埋土防寒区单爬地龙架式酿酒葡萄生理代谢研究
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摘要
葡萄品质是决定葡萄酒质量的重要保证之一。在实际生产中，可以通过采用不同的栽培措施通过调节葡萄生长的微环境，如调节水分和物质运输、改善结果区的光照环境和温度状况等，改善葡萄品质，从而获得优质的葡萄酒。本研究以合阳产区当地传统的独龙干形（Independent long-stem pruning, ILSP）为对照，初步探讨了单爬地龙架式（Single crawled cordon training, SCCT）对爱格丽葡萄新梢、叶片及葡萄品质和葡萄酒香气的影响，旨在为爬地龙架式的科学实践提供科学的理论依据，以便为葡萄生产管理模式的改善提供理论支持。主要取得以下结果：
1.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄叶片的光合特性。在第二次生长期（除了成熟阶段），SCCT叶片光合光响应的日变化曲线比ILSP的更平滑，表明SCCT能够较好地调节光合有效辐射（PAR）对一些生理参数的影响，创造更稳定的生态环境，促进叶片的协调生长和成熟。
2.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄新稍和叶片的有机碳含量的变化。两种架式的爱格丽新梢和叶片的有机碳含量存在显著的差异。10月上旬，除了第五个新梢和叶片外，ILSP的第一、第二、第三和第四个新梢和叶片的有机碳含量均分别大于SCCT相应新梢和叶片的有机碳含量。总体上，ILSP新梢和叶片积累的有机碳含量比SCCT的高，但是SCCT新梢的成熟度比ILSP好。
3.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄新稍韧皮部汁液的EDTA-Na_2含量的变化。两种架式的新梢韧皮部汁液中的EDTA-Na_2平均消耗量的总趋势为，在整个生长期间，SCCT新梢EDTA-Na_2消耗量高于ILSP，表明SCCT物质运输和贮存养分的能力高于ILSP，从而SCCT更有利于葡萄养分的积累；两种架式不同部位新梢韧皮部汁液中EDTA-Na_2的消耗量表现为（从基部第一个新梢至第五个新梢）：除了幼果膨大期和落叶期外，其它时期的SCCT不同新梢韧皮部汁液中的EDTA-Na_2消耗量几乎保持一致，表明SCCT能够平均分配各个新梢中的韧皮部汁液含量。生长期间，SCCT和ILSP的新梢消耗EDTA-Na_2的速率呈上升趋势，表明SCCT和ILSP的新梢物质运输的能力不断增强，抵抗干旱胁迫的能力不断增强；SCCT新梢EDTA-Na_2消耗量始终高于ILSP，表明SCCT抵抗干旱胁迫的能力比ILSP强。
4.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄代谢相关酶活性的的变化。在葡萄果实成熟过程中，AI活性、SPS活性和SS-c活性随着成熟先升后降，呈倒“V”型变化趋势；SS-s活性呈“V”型变化趋势，所以两种架式的蔗糖代谢机理不同：SCCT通过SS-s活性的上升调节SS净合成活性，而ILSP通过AI活性的上升调节SS净合成活性；在大多数情况下，SCCT的净合成活性高于ILSP的净合成活性，且ILSP的变化比SCCT平缓，这是导致不同架式下的爱格丽葡萄果实的糖积累差异，并最终导致二者果实品质形成差异的原因。代谢相关酶活性的变化还表明，爱格丽葡萄最佳的成熟时间应在8月10日。提前采收，不利于果实的成熟，推迟采收，反而降低葡萄的品质。
5.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄理化指标的变化。SCCT垂直叶幕和相同高度的结果带增加了果实暴露，提高了光合作用，所以，SCCT各个新梢的果实成熟比ILSP整齐，成熟较一致。果实暴露的降低可以延迟果实成熟，改变浆果物候期，不同架式的叶幕变化在开花期引起的理化指标的差异持续到收获期。因此，不同架式的果实成熟期的延迟是开花期延迟的直接结果。另外，不同架式葡萄树的新梢位置引起的果汁成分的差异较大，所以，ILSP的新梢位置引起的果汁成分的差异比SCCT大，这源于ILSP不同新梢位置的果实暴露的差异而引起的果实成熟的差异。
6.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄酒香气成分的变化。提前采收的SCCT葡萄所酿造的葡萄酒中的乙醇酯类（辛酸乙酯）和其它酯类，以及高级醇（异戊醇）和有机酸（癸酸）的浓度较高，而ILSP葡萄所酿造的葡萄酒显示了相反的结果。虽然乙酸酯没有显示出随着采收的推迟而变化的一个明确趋势，但是它们在SCCT葡萄酒中的浓度比ILSP葡萄酒的高。研究还发现，提前采收的SCCT葡萄酒中积累了更多的高级醇、有机酸和乙醇酯含量；推迟采收的ILSP葡萄酒中也能够提供更好的气味和风味物质。因此，架式与采收时间结合，可丰富葡萄酒的香气物质，改善葡萄酒的香气特征。
Grape quality is one of the most important guarantees of the wine quality. In practice,Viticulture practices could improve the quality of grape, and subsequently the wine byadjusting the microenvironment of grape growth, such as regulating transportation of waterand material, improving the lighting environment and temperature conditions in the clusterzone, etc.. Hence, it is necessary that the traditional independent long-stem pruning (ILSP)was taken as control to compare the effect of single crawled cordon training (SCCT) onEcolly (Vitis vinifera L.) shoots, leaves, quality of grape and wine aroma in Heyang. Thisstudy aims to provide scientific theory basis for scientific practice of SCCT trellis, and theorysupport for improvement of the grape production management mode. The major results weresummarized as follows:
