北京城市湖泊富营养化及其原位修复初步研究
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摘要
城市湖泊是城市生态系统及其景观多样性的重要组成部分。受过量纳污、水流滞缓和结构改造等因素的影响,我国的城市湖泊多数已达到富营养化或极富营养化的程度。相对于太湖、巢湖等大型富营养化湖泊,城市湖泊的研究基础相对薄弱。因此,本论文选取了北京市区几个城市湖泊为研究对象,主要开展了：1)典型城市湖泊(什刹海)一年内水质的季节变化及六个城市湖泊水体和表层沉积物污染特征比较研究；2)城市湖泊重污染沉积物原位生物氧化的小试研究；3)曝气对城市湖泊水-沉积物界面磷迁移转化行为的室内模拟研究；4)太阳能循环流装置修复城市水环境的现场试验研究。以上研究工作的成果拟为北京城市湖泊水环境污染的防治提供基础数据和技术参考,对于我国富营养化湖泊水环境治理与生态修复理论和实践的丰富也具一定的意义和价值。
对什刹海三海(西海、后海、前海)2009年度不同月份的10个水环境和水生态指标进行了监测和分析,结果表明西海的水质相对最差而前海的水质相对最好,综合营养状态(TLI)指数评价表明西海处于中度富营养化水平,而前海处于轻度富营养化水平。西海的各项指标变化规律在三海中相对最明显,其中水温、叶绿素a(Chla)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)4个指标的数据变化规律类似,而硝氮(N03-N)的变化规律与其它指标相反。西海中藻类对水体中氮营养的吸收利用主要以N03-N为主；且该水体中夏季较高的水温(30℃左右)是导致藻类大量增殖的主要原因。
利用TLI指数对前海湖(QH)、昆明湖(KM)、青年湖(QN)、紫竹院湖(ZZ)、陶然亭湖(TR)和红领巾湖(HLJ)的水生态指标进行评价,结果表明以上6个城市湖泊的水质富营养化程度有明显的差别。其中KM的水质最好,没有达到富营养化的程度；QN和QH的水质为轻度富营养化程度,ZZ、TR、HLJ的水质为中度富营养化程度。所研究的北京6个城市湖泊中有5个湖泊水质处于富营养化程度,说明北京城市湖泊的水质状况不容乐观,宜尽早开展其水体污染治理和生态恢复的相关措施。
所调查的北京六湖表层(0-10cm)沉积物中的营养盐污染负荷总体上较严重。六湖表层沉积物有机指数均严重超过了污染级别的标准值,其中最低的KM表层沉积物有机指数值为污染级别临界值的2倍。六湖中有2个湖表层沉积物中总氮(TN)含量超过了严重生物毒性标准,3个湖的TN含量接近严重生物毒性标准。六湖的表层沉积物TP平均含量约为1100mg/kg,高于长江中下游大型湖泊表层沉积物的TP平均含量。
六湖表层沉积物中氮、磷形态的转化与其中的微生物活性关系密切,而微生物活性主要与底栖藻类的生物量有关；六湖表层沉积物中的NH3-N主要来源于底栖藻类生物活性对有机氮的矿化,且底栖藻类活性在沉积物NH3-N向N03-N的转化的过程中起到了主要作用。Ca-P(钙结合态磷)是北京六湖表层沉积物中磷最主要的赋存形态,这与长江中下游湖泊不同；六湖磷的赋存形态中Fe-P(铁铝结合态磷)和OP(有机磷)的变幅最大,且TR和QN两湖的Fe-P和OP的含量均相对较高。六湖表层沉积物中OP与碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)呈显著正相关p<0.01；n=36),且APA与叶绿素a含量间的相关性极显著(p<0.01；n=36)；说明六湖表层沉积物中的无机磷主要被底栖藻类所利用,只有较少部分释放到湖泊上覆水中。
6个北京城市湖泊水体和沉积物营养盐样品指标的相关性分析表明水体中磷和表层沉积物磷的交换作用不明显,这可能与表层沉积物中磷的赋存主要以Ca-P为主的特征有关。六湖表层沉积物的TN和TOC的相关性极显著(p<0.01；n=18),且水体TN与湖泊表层沉积物的TN的相关性也达到极显著水平(p<0.01；n=18)。因此,城市湖泊表层沉积物中总氮和有机质的控制与削减对于湖泊水体中氮营养物污染治理有重要意义。
利用原位生物氧化技术处理重污染沉积物(底泥)的相关研究在国内具有较好的应用前景。选取了以上6个城市湖泊中污染相对较严重的青年湖(QN)沉积物作为实验材料,开展了利用投药剂(硝酸钙及微生物营养制剂)促进本土微生物氧化降解重污染沉积物的小试研究。该项研究旨在改善城市湖泊底栖生境,为后期的大型沉水植物和底栖动物的生态修复奠定基础,试验结果表明：(1)硝酸钙和微生物营养制剂被投加到沉积物中后均能促进沉积物中微生物活性的升高,但相同经济成本的硝酸钙效果相对更明显。(2)投加硝酸钙可以明显减少沉积物中磷营养盐向上覆水的释放,与投加单一药剂(硝酸钙或微生物营养制剂)相比,投加复合药剂(硝酸钙和微生物营养制剂)时可以明显减少沉积物中N03-N和NH3-N的释放量。(3)沉积物微生物氧化促生药剂的适宜投放方式及剂量为：在沉积物中15-18 cm处注射298gN/m2的硝酸钙、0.42L/m2微生物解毒剂(MT)以及0.35L/m2微生物促生剂(BE)。(4)试验结束取沉积物样品时,没有投药的对照柱沉积物臭气浓烈,而投药的试验柱中沉积物臭味不明显,泥样的颜色也明显变浅。(5)投加硝酸钙和微生物营养制剂均能促进沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)的升高,且在投加硝酸钙的处理中表层沉积物APA有明显的大幅度升高。
