2006)2：120-140.
洪业汤,姜红波,陶发祥,洪冰,曾毅强,李汉鼎,冷雪天,Edwards T W D, Buhay W M, Elgood R J近5ka温度的金川泥炭δ18O记录[J].中国科学D辑(1997)27(6)：525-530.
李红春,顾德隆,陈文寄,袁道先,李铁英.高分辨率洞穴石笋中稳定同位素应用—北京元大都建立后对森林资源的破坏-δ13C记录[J].地质论评(1998b)44(5)：456-463.
李宜垠,周力平,崔海亭.人类活动的孢粉指示体[J].科学通报(2008)53(9)：991-1002.
李宜垠,侯树芳,莫多闻.湖北屈家岭遗址孢粉、炭屑记录与古文明发展[J].古地理学报(2009)11(6)：702-710.
李曼明,李月丛,许清海,庞瑞洺,丁伟,张生瑞,贺治国.东北地区人工扰动植被表土孢粉与植被和气候的关系[J].科学通报(2012)57(6)：453-464.
李小强,周新郢,尚雪,Dodson J黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义[J].湖泊科学(2006)18(5)：540-544.
李阳兵,王世杰,容丽.关于中国西南石漠化的若干问题[J].长江流域资源与环境(2003)12(6)：593-598.
李天庆、曹慧娟、康木生等.中国木本植物花粉电镜扫描图志[M].科学出版社,2011.
刘禹,蔡秋芳,宋慧明,安芷生,Linderholm H W青藏高原中东部2485年来温度变化幅度、速率、周期、原因及未来趋势[J].科学通报(2011)56(25)：2042-2051.
刘禹,安芷生,马海州,蔡秋芳,刘征宇,Kutzbach J K,史江峰,宋惠明,孙军艳,易亮,李强,杨银科,王雷.青海都兰地区公元850年以来树轮记录的降水变化及其与北半球气温的联系[J].中国科学D辑：地球科学(2006)36(5)：461-471.
刘鸿雁.第四纪生态学与全球变化[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.108-150
刘子琦.利用洞穴体系地球化学指标研究贵州中西部近现代石漠化的成因及趋势.(2008) 博士学位论文.
罗运利,陈怀成,吴国煊,孙湘君.南海最近3个冰期旋回中的天然火与气候—ODP1144孔深海沉积中的炭屑记录[J].中国科学D辑(2001)31(10)：854-860.
罗运利,陈怀成,孙湘君.南海北部地区百万年以来的天然火与气候：ODP1144孔深海沉积中的炭屑记录[J].科学通报(2006)51(8)：942-950.
罗运利,孙湘君.3.15-0.67Ma时段南海北部深海沉积物孢粉记录的植被演化及其对全球变化的响应[J].科学通报(2012)57(30)：2882-2891.马艳玲,许清海,黄小忠,周刚,张丽艳,陶士臣,孙惠玲.西北干旱区人工扰动植被类型花粉组合特征[J].古地理学报(2009)11：946-956.
庞瑞洺,许清海,丁伟,张生瑞.河北省中南部农田孢粉组合特征[J].地理学报(2010)65：1345-1354.
任洪岩,吾买尔夏提·塔汉,周桂玲.12种十字花科植物花粉形态研究[J].西北植物学报(2011)31(1)：72-78.
覃嘉铭,袁道先,林玉石,张会领,张美良,程海,王华,杨琰,冉景丞.公元8世纪以来贵州荔波石笋高分辨率的气候变化记录[J].中国岩溶(2008)27(3)：266-272.
宋学良,吴遇安,蒋志文等.云南中部石灰岩地区高原湖泊古湖沼学研究[M].昆明：云南科学技术出版社(1994)97-98.
孙湘君,李逊,陈怀成.南海北部最近37ka以来天然火与气候[J].中国科学D辑(2000)30(2)：163-168.
屠玉麟.贵州石漠化的现状及成因分析.石漠化地区的开发治理[M].贵州人民出版社(1996)pp：58-70.
吴立,王心源,张广胜,肖霞云.安徽巢湖湖泊沉积物孢粉—炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变[J].古地理学报(2008)10(2)：183-192.
王琫瑜,孙湘君.内蒙古察素齐泥炭剖面全新世古环境变迁的初步研究[J].科学通报(1997)42(5)：514-518.
