高陡岩质斜坡崩落岩体运动参数、击浪高度及其对工程影响研究
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摘要
大型水电工程往往都建在深切峡谷当中,库岸斜坡的整体稳定性多是被关心的焦点之一,但在陡峻岸坡表部也存在有潜在破坏可能的大型危险岩体,其发育状况、分布、稳定性、失稳危害等方面的研究相对薄弱许多。尤其是斜坡上存在的欠稳定状态的大型危岩体,一旦失稳下落入大坝前后的水体里,会产生什么后果,也是至今为止还没有人讨论过的问题。
拉西瓦电站坝区山高坡陡,峡窄谷深,高陡的岸坡大量分布有规模不同的危岩体,是威胁大坝施工和运营安全的主要地质灾害类型之一。针对上述问题,本文以拉西瓦电站坝址右岸高陡边坡危岩体为研究对象,通过现场调查、结构面资料分析及3D激光扫描技术等手段,采集拉西瓦高陡边坡危岩体信息,较系统和准确掌握了研究区危岩体的发育情况和分布特征。采用Rockfall软件模拟高陡边坡危岩体坠落的运动轨迹,求得各危岩体落入水库或水垫塘时的运动速度和冲击动能等参数,期望通过这些定量参数,以解析解计算高陡边坡危岩体坠落至水库中产生击浪的高度和传播状况,以便为电站运营提供可能的危害预警。研究取得了以下主要成果:
(1)通过对拉西瓦电站坝址右岸高边坡危岩体调查研究,查明了右岸坝址危岩体的分布规律,危岩体发育与地形地貌、岩体结构、岩体风化、地应力条件及卸荷、地震、空隙水压力等关系密切。
(2)拉西瓦坝址右岸危岩体失稳破坏多发生于降雨过程中,控制危岩体发育的几组不利结构面在雨水渗入时,一方面降低了结构面的摩擦力,另一方面其空隙水压力的增大直接提供给危岩体向临空面的推力,从而导致危岩体失稳。
(3)采用工程地质调查、ILRIS 3D激光数值扫描、结构面分析的方法,提取了坝址右岸坝前500m和水垫塘范围内对坝址工程危害较大的危岩体信息,对危岩体位置、形态、规模、失稳下落的运动特征等进行系统定位分析。
(4)根据危岩体发育的位置,垂直于河流流向剖切了9条剖面,做为实际计算剖面,采用Rockfall软件,对坝址右岸26块危岩体下落的运动过程进行数值模拟,分析危岩体坠落的运动轨迹,确定落点位置,分别计算了危岩体坠落到坝前和水垫塘的冲击动能和速度。
(5)提出落石高速坠入水体里将会产生击浪的概念,通过多次试验,对落石击浪形成过程进行分析,提出了击浪产生的机理,即:落石坠入水面,由于具有较快的速度,落点周围一定范围内的水体受到落石体积和落石速度作用而加速运动,这些被加速的水体受周围静止水体的阻碍,会向水面上方运动,在平静水面上方形成一水柱。这个水柱在回落过程中自身呈自由落体状态,水柱降至水面时,势能转化为动能,形成上下波动的阻尼振动,推动周围水体运动,形成的波浪,并逐渐向四周传播。
(6)根据试验分析,落石初始击浪的体积由两部分组成,一部分是落体体积,另一部分为落体在水中由于受到水阻力减速运动形成的冲击体积。运用水动力学原理,结合现场试验观察,推导出落石击浪的初始波浪高度、传播速度、传播影响范围的计算公式。公式有较强的适应性,具有实际意义。
(7)利用推导的计算公式,对拉西瓦电站坝址右岸26块危岩落入水库产生的击浪初始浪高和传播进行计算,对结果比对分析,有较好的对应性。
(8)研究了控制落石击浪产生的主要因素和影响因素。落石具备一定体积和一定入水速度是落石击浪形成的必要条件。其它影响因素,如落石入水时的最大横截面积不同,也会引起的击浪高度值发生变化。
(9)根据计算结果,W5、W6、W8、W9、W13危岩体坠落产生的击浪传播到坝前的波浪高度11.72～63.3m。
Large hydropower projects are often built in deep valleys and the scientists usually focus their researches on stability of overall slope in reservoir sites. Although there are big and less stable rockmass on the surface layer of steep slope in reservoir sites, whose unstability would pose rockfall risk on the reservoir safty both in construction and during its operation, researches about this issue reported few till now. This dissertation focused on study of motion of these big and less stable rockmass when rockfall takes place, bouncing surge of waves triggered by rockfall rockmass striking into the water in reservoir, and the its impact on reservoir safty.