(1) The photosynthetic character in Ecolly grape foliages of various trellises wascompared. The research results showed that the diurnal variation of the photosynthetic lightresponse curve of the SCCT leaves was smoother than ILSP during the second period exceptfor the mature stage, which suggested that SCCT was a better way adjusting effect ofphotosynthetic active radiation (PAR) on some physiological parameters, create stableecological environment, and facilitate coordinated growth of the leaves.
(2) The change of the organic carbon content in the shoots and foliages of Ecolly grapeof various trellises was compared. The study found that there are significant differencebetween the organic carbon content in two trellises of grape shoots and leaves. In earlyOctober, the organic carbon contents of the first, second, third and fourth shoots and leaves inILSP are higher than those of SCCT, respectively, except for the fifth shoots and leaves. Ingeneral, organic carbon contents accumulated by shoots and leaves in ILSP were higherSCCT, while the shoot maturity of SCCT was better than ILSP.
(3) The change of the EDTA-Na_2content of phloem sap in the shoots of Ecolly grape ofvarious trellises was compared. There is a whole trend of EDTA-Na_2average consumption in the shoot phloem saps of the two cultivation modes. During the whole growth period, TheEDTA-Na_2consumption of SCCT shoot was always higher than ILSP, indicating that thecapacity of transporting material and storing nutrient of SCCT was higher than that of ILSP.Thus SCCT was more advantageous to accumulation of grape nutrient; the consumption ofEDTA-Na_2in the phloem sap of different shoots of two trellises was as follows (from the firstshoot to the fifth one starting from the base): the consumption of EDTA-Na_2in the phloemsap of different shoots in SCCT was almost consistent during the trial except for young fruitand defoliation periods; consumption rate of EDTA-Na_2solution of the SCCT and ILSPshoots was increased during growth period, which showed that the capacity of transportingmaterial and resisting drought stress was increasing steadily. EDTA-Na_2consumption ofSCCT shoot was always more than that of ILSP, indicating that the capacity resisting droughtstress in SCCT was stronger than that in ILSP.