王伏雄,钱南芬.中国植物花粉形态(第二版)[M].科学出版社,1995.
王嘉学.人地关系视角下的西南喀斯特石漠化发生与控制[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)(2009),41(4)：42-47.
王学丽,李月丛,许清海,曹现勇,张丽艳,田芳.安阳地区不同农业单元表土花粉组合 及其空间分异[J].科学通报(2010)55：1914-1923.
王世杰.喀斯特石漠化概念演绎及其科学内涵的探讨[J].中国岩溶(2002)21(2)：101-105.
王中宇.“发展”VS“生存”—由山地问题引发的思考.科学时报,20096月10日A3.
王中宇.“横看成岭侧成峰”观察西南岩溶地区的另类视角.科学时报,2009 10月19日A3.
徐仁.中国云南中部与西南部晚更新世-全新世花粉分析.见：中国科学院中澳第四纪合作研究组编.中国-澳大利亚第四纪学术讨论会论文集[M].北京：科学出版社(1987)：11-20.
谢远云,李长安,王秋良,殷鸿福.江陵地区全新世早期人类活动的孢粉记录[J].地理科学(2008)28(2)：276-281.
许清海,肖举乐,中村俊夫,阳小兰等.全新世以来岱海盆地植被演替和气候变化的孢粉学证据[J].冰川冻土(2004)26(1)：73-80.
许清海,肖举乐,中村俊夫,阳小兰,杨振京,梁文栋,井内美郎,杨素叶.孢粉资料定量重建全新世以来岱海盆地的古气候[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质(2003)23(4)：99-108.
许清海,李月丛,李育,阳小兰,张振卿,贾红娟.现代花粉过程与第四纪环境研究若干问题讨论[J].自然科学进展(2006)16(6)：647-656.
杨士超.民国时期贵州石漠化分布的复原及其成因研究.(2010)硕士学位论文.
袁道先,蔡桂鸿.岩溶环境学[M].重庆出版社,1988.
袁道先.袁道先院士1981年在美国科技促进年会(AAAS)的学术报告.1981
袁国映,赵子允.楼兰古城的兴衰及其与环境变化的关系[J].干旱区地理(1997)20(3)：7-12.
严奇岩.清代玉米的引进与推广对贵州石漠化的影响[J].贵州师范大学学报(社会科学版),2010,3：48-53.
杨士雄,郑卓,黄康有,等.亚热带稻作区表土孢粉研究及其考古学应用[J].第四纪研究(2010)30：262-272.
杨士雄,郑卓,谭惠忠,张镇洪,王宏,李杰.香港西贡壕涌新石器以来的环境演变及人类活动[J].热带地理(2011)31(4)：339-345.
杨士雄,郑卓,黄康有,李杰,韦潇君,许清海.华南主要作物和蔬果类现代花粉形态及农业考古研究价值[J].微体古生物学报(2012)29(1)：80-98.
张健平,吕厚远.现代植物炭屑形态的初步分析及其古环境意义[J].第四纪研究(2006) 26(5)：857-863.
张丕远,王铮,刘啸雷,张时煌.中国近2000年来气候演变的阶段性[J].中国科学B辑(1994)24(9)：998-1008.
张玉兰,余素华.深圳地区晚第四纪孢粉组合及古环境演变[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质(1999)19(2)：109-114.
张振克,吴瑞金,沈吉,潘红玺,夏威岚,吴艳宏.近2000年来云南洱海沉积记录的气候变化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质(2001)21(2)：31-35.
张美良,朱晓燕,程海,林玉石,覃嘉铭,冉景丞,王华,何师意.贵州荔波1200年来石笋高分辨率的古气候环境记录[J].地球学报(2009)36(6)：831-840.
竺可桢.论我国气候的几个特点及其与粮食作物生产的关系[J].地理学报(1964)30(1)：1-13.
张虎才,马玉贞等.距今42-18ka腾格里沙漠古湖泊及古环境[J].科学通报,2002,47(24)1847-1857
郑卓,王建华,王斌等.海南岛双池玛饵湖全新世高分辨率环境纪录[J].科学通报(2003)48(3)：282-286.
郑卓,邓韫,张华,余荣春,陈炽新.华南沿海热带-亚热带地区全新世环境变化与人类活动的关系[J].第四纪研究(2004)24(4)：387-393.