曝气是水体水质净化及其生态修复的常用工程技术,而磷是湖泊富营养化的关键影响因子。本论文关于上覆水曝气对城市湖泊水-沉积物系统中磷形态赋存及其迁移转化的影响研究表明：(1)上覆水长期的间歇曝气引起了表层沉积物微生物活性的升高,其生物代谢是上覆水溶解氧、总磷的降低以及pH值升高的主要原因。(2)上覆水的连续间歇曝气导致表层沉积物微生物的碱性磷酸酶活性显著升高,同时Fe-P被微生物吸收利用并转化合成自身的OP。上覆水的曝气通过其对表层沉积物中微生物的作用影响了表层沉积物磷的赋存形态及其迁移转化。
利用太阳能循环流装置(1号、2号)分别开展了城市湖泊富营养化控制的试验研究,结果表明：(1)该类装置(1号、2号)可利用太阳能长期间歇曝气,运行基本无噪音,具有节能和环境友好的优点。(2)该类装置在试验运行期间可以促进水体中TN和N03-N含量的降低,对NH3-N的净化效果不太明显；2号装置在30～40 r/min的转速下,对水体混合作用范围的半径为11米左右。(3) 2号装置试验结束后,表层沉积物的含水率有显著升高、间隙水中氨氮向上覆水扩散能力增强。1号和2号装置对上覆水的磷含量和浊度的改善效果均不明显,因此该装置在城市湖泊水质净化及其生态修复应用时应增加降浊和除磷的辅助工程措施。
Urban lakes are important part of urban ecological system and the landscape diversity. Under the influences of excessive pollutant carrying, subcritical flow and structural transformation, most of our urban lakes were listed in eutrophication or heavy eutrophication grades.
Compare to the large eutrophication lakes such as the Taihu and Caohu lakes, the research foundation of urban lakes are relatively weak. Therefore, several urban lakes in Beijing city were selected for research object in our study, and we mainly carried out the investigation as follows:1) seasonal water quality variation of Shi Chahai lake in a year, polluted characters of water and surface sediment in six urban lakes; 2) In-situ biological oxidation experimental investigation of the heavy polluted urban lakes sediments.3) Lab simulation and field experiments about the effection of long-term intermittent aeration on phosphorus migration and transformation in water-sediment interface. Results of our research work were aim to provide basic datas and technical references for the prevention and control of pollution in Beijing urban lakes, as well as provide references for ecological management and restoration of urban lake eutrophication in our country.