In the dam area of Laxiwa hydropower station, the mountain is high and the canyon narrow. A large number of different size dangerous rockmass spread on the high-steep slopes, which is one of the main potential geological hazards menacing the safety of dam in construction and operation. based on field investigation, data analysis of discontinuities and using three-dimensional laser scanning technique, the dissertation described the development and distribution of dangerous rockmasses in study area. With software RocFall employed, the rockfall motion was simulated and gained the motion parameters, including the trajectory of rockfall motion , impact energy, and impact velocity. Based on these quantitative parameters, the height of bouncing surge and its propagation length of the water waves are suggested, which is triggered by rockfall striking into the water in the reservoir from the high-steep rockmass slopes. These significant results would provide the base information for the early warning for potential hazards in this hydropower station and also for similar researches for method reference.
The research has made the following main achievements:
(1)Through the research of the dangerous rockmass on the right bank high-steep slope of Laxiwa hydropower station, the distribution for those rocks was gotten. The studies have linked the dangerous rockmass to many factors, such as terrain condition, structure of rockmass, rock weathering, stress condition, unloading, earthquakes, and water pressure of void space.
(2)Failure of the dangerous rockmass often occurs during the rainy season. When the rainwater infiltrates into the adverse structure face which control the development of dangerous rockmass, the friction of those structural face was reduced on the one hand, and the increase of water pressure of void space provided a thrust for the dangerous rockmass to the free surface of the thrust on the other hand, leading to dangerous rockmass out of control.
(3)Using the geological survey, ILRIS 3D laser scanning technique and block theory, the author collected the information about the dangerours rockmass in the study area, and analyzed their location, shapes, sizes, and instability characteristics.
(4) According to the position of dangerous rockmass, nine profiles perpendicular to the rivers flow were drawn, which were used as actual calculation profiles. As a tool, the computer program RocFall assisted us with probabilistic simulation of 26 rockfalls. The dissertation analyzed and explained the location of the rock stop and trajectory of rockfall motion, and also presented the result of the kinetic energy, the velocity and the bounce-height when the rock fall into the reservoir.
(5)The dissertation proposed a concept that high-speed rock falling into the reservoir will cause a striking wave, called the surge due to rockfall. The formation mechanism of such surge due to rockfall was theoretically analyzed as following. When the high-speed rock falls into the water with a high speed, it has an impact to the range of water bodies around the rockfall by the rockfall volume and rockfall velocity. They will cause the surrounding water in accelerated motion. Since the obstruct from the quiescent water surrounding it, these water will move to the surface of the reservoir and form a water column above the water surface. During the water column fall to reservoir, it promote the sport around the water forming waves, and spread to the surrounding gradually.
(6)According to the test analysis, the volume of initial surge due to rockfall consists of two parts, part of a rockfall size, and the other part is the impact volume which is engendered by the retarded motion of the falling body in the water due to the friction of water. Learning from the calculation method for landslide generated waves, and based on water dynamics, the dissertation presented the equations and the algorithm to calculate the height , the propagation and the incidence of the surge due to rockfall. The formula has strong adaptability and could be applied to similar engineering projects.
(7)By using the computing formula, the initial wave height and spread are calculated. This surges were caused by 26 rockfalls from the right bank slope of Laxiwa hydropower station falling into the reservoir assumed .