朱育新,王苏民,羊向东,吴瑞金.中晚全新世江汉平原钙城地区古人类活动的湖泊沉积记录[J].湖泊科学(1999)11(1)：33-39.
张佳华,孔昭宸,杜乃秋.北京房山东甘池15000年以来炭屑分析及对火发生可能性的探讨[J].植物生态学报(1997)21(2)：161-168.
张祥稳,惠富平.清代中晚期山地广种玉米之动因[J].史学月刊(2007),10：34-40.
张祥稳,惠富平.清代中晚期山地种植玉米引发的水土流失及其遏止措施[J].中国农史,2006(3)：13-21.
张振卿,许清海,李月丛,阳小兰,荆志淳,唐际根.殷墟地区土壤剖面孢粉组合特征及环境意义[J].第四纪研究(2007)27(3)：461-468.
张振克,吴瑞金,朱育新,潘红玺,吴艳宏,夏威岚,李徐生.云南洱海流域人类活动的湖泊沉积记录分析[J].地理学报(2000)55(1)：66-74.
张友谊.清代贵州石漠化的分布状况及其人为成因的初步研究.(2010)硕士学位论文.
中国科学院北京植物研究所古植物研究室孢粉组.中国热带、亚热带蕨类植物孢子形态 [M].科学出版社,1976.
周忠泽.安徽省皖南山区植物的花粉形态和生态因子[J].古生物学报(2009)48(2)：268-289.
周政贤,毛志忠,喻理飞,丁贵杰,谢双喜,聂朝俊,陈则群.贵州石漠化退化土地及植被恢复模式[J].贵州科学(2002)20(1)：1-6.
Bennett K. D., Boreham S., Sharp M. J, and Switsur V. R. Holocene history of environment, vegetation and human settlement on Catta Ness, Lunnasting, Shetland[J]. Journal of Ecology(1992) 80:241-273.
Behre KE. Anthropogenic Indicators in Pollen Diagram[M]. Rotterdam:A A Balkema,1986.
Behre K. E.. The role of man in European vegetation history. In:Vegetation history (ed. B. Huntley & T. Webb) (1988) 633-672. Kluwer Acad. Publ, Dordrecht.
Birks H H, Birks H J B, Kaland P E, et al, eds. The Cultural Landscape——Past, Present and Future[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
Berglund B E. Vegetation history and human influence in south Scandinavia during prehistoric time[J]. Oikos(1969) 12(Suppl):9-28.
Brun C, Dessaint F, Richard H, Bretagnolle F. Arable-weed flora and its pollen representation:A case study from the eastern part of France[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(2007) 146:29-50.
Brun C. Biodiversity changes in highly anthropogenic environments (cultivated and ruderal) from the Neolithic to present day in the eastern part of France[J]. Holocene(2009) 19:861-871.
Brun C. Anthropogenic indicators in pollen diagrams in eastern France a critical review[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2011) 20:135-142.
Berglund B.E., Birks H.J.B., Ralska Jasiewiczowa M., Wright H.E. (Eds.). Palaeoecological Events during the Last 15,000 years. Regional Syntheses of Palaeoecological Studies of Lakes and Mires in Europe[J]. Wiley, Chichester(1996):1-764.
Crutzen P J, Stormer E F. The "Anthropogene". IGBP NewsLetter(2000) 41:17-18.
Caseldine C J. Surface pollen studies across Bankhead Moss, Fife, Scotland[J]. Journal of Biogeography(1981) 8:7-25.
Carcaillet C, Ali A A, Blarquez O, Genries A, Mourier B, Bremond L. Spatial variability of fire history in subalpine forests:From nature to cultural regimes[J].
ECOSCIENCE(2009),16(1):1-12.
Conedera M, Krebs P, Tinner W, Pradella M, Torriani D. The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill.) in Europe,from its origin to its diffusion on a continental scale[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2004),13:161-179.
Court Picon M., Buttler A., Beaulieu (de) J.L. Modern pollen/vegetation/landuse relationships in mountain environments:an example from the Champsaur valley (French Alps) [J]. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot(2006),15 (3):151-168.
Dimbleby G W. The Palynology of Archaeological Sites[M]. London:Academic Press,1985.
Dumayne Peaty L. Late Holocene human impact on the vegetation of southeastern Scotland:a pollen diagram from Dogden Moss, Berwickshire[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(1999),105:121-141.