(4) The change of sugar metabolism related enzymes activity in Ecolly grape berries ofvarious trellises was compared. During the grapes mature, the activity of AI, SPS and SS-cdecreased after rising as mature, showed a changing trend of inverted “V” type; SS-s activityshowed a trend of “V” type. Therefore, sucrose metabolism mechanisms of two trellises weredifferent. SCCT can adjust net synthesis activity by rising SS-s activity, while the ILSP canadjust it by rising AI activity; in most cases, net synthesis activity of the SCCT was higherthan that of the ILSP, and the curve of the ILSP was more gradual than SCCT, which may bea reason why sugar accumulation difference for Ecolly grape berries of different trellises, andeventually for fruit quality. The change of metabolism-related enzyme activity showedfurther that optimal mature period of Ecolly grapes should be on August10th. Harvest inadvance was to the disadvantage of the fruit mature; however, harvest delayed would lowerthe grape quality.
(5) The change of general indices of various trellises in Ecolly grape berries wascompared. In this study, the vertical canopy and the berry position of the same height inSCCT increased the fruit exposure, and improved the photosynthesis. So, fruit mature inevery shoots of the SCCT was tidier than that of ILSP, and consistent relatively. Reducedfruit exposure could delay ripeness of fruit, and change the berry phenophase. The differenceof general indices caused by canopy change of the different trellises was sustained fromanthesis to vintage. Therefore, retarded maturation of berry caused by the different trelliseswas the late-flowering direct result. Another, the difference of the juice composition causedby the shoot position of the vines of the different trellises was greater. Hence, the ILSP shootposition caused the bigger difference of the juice composition than that of SCCT, which stemmed from the differences of the fruit mature caused by the differences of fruit exposureat different shoot positions in ILSP.
(6) The change of aroma compounds in Ecolly dry white wine of various trellises wascompared. wines made from SCCT grapes resulted in higher concentrations of two estersgroup, namely ethanol esters (ethyl octanoate) and other esters, higher alcohols(3-methyl-1-butanol) and organic acids (n-decanoic acid), while ILSP wines showed anotherresult. Although acetate esters did not show a clear change trend with delay of harvesting date,they exhibited higher concentrations in SCCT than in ILSP during the trial. Furthermore,more content of higher alcohols, organic acids and ethanol esters in SCCT wines early wereaccumulated; ILSP wines brewed later could also provide better odour and flavour substancesfor wine. Therefore, the combination of the trellises and harvest times can increase winearoma substances, and improve wine aroma characteristics.
1.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄叶片的光合特性。在第二次生长期（除了成熟阶段），SCCT叶片光合光响应的日变化曲线比ILSP的更平滑，表明SCCT能够较好地调节光合有效辐射（PAR）对一些生理参数的影响，创造更稳定的生态环境，促进叶片的协调生长和成熟。