(8)The dissertation studied the main factors and influencing factors of controlling rockfall. The necessary condition of strike wave is that rockfall has certain volume and falling velocity.
(9)According to the calculation results, wave heights of rock falling produces from W5, W6, W8,W9, W13 spread to the front of the dam are greater than 11.72-63.3 meters.
拉西瓦电站坝区山高坡陡,峡窄谷深,高陡的岸坡大量分布有规模不同的危岩体,是威胁大坝施工和运营安全的主要地质灾害类型之一。针对上述问题,本文以拉西瓦电站坝址右岸高陡边坡危岩体为研究对象,通过现场调查、结构面资料分析及3D激光扫描技术等手段,采集拉西瓦高陡边坡危岩体信息,较系统和准确掌握了研究区危岩体的发育情况和分布特征。采用Rockfall软件模拟高陡边坡危岩体坠落的运动轨迹,求得各危岩体落入水库或水垫塘时的运动速度和冲击动能等参数,期望通过这些定量参数,以解析解计算高陡边坡危岩体坠落至水库中产生击浪的高度和传播状况,以便为电站运营提供可能的危害预警。研究取得了以下主要成果:
(1)通过对拉西瓦电站坝址右岸高边坡危岩体调查研究,查明了右岸坝址危岩体的分布规律,危岩体发育与地形地貌、岩体结构、岩体风化、地应力条件及卸荷、地震、空隙水压力等关系密切。
(2)拉西瓦坝址右岸危岩体失稳破坏多发生于降雨过程中,控制危岩体发育的几组不利结构面在雨水渗入时,一方面降低了结构面的摩擦力,另一方面其空隙水压力的增大直接提供给危岩体向临空面的推力,从而导致危岩体失稳。
(3)采用工程地质调查、ILRIS 3D激光数值扫描、结构面分析的方法,提取了坝址右岸坝前500m和水垫塘范围内对坝址工程危害较大的危岩体信息,对危岩体位置、形态、规模、失稳下落的运动特征等进行系统定位分析。
(4)根据危岩体发育的位置,垂直于河流流向剖切了9条剖面,做为实际计算剖面,采用Rockfall软件,对坝址右岸26块危岩体下落的运动过程进行数值模拟,分析危岩体坠落的运动轨迹,确定落点位置,分别计算了危岩体坠落到坝前和水垫塘的冲击动能和速度。
(5)提出落石高速坠入水体里将会产生击浪的概念,通过多次试验,对落石击浪形成过程进行分析,提出了击浪产生的机理,即:落石坠入水面,由于具有较快的速度,落点周围一定范围内的水体受到落石体积和落石速度作用而加速运动,这些被加速的水体受周围静止水体的阻碍,会向水面上方运动,在平静水面上方形成一水柱。这个水柱在回落过程中自身呈自由落体状态,水柱降至水面时,势能转化为动能,形成上下波动的阻尼振动,推动周围水体运动,形成的波浪,并逐渐向四周传播。
(6)根据试验分析,落石初始击浪的体积由两部分组成,一部分是落体体积,另一部分为落体在水中由于受到水阻力减速运动形成的冲击体积。运用水动力学原理,结合现场试验观察,推导出落石击浪的初始波浪高度、传播速度、传播影响范围的计算公式。公式有较强的适应性,具有实际意义。
(7)利用推导的计算公式,对拉西瓦电站坝址右岸26块危岩落入水库产生的击浪初始浪高和传播进行计算,对结果比对分析,有较好的对应性。
(8)研究了控制落石击浪产生的主要因素和影响因素。落石具备一定体积和一定入水速度是落石击浪形成的必要条件。其它影响因素,如落石入水时的最大横截面积不同,也会引起的击浪高度值发生变化。
(9)根据计算结果,W5、W6、W8、W9、W13危岩体坠落产生的击浪传播到坝前的波浪高度11.72～63.3m。
Large hydropower projects are often built in deep valleys and the scientists usually focus their researches on stability of overall slope in reservoir sites. Although there are big and less stable rockmass on the surface layer of steep slope in reservoir sites, whose unstability would pose rockfall risk on the reservoir safty both in construction and during its operation, researches about this issue reported few till now. This dissertation focused on study of motion of these big and less stable rockmass when rockfall takes place, bouncing surge of waves triggered by rockfall rockmass striking into the water in reservoir, and the its impact on reservoir safty.