Demske D, Tarasov P E, Nakagawa T, Suigetsu 2006 Project Members. Atlas of pollen, spores and further non-pollen palynomorphs recorded in the glacial-interglacial late Quaternary sediments of Lake Suigetsu, central Japan[J]. Quaternary International(2012),1-75.
Ejarque A, Miras Y, Riera S. Pollen and non-pollen palynomorph indicators of vegetation and highland grazing activities obtained from modern surface and dung datasets in the eastern Pyrenees[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(2011),167:123-139.
Firbas F. Der Pollenanalytysche Nachweis des Getreidebaus[J]. Zeitschrift fur Botanik(1937) 31:447-448.
Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R., Crane, P.R. Cretaceous angiosperm flowers:innovation and evolution in plant reproduction[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology(2006) 232:251-293.
Gaillard M. J, Birks H.J.B, Emanuelsson U, Berglund B.E. Modern pollen/land use relationships as an aid in the reconstruction of past land uses and cultural landscapes:an example from south Sweden[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (1992) 1:3-17.
Gaillard M. J, Birks H.J.B, Emanuelsson U, Karlsson S, Lageras P, Olausson D. Application of modern pollen/land-use relationships to the interpretation of pollen diagrams-reconstructions of landuse history in south Sweden,3000-0 BP[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(1994) 82(12):47-73.
Glasspool, I.J., Edwards, D., Axe, L. Charcoal in the Early Devonian:a wildfire-derived Konservat Lagerstatte[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(2006) 142:131-136.
Greisman A, Gaillard M J. The role of climate variability and fire in early and mid Holocene forest dynamics of southern Sweden[J]. JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE(2009),24(6):593-611.
Haug G H, Giinther D, Peterson L C, Sigman D M, Hughen K A, Aeschlimann B. Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization[J].Science(2003)299:1731-1735.
Heckenberger M J, Kuikuro A, Kuikuro U T, Russell J C, Schmidt M, Fausto C, Franchetto B. Amazonia 1492:Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland? [J]. Science(2003) 301,1710
Hicks S. The history of wilderness area in Finnish Lapland as revealed by pollen analysis. Arctic Centre Publications(1995) 7:126-140.
Hicks S, Birks H.J.B. Numerical analysis of modern and fossil pollen spectra as a tool for elucidating the nature of fine scale human activities in boreal areas[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (1996) 5:257-272.
Hjelle K.L. Relationships between pollen and plants in human-influenced vegetation types using presence absence data in western Norway[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(1997) 99:1-16.
Hjelle K.L. Modern pollen assemblages from mown and grazed vegetation types in western Norway[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(1999) 107:55-81.
Hjelle K L. Modern analogues and numerical analyses used in the reconstruction of past vegetation and landuse practices[J]. AmS Skrifter(2000) 16:93-101.
Hunt B G, Elliott T I. A Simulation of the climatic conditions associated with the collapse of the Maya civilization[J]. Climatic Change (2005) 69:393-407.
Iversen J. The influence of prehistoric man on vegetation. Dan Geol Under, Ser Ⅳ(1949) 3(6): 1-25.
Kaltenrieder P, Procacci G, Vanniere B, Tinner W. Vegetation and fire history of the Euganean Hills (Colli Euganei) as recorded by Lateglacial and Holocene sedimentary series from Lago della Costa (northeastern Italy) [J]. The Holocene(2010) 20(5):679-695.
Lane C S, Horn S P, Taylor Z P et al. Assessing the scale of prehistoric human impact in the neotropics using stable carbon isotope analyses of lake sediments:A test case from Costa Rica[J]. Latin American Antiquity(2009),20:120-133.
Lindbladh M, Niklasson M, Nilsson S G Long-time record of fire and open canopy in a high biodiversity forest in southeast Sweden[J]. Biological Conservation(2003),114:231-243.
Li X Q, Shang X, Dodson J, Zhou X Y. Holocene agriculture in the Guanzhong Basin in NW China indicated by pollen and charcoal evidence[J].The Holocene(2009)19(8):1213-1220.
Li H C, Bischoff J L, Ku T L, Lund S P, Stott L D. Climate Variability in East-Central California during the Past 1000 Years Reflected by High Resolution Geochemical and Isotopic Records from Owens Lake Sediments[J]. Quaternary Research (2000) 54:189-197.