2.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄新稍和叶片的有机碳含量的变化。两种架式的爱格丽新梢和叶片的有机碳含量存在显著的差异。10月上旬，除了第五个新梢和叶片外，ILSP的第一、第二、第三和第四个新梢和叶片的有机碳含量均分别大于SCCT相应新梢和叶片的有机碳含量。总体上，ILSP新梢和叶片积累的有机碳含量比SCCT的高，但是SCCT新梢的成熟度比ILSP好。
3.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄新稍韧皮部汁液的EDTA-Na_2含量的变化。两种架式的新梢韧皮部汁液中的EDTA-Na_2平均消耗量的总趋势为，在整个生长期间，SCCT新梢EDTA-Na_2消耗量高于ILSP，表明SCCT物质运输和贮存养分的能力高于ILSP，从而SCCT更有利于葡萄养分的积累；两种架式不同部位新梢韧皮部汁液中EDTA-Na_2的消耗量表现为（从基部第一个新梢至第五个新梢）：除了幼果膨大期和落叶期外，其它时期的SCCT不同新梢韧皮部汁液中的EDTA-Na_2消耗量几乎保持一致，表明SCCT能够平均分配各个新梢中的韧皮部汁液含量。生长期间，SCCT和ILSP的新梢消耗EDTA-Na_2的速率呈上升趋势，表明SCCT和ILSP的新梢物质运输的能力不断增强，抵抗干旱胁迫的能力不断增强；SCCT新梢EDTA-Na_2消耗量始终高于ILSP，表明SCCT抵抗干旱胁迫的能力比ILSP强。
4.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄代谢相关酶活性的的变化。在葡萄果实成熟过程中，AI活性、SPS活性和SS-c活性随着成熟先升后降，呈倒“V”型变化趋势；SS-s活性呈“V”型变化趋势，所以两种架式的蔗糖代谢机理不同：SCCT通过SS-s活性的上升调节SS净合成活性，而ILSP通过AI活性的上升调节SS净合成活性；在大多数情况下，SCCT的净合成活性高于ILSP的净合成活性，且ILSP的变化比SCCT平缓，这是导致不同架式下的爱格丽葡萄果实的糖积累差异，并最终导致二者果实品质形成差异的原因。代谢相关酶活性的变化还表明，爱格丽葡萄最佳的成熟时间应在8月10日。提前采收，不利于果实的成熟，推迟采收，反而降低葡萄的品质。
5.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄理化指标的变化。SCCT垂直叶幕和相同高度的结果带增加了果实暴露，提高了光合作用，所以，SCCT各个新梢的果实成熟比ILSP整齐，成熟较一致。果实暴露的降低可以延迟果实成熟，改变浆果物候期，不同架式的叶幕变化在开花期引起的理化指标的差异持续到收获期。因此，不同架式的果实成熟期的延迟是开花期延迟的直接结果。另外，不同架式葡萄树的新梢位置引起的果汁成分的差异较大，所以，ILSP的新梢位置引起的果汁成分的差异比SCCT大，这源于ILSP不同新梢位置的果实暴露的差异而引起的果实成熟的差异。
6.比较了不同架式的爱格丽葡萄酒香气成分的变化。提前采收的SCCT葡萄所酿造的葡萄酒中的乙醇酯类（辛酸乙酯）和其它酯类，以及高级醇（异戊醇）和有机酸（癸酸）的浓度较高，而ILSP葡萄所酿造的葡萄酒显示了相反的结果。虽然乙酸酯没有显示出随着采收的推迟而变化的一个明确趋势，但是它们在SCCT葡萄酒中的浓度比ILSP葡萄酒的高。研究还发现，提前采收的SCCT葡萄酒中积累了更多的高级醇、有机酸和乙醇酯含量；推迟采收的ILSP葡萄酒中也能够提供更好的气味和风味物质。因此，架式与采收时间结合，可丰富葡萄酒的香气物质，改善葡萄酒的香气特征。
Grape quality is one of the most important guarantees of the wine quality. In practice,Viticulture practices could improve the quality of grape, and subsequently the wine byadjusting the microenvironment of grape growth, such as regulating transportation of waterand material, improving the lighting environment and temperature conditions in the clusterzone, etc.. Hence, it is necessary that the traditional independent long-stem pruning (ILSP)was taken as control to compare the effect of single crawled cordon training (SCCT) onEcolly (Vitis vinifera L.) shoots, leaves, quality of grape and wine aroma in Heyang. Thisstudy aims to provide scientific theory basis for scientific practice of SCCT trellis, and theorysupport for improvement of the grape production management mode. The major results weresummarized as follows:
(1) The photosynthetic character in Ecolly grape foliages of various trellises wascompared. The research results showed that the diurnal variation of the photosynthetic lightresponse curve of the SCCT leaves was smoother than ILSP during the second period exceptfor the mature stage, which suggested that SCCT was a better way adjusting effect ofphotosynthetic active radiation (PAR) on some physiological parameters, create stableecological environment, and facilitate coordinated growth of the leaves.