In the dam area of Laxiwa hydropower station, the mountain is high and the canyon narrow. A large number of different size dangerous rockmass spread on the high-steep slopes, which is one of the main potential geological hazards menacing the safety of dam in construction and operation. based on field investigation, data analysis of discontinuities and using three-dimensional laser scanning technique, the dissertation described the development and distribution of dangerous rockmasses in study area. With software RocFall employed, the rockfall motion was simulated and gained the motion parameters, including the trajectory of rockfall motion , impact energy, and impact velocity. Based on these quantitative parameters, the height of bouncing surge and its propagation length of the water waves are suggested, which is triggered by rockfall striking into the water in the reservoir from the high-steep rockmass slopes. These significant results would provide the base information for the early warning for potential hazards in this hydropower station and also for similar researches for method reference.
The research has made the following main achievements:
(1)Through the research of the dangerous rockmass on the right bank high-steep slope of Laxiwa hydropower station, the distribution for those rocks was gotten. The studies have linked the dangerous rockmass to many factors, such as terrain condition, structure of rockmass, rock weathering, stress condition, unloading, earthquakes, and water pressure of void space.
(2)Failure of the dangerous rockmass often occurs during the rainy season. When the rainwater infiltrates into the adverse structure face which control the development of dangerous rockmass, the friction of those structural face was reduced on the one hand, and the increase of water pressure of void space provided a thrust for the dangerous rockmass to the free surface of the thrust on the other hand, leading to dangerous rockmass out of control.
(3)Using the geological survey, ILRIS 3D laser scanning technique and block theory, the author collected the information about the dangerours rockmass in the study area, and analyzed their location, shapes, sizes, and instability characteristics.
(4) According to the position of dangerous rockmass, nine profiles perpendicular to the rivers flow were drawn, which were used as actual calculation profiles. As a tool, the computer program RocFall assisted us with probabilistic simulation of 26 rockfalls. The dissertation analyzed and explained the location of the rock stop and trajectory of rockfall motion, and also presented the result of the kinetic energy, the velocity and the bounce-height when the rock fall into the reservoir.
(5)The dissertation proposed a concept that high-speed rock falling into the reservoir will cause a striking wave, called the surge due to rockfall. The formation mechanism of such surge due to rockfall was theoretically analyzed as following. When the high-speed rock falls into the water with a high speed, it has an impact to the range of water bodies around the rockfall by the rockfall volume and rockfall velocity. They will cause the surrounding water in accelerated motion. Since the obstruct from the quiescent water surrounding it, these water will move to the surface of the reservoir and form a water column above the water surface. During the water column fall to reservoir, it promote the sport around the water forming waves, and spread to the surrounding gradually.
(6)According to the test analysis, the volume of initial surge due to rockfall consists of two parts, part of a rockfall size, and the other part is the impact volume which is engendered by the retarded motion of the falling body in the water due to the friction of water. Learning from the calculation method for landslide generated waves, and based on water dynamics, the dissertation presented the equations and the algorithm to calculate the height , the propagation and the incidence of the surge due to rockfall. The formula has strong adaptability and could be applied to similar engineering projects.
(7)By using the computing formula, the initial wave height and spread are calculated. This surges were caused by 26 rockfalls from the right bank slope of Laxiwa hydropower station falling into the reservoir assumed .
(8)The dissertation studied the main factors and influencing factors of controlling rockfall. The necessary condition of strike wave is that rockfall has certain volume and falling velocity.
(9)According to the calculation results, wave heights of rock falling produces from W5, W6, W8,W9, W13 spread to the front of the dam are greater than 11.72-63.3 meters.
引文
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