Mighall T M, Timpany S, Blackford J J, Innes J B, O'Brien C E, O'Brien W, Harrison S. Vegetation change during the Mesolithic and Neolithic on the Mizen Peninsula, Co. Cork, southwest Ireland[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2008) 17:617-628
Massa C, Bichet V, Gauthier E, Perren B B, Mathieu O, Petit C, Monna F, Giraudeau J, Losno R, Richard H. A 2500 year record of natural and anthropogenic soil erosion in South Greenland[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews 32 (2012) 119-130
McAndrews, J.H. Human disturbance of North American forests and grasslands:the fossil pollen record. In:B. Huntley and T. Webb III (Eds.). Vegetation History volume of Handbook of Vegetation Science series[M]. Kluwer, Utrecht(1988):673-697.
Mighall T M, Timpany S, Blackford J J, Innes J B, O'Brien C E, O'Brien W, Harrison S.Vegetation change during the Mesolithic and Neolithic on the Mizen Peninsula, Co. Cork, south-west Ireland[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2008) 17:617-628.
Olsson F, Lemdahl G A continuous Holocene beetle record from the site Stavsa°kra, southern Sweden:implications for the last 10 600 years of forest and land use history[J]. JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE (2008) DOI:10.1002/jqs.
Olsson F, Gaillard M J, Lemdahl G, Greisman A, Lanos P, Marguerie D, Marcoux N, Skoglund P, Waglind J. A continuous record of fire covering the last 10,500 calendar years from southern Sweden-The role of climate and human activities[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2010),291:128-141.
Overland A, O'Connell M. New insights into late Holocene farming and woodland dynamics in western Ireland with particular reference to the early medieval horizontal watermill at Kilbegly, Co. Roscommon[J]. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology(2011) 163:205-226.
Poska A., Konigsson L. K. Traces of Mesolithic landuse in a pollen diagram from the Arusoo Mire at Kunda. In:Hackens,T., Hicks, S., Lang, V., Miller, U., Saarse, L. (Eds.), Coastal Estonia. Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History.PACT(1996) 51:299-309.
Poska A., Vesk S. Man and environment at 9500 BP. A palynological study of an Early-Mesolithic settlement site in southwest Estonia[J]. Acta Palaeobotanica Supplement 1999) 2:603-607.
Poska A, Saarse L, Vesk S. Reflections of pre and early-agrarian human impact in the pollen diagrams of Estonia[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology(2004) 209:37-50.
Power, M.J., Marlon, J.R., Bartlein, P.J. and Harrison, S.P. Fire History and the Global Charcoal Database:a new tool for hypothesis testing and data exploration[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology(2010) 291(12):52-59.
Raynor GS, Ogden EC and Hayes JV Dispersion and deposition of corn pollen from experimental sources[J]. Agronomy Journal (1972) 64:420-427.
Riera Mora S, Esteban Amat A. Vegetation history and human activity during the last 6000 years on the central Catalan coast (northeastern Iberian Peninsula) [J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (1994) 3:7-23.
Soepboer W, Sugita S, Lotter A F. Regional vegetation-cover changes on the Swiss Plateau during the past two millennia:A pollen-based reconstruction using the REVEALS model [J]. Quaternary Science Reviews(2010) 29:472-483
Schofield J E, Edwards K J. Grazing impacts and woodland management in Eriksfjord:Betula, coprophilous fungi and the Norse settlement of Greenland[J]. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2011) 20:181-197.
Scott, A.C. Forest fire in the fossil record. In:Cerda, A., Robichaud, P. (Eds.), Fire Effects on Soils and Restoration Strategies[M]. Science Publishers Inc., New Hampshire(2009) pp.1-37.
Scott, A.C. Charcoal recognition, taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology(2010) 291,11-39 (this issue).
Taylor C P,Horn S P,Finkelstein D B. Maize pollen concentrations in Neotropical lake sediments as an indicator of the scale of prehistoric agriculture[J]. The Holocene(2012), DOI: 10.1177/0959683612450201.
Tan M, Liu T S, Hou J Z, Qin X G, Zhang H C, Li T Y. Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-scale revealed by a 2650 year stalagmite record of warm season temperature[J]. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS(2003) 30(12):191-194.