(2) The change of the organic carbon content in the shoots and foliages of Ecolly grapeof various trellises was compared. The study found that there are significant differencebetween the organic carbon content in two trellises of grape shoots and leaves. In earlyOctober, the organic carbon contents of the first, second, third and fourth shoots and leaves inILSP are higher than those of SCCT, respectively, except for the fifth shoots and leaves. Ingeneral, organic carbon contents accumulated by shoots and leaves in ILSP were higherSCCT, while the shoot maturity of SCCT was better than ILSP.
(3) The change of the EDTA-Na_2content of phloem sap in the shoots of Ecolly grape ofvarious trellises was compared. There is a whole trend of EDTA-Na_2average consumption in the shoot phloem saps of the two cultivation modes. During the whole growth period, TheEDTA-Na_2consumption of SCCT shoot was always higher than ILSP, indicating that thecapacity of transporting material and storing nutrient of SCCT was higher than that of ILSP.Thus SCCT was more advantageous to accumulation of grape nutrient; the consumption ofEDTA-Na_2in the phloem sap of different shoots of two trellises was as follows (from the firstshoot to the fifth one starting from the base): the consumption of EDTA-Na_2in the phloemsap of different shoots in SCCT was almost consistent during the trial except for young fruitand defoliation periods; consumption rate of EDTA-Na_2solution of the SCCT and ILSPshoots was increased during growth period, which showed that the capacity of transportingmaterial and resisting drought stress was increasing steadily. EDTA-Na_2consumption ofSCCT shoot was always more than that of ILSP, indicating that the capacity resisting droughtstress in SCCT was stronger than that in ILSP.
(4) The change of sugar metabolism related enzymes activity in Ecolly grape berries ofvarious trellises was compared. During the grapes mature, the activity of AI, SPS and SS-cdecreased after rising as mature, showed a changing trend of inverted “V” type; SS-s activityshowed a trend of “V” type. Therefore, sucrose metabolism mechanisms of two trellises weredifferent. SCCT can adjust net synthesis activity by rising SS-s activity, while the ILSP canadjust it by rising AI activity; in most cases, net synthesis activity of the SCCT was higherthan that of the ILSP, and the curve of the ILSP was more gradual than SCCT, which may bea reason why sugar accumulation difference for Ecolly grape berries of different trellises, andeventually for fruit quality. The change of metabolism-related enzyme activity showedfurther that optimal mature period of Ecolly grapes should be on August10th. Harvest inadvance was to the disadvantage of the fruit mature; however, harvest delayed would lowerthe grape quality.
(5) The change of general indices of various trellises in Ecolly grape berries wascompared. In this study, the vertical canopy and the berry position of the same height inSCCT increased the fruit exposure, and improved the photosynthesis. So, fruit mature inevery shoots of the SCCT was tidier than that of ILSP, and consistent relatively. Reducedfruit exposure could delay ripeness of fruit, and change the berry phenophase. The differenceof general indices caused by canopy change of the different trellises was sustained fromanthesis to vintage. Therefore, retarded maturation of berry caused by the different trelliseswas the late-flowering direct result. Another, the difference of the juice composition causedby the shoot position of the vines of the different trellises was greater. Hence, the ILSP shootposition caused the bigger difference of the juice composition than that of SCCT, which stemmed from the differences of the fruit mature caused by the differences of fruit exposureat different shoot positions in ILSP.
(6) The change of aroma compounds in Ecolly dry white wine of various trellises wascompared. wines made from SCCT grapes resulted in higher concentrations of two estersgroup, namely ethanol esters (ethyl octanoate) and other esters, higher alcohols(3-methyl-1-butanol) and organic acids (n-decanoic acid), while ILSP wines showed anotherresult. Although acetate esters did not show a clear change trend with delay of harvesting date,they exhibited higher concentrations in SCCT than in ILSP during the trial. Furthermore,more content of higher alcohols, organic acids and ethanol esters in SCCT wines early wereaccumulated; ILSP wines brewed later could also provide better odour and flavour substancesfor wine. Therefore, the combination of the trellises and harvest times can increase winearoma substances, and improve wine aroma characteristics.
引文
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