Tinner W, Leeuwen J FN, Colombaroli D, Vescovi E, Knaap W O, Henne P D, Pasta S, D'Angelo S, Mantia T L. Holocene environmental and climatic changes at Gorgo Basso, a coastal lake in southern Sicily, Italy[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews(2009) 28:1498-1510.
Ulli M. Huber and Vera Markgraf:European impact at the steppe forest ecotone in southern Patagonia[J]. The Holocene(2003) 13(4):567-579
Vanniere B, Colombaroli D, Chapron E, Leroux A, Tinner W, Magny M. Climate versus human-driven fire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes:the Holocene record of Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy)[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews (2008),27:1181-1196.
Willis K. J. Gillson L, Brncic T M. How "Virgin" Is Virgin Rainforest? [J]. Science(2004) 304:402-403.
Yang S X, Zheng Z,Huang K Y,Zong Y Q,Wang J H,Xu Q H, ect al. Modern pollen assemblages from cultivated rice fields and rice pollen morphology:Application to a study of ancient land use and agriculture in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].The Holocence(2012), DOI: 10.1177/0959683612449761.
Yao T D, Thompson L G, Duan K Q, Xu B Q, Wang N L, Pu J C, Tian L D, Sun W Z, Kang S Q, Qin X.Temperature and methane records over the last 2 ka in Dasuopu ice core[J]. Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences)(2002) 12:1068-1074.
Yi S H, Saito Y, Oshima H, Zhou Y Q, Wei H L.Holocene environmental history inferred from pollen assemblages in the Huanghe(Yellow River)delta, China:climate change and human impact[J].Quaternary Sci Rev(2003) 22:609-628.
曹艳峰,黄春长,庞奖励.运城盆地洪积扇全新世时期的野火与环境变化的初步探讨[J].植物生态学报(2005)29(4)：692-696.
崔海亭,李宜垠,胡金明,腰希申,李旸.利用炭屑显微结构复原青铜时代的植被[J].科学通报(2004)7(19)：1504-1507.
曹现勇.安阳恒河流域全新世以来环境变化与人类活动的沉积记录.(2008)学位论文.
程安云,王世杰,李阳兵,白晓永,倪雪波.贵州省喀斯特石漠化历史演变过程研究及其意义[J].水土保持通报(2010)30(2)：15-23.
冻国栋,吴松弟,曹树基,候杨方.中国人口史[M].复旦大学出版社,2001.
丁伟,庞瑞洺,许清海,李月丛,曹现勇.中国东部暖温带低山丘陵区表土花粉对人类活动的指示意义[J].科学通报(2011)56(11)：839-847.
韩昭庆.雍正王朝在贵州的开发对贵州石漠化的影响[J].复旦学报(社会科学版)(2006)2：120-140.
洪业汤,姜红波,陶发祥,洪冰,曾毅强,李汉鼎,冷雪天,Edwards T W D, Buhay W M, Elgood R J近5ka温度的金川泥炭δ18O记录[J].中国科学D辑(1997)27(6)：525-530.
李红春,顾德隆,陈文寄,袁道先,李铁英.高分辨率洞穴石笋中稳定同位素应用—北京元大都建立后对森林资源的破坏-δ13C记录[J].地质论评(1998b)44(5)：456-463.
李宜垠,周力平,崔海亭.人类活动的孢粉指示体[J].科学通报(2008)53(9)：991-1002.
李宜垠,侯树芳,莫多闻.湖北屈家岭遗址孢粉、炭屑记录与古文明发展[J].古地理学报(2009)11(6)：702-710.
李曼明,李月丛,许清海,庞瑞洺,丁伟,张生瑞,贺治国.东北地区人工扰动植被表土孢粉与植被和气候的关系[J].科学通报(2012)57(6)：453-464.
李小强,周新郢,尚雪,Dodson J黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义[J].湖泊科学(2006)18(5)：540-544.
李阳兵,王世杰,容丽.关于中国西南石漠化的若干问题[J].长江流域资源与环境(2003)12(6)：593-598.
李天庆、曹慧娟、康木生等.中国木本植物花粉电镜扫描图志[M].科学出版社,2011.
刘禹,蔡秋芳,宋慧明,安芷生,Linderholm H W青藏高原中东部2485年来温度变化幅度、速率、周期、原因及未来趋势[J].科学通报(2011)56(25)：2042-2051.
刘禹,安芷生,马海州,蔡秋芳,刘征宇,Kutzbach J K,史江峰,宋惠明,孙军艳,易亮,李强,杨银科,王雷.青海都兰地区公元850年以来树轮记录的降水变化及其与北半球气温的联系[J].中国科学D辑：地球科学(2006)36(5)：461-471.
刘鸿雁.第四纪生态学与全球变化[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.108-150
刘子琦.利用洞穴体系地球化学指标研究贵州中西部近现代石漠化的成因及趋势.(2008) 博士学位论文.
罗运利,陈怀成,吴国煊,孙湘君.南海最近3个冰期旋回中的天然火与气候—ODP1144孔深海沉积中的炭屑记录[J].中国科学D辑(2001)31(10)：854-860.
罗运利,陈怀成,孙湘君.南海北部地区百万年以来的天然火与气候：ODP1144孔深海沉积中的炭屑记录[J].科学通报(2006)51(8)：942-950.
罗运利,孙湘君.3.15-0.67Ma时段南海北部深海沉积物孢粉记录的植被演化及其对全球变化的响应[J].科学通报(2012)57(30)：2882-2891.马艳玲,许清海,黄小忠,周刚,张丽艳,陶士臣,孙惠玲.西北干旱区人工扰动植被类型花粉组合特征[J].古地理学报(2009)11：946-956.
庞瑞洺,许清海,丁伟,张生瑞.河北省中南部农田孢粉组合特征[J].地理学报(2010)65：1345-1354.
任洪岩,吾买尔夏提·塔汉,周桂玲.12种十字花科植物花粉形态研究[J].西北植物学报(2011)31(1)：72-78.
覃嘉铭,袁道先,林玉石,张会领,张美良,程海,王华,杨琰,冉景丞.公元8世纪以来贵州荔波石笋高分辨率的气候变化记录[J].中国岩溶(2008)27(3)：266-272.
宋学良,吴遇安,蒋志文等.云南中部石灰岩地区高原湖泊古湖沼学研究[M].昆明：云南科学技术出版社(1994)97-98.
孙湘君,李逊,陈怀成.南海北部最近37ka以来天然火与气候[J].中国科学D辑(2000)30(2)：163-168.
屠玉麟.贵州石漠化的现状及成因分析.石漠化地区的开发治理[M].贵州人民出版社(1996)pp：58-70.
吴立,王心源,张广胜,肖霞云.安徽巢湖湖泊沉积物孢粉—炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变[J].古地理学报(2008)10(2)：183-192.
王琫瑜,孙湘君.内蒙古察素齐泥炭剖面全新世古环境变迁的初步研究[J].科学通报(1997)42(5)：514-518.
王伏雄,钱南芬.中国植物花粉形态(第二版)[M].科学出版社,1995.
王嘉学.人地关系视角下的西南喀斯特石漠化发生与控制[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)(2009),41(4)：42-47.
王学丽,李月丛,许清海,曹现勇,张丽艳,田芳.安阳地区不同农业单元表土花粉组合 及其空间分异[J].科学通报(2010)55：1914-1923.
王世杰.喀斯特石漠化概念演绎及其科学内涵的探讨[J].中国岩溶(2002)21(2)：101-105.
王中宇.“发展”VS“生存”—由山地问题引发的思考.科学时报,20096月10日A3.
王中宇.“横看成岭侧成峰”观察西南岩溶地区的另类视角.科学时报,2009 10月19日A3.
徐仁.中国云南中部与西南部晚更新世-全新世花粉分析.见：中国科学院中澳第四纪合作研究组编.中国-澳大利亚第四纪学术讨论会论文集[M].北京：科学出版社(1987)：11-20.
谢远云,李长安,王秋良,殷鸿福.江陵地区全新世早期人类活动的孢粉记录[J].地理科学(2008)28(2)：276-281.
许清海,肖举乐,中村俊夫,阳小兰等.全新世以来岱海盆地植被演替和气候变化的孢粉学证据[J].冰川冻土(2004)26(1)：73-80.
许清海,肖举乐,中村俊夫,阳小兰,杨振京,梁文栋,井内美郎,杨素叶.孢粉资料定量重建全新世以来岱海盆地的古气候[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质(2003)23(4)：99-108.
许清海,李月丛,李育,阳小兰,张振卿,贾红娟.现代花粉过程与第四纪环境研究若干问题讨论[J].自然科学进展(2006)16(6)：647-656.
杨士超.民国时期贵州石漠化分布的复原及其成因研究.(2010)硕士学位论文.
袁道先,蔡桂鸿.岩溶环境学[M].重庆出版社,1988.
袁道先.袁道先院士1981年在美国科技促进年会(AAAS)的学术报告.1981
袁国映,赵子允.楼兰古城的兴衰及其与环境变化的关系[J].干旱区地理(1997)20(3)：7-12.
严奇岩.清代玉米的引进与推广对贵州石漠化的影响[J].贵州师范大学学报(社会科学版),2010,3：48-53.
杨士雄,郑卓,黄康有,等.亚热带稻作区表土孢粉研究及其考古学应用[J].第四纪研究(2010)30：262-272.
杨士雄,郑卓,谭惠忠,张镇洪,王宏,李杰.香港西贡壕涌新石器以来的环境演变及人类活动[J].热带地理(2011)31(4)：339-345.
杨士雄,郑卓,黄康有,李杰,韦潇君,许清海.华南主要作物和蔬果类现代花粉形态及农业考古研究价值[J].微体古生物学报(2012)29(1)：80-98.
张健平,吕厚远.现代植物炭屑形态的初步分析及其古环境意义[J].第四纪研究(2006) 26(5)：857-863.
张丕远,王铮,刘啸雷,张时煌.中国近2000年来气候演变的阶段性[J].中国科学B辑(1994)24(9)：998-1008.
张玉兰,余素华.深圳地区晚第四纪孢粉组合及古环境演变[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质(1999)19(2)：109-114.
张振克,吴瑞金,沈吉,潘红玺,夏威岚,吴艳宏.近2000年来云南洱海沉积记录的气候变化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质(2001)21(2)：31-35.
张美良,朱晓燕,程海,林玉石,覃嘉铭,冉景丞,王华,何师意.贵州荔波1200年来石笋高分辨率的古气候环境记录[J].地球学报(2009)36(6)：831-840.
竺可桢.论我国气候的几个特点及其与粮食作物生产的关系[J].地理学报(1964)30(1)：1-13.
张虎才,马玉贞等.距今42-18ka腾格里沙漠古湖泊及古环境[J].科学通报,2002,47(24)1847-1857
郑卓,王建华,王斌等.海南岛双池玛饵湖全新世高分辨率环境纪录[J].科学通报(2003)48(3)：282-286.
郑卓,邓韫,张华,余荣春,陈炽新.华南沿海热带-亚热带地区全新世环境变化与人类活动的关系[J].第四纪研究(2004)24(4)：387-393.
朱育新,王苏民,羊向东,吴瑞金.中晚全新世江汉平原钙城地区古人类活动的湖泊沉积记录[J].湖泊科学(1999)11(1)：33-39.
张佳华,孔昭宸,杜乃秋.北京房山东甘池15000年以来炭屑分析及对火发生可能性的探讨[J].植物生态学报(1997)21(2)：161-168.
张祥稳,惠富平.清代中晚期山地广种玉米之动因[J].史学月刊(2007),10：34-40.
张祥稳,惠富平.清代中晚期山地种植玉米引发的水土流失及其遏止措施[J].中国农史,2006(3)：13-21.
张振卿,许清海,李月丛,阳小兰,荆志淳,唐际根.殷墟地区土壤剖面孢粉组合特征及环境意义[J].第四纪研究(2007)27(3)：461-468.
张振克,吴瑞金,朱育新,潘红玺,吴艳宏,夏威岚,李徐生.云南洱海流域人类活动的湖泊沉积记录分析[J].地理学报(2000)55(1)：66-74.
张友谊.清代贵州石漠化的分布状况及其人为成因的初步研究.(2010)硕士学位论文.
中国科学院北京植物研究所古植物研究室孢粉组.中国热带、亚热带蕨类植物孢子形态 [M].科学出版社,1976.
周忠泽.安徽省皖南山区植物的花粉形态和生态因子[J].古生物学报(2009)48(2)：268-289.
周政贤,毛志忠,喻理飞,丁贵杰,谢双喜,聂朝俊,陈则群.贵州石漠化退化土地及植被恢复模式[J].贵州科学(2002)20(1)：1-6.