Monitoring and analysis work of 10 water environment and ecology indicators from the Shi Chahai lakes (including Xihai, Houhai and Qianhai lake) were carried out in year of 2009. The results showed that water quality of Xihai was worst and which of Qianhai was best. Analysised by the TLI index, water quality of Xihai was ranked as medium eutrophication level while Qihai was in mild eutrophication level. Varations of index in Xihai were more obvious than the other two lakes. The changes of water temperature, chlorophyll-a (Chla), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were in similar regulations, while the change regulation of NO3-N was in opposite. In Xihai lake water, NO3-N was the primarily nitrogen nutrient which absorped by algae, and high water temperature (about 30℃) is the main factor which caused proliferation of algae in summer.
Analysis and evaluation by the TLI index, eutrophication grades of Qianhai lake(QH), Kunming lake (KM), Qingnian lake (QN), Zi Zhuyuan lake (ZZ), Tao Ranting lake (TR), and Hong Linjing lake (HLJ) were obviously different. Among them the eutrophication grades of KM was lower while which of ZZ, TR, and HLJ were higher. Five Beijing uban lakes out of the six were in eutrophication, which demonstrate that water quality of Beijing urban lakes were in grim situation. Therefore, relevant measures for water pollution control and ecological restoration were needed in urgency.
The surface (0-10cm) sediment of the six lakes were also severely polluted. Organic index of the six lake surface sediment were all exceeded the pollution grade, the lowest of which was the twice as much as the value of the pollution marginal value. With the standard of Canada, the ecological toxic of sediments TN from two lakes were both above serious toxicity standards, which of other three lakes were all near to the serious toxicity standards. Average TP content of surface sediment from the six lakes were about 1100mg·kg-1, which was higher than that from the large lakes in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
In surface sediment of the six lakes, transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus (P) fractions were closely related to microbial activity, and the microbial activity were mainly affected by biomass of benthic algae.The generation of NH3-N and the transformation of NH3-N to NO3-N were both mainly controlle by the bio-activity of benthic algae in the surface sediment. Ca-P (P bounded to Calcium) was the dominant P fractions in surface sediment of the six lakes, while it was not the case for lakes in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Variations of Fe-P (P bounded to iron) and OP (organic phosphorus) content among the six lakes were more obvious than the other P fraction, and Fe-P and OP content from TR,QN lakes were higher than the other four lakes. OP and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) behaved extremely significant positive correlation (p<0.01; n=36), correlation between APA and Chla content was also extremely significant (p<0.01; n=36).These results showed that the most part of inorganic P in the six lakes surface sediment were absorbed by benthic algae, only less part of which were released to the overlying water.
Correlation analysis between water and sediment index from the six Beijing urban lakes shows that the transfer and diffusion of P from surface to water was not obvious, which may decided by the high ratios of Ca-P in the surface sediment. Correlation between TN and TOC content in surface sediment was extremely significant (p<0.01; n=18), and the correlation between water TN and the surface sediment TN was also extremely significant (p<0.01; n=18). In conclusion, the control and reduce of TN and TOC content in surface sediment is of great importance to the work of nitrogen pollution control in the unban city lakes.
Treatment the heavy pollution sediments with in-situ biological oxidation technology has good application prospect in China. The surface sediment of QN lake were selected as experimental materials, in which Ca (NO3)2 and nutrients were added to promote indigenous microbial oxidation of pollutants in sediment. The tests aim to improve the ecological environment of surface sediment, which could lay the foundation of ecological restoration with large submerged plant and benthonic animal in the urban lakes. The results shows that (1) The added of Ca(NO3)2 and microbial nutrients could both promoted the rise of microbial activity in sediment, however, the efficiency of Ca(NO3)2 was better than microbial nutrients in the same economic costs. (2) Ca(NO3)2 could significantly reduce the release of P from sediment to overlying water, the combination of Ca(NO3)2 and microbial nutrients could reduce the release of NO3-N and NH3-N from sediment. (3) 298gN/m2 Ca(NO3)2,0.42L/m2 MT and 0.35L/m2BE were mixed and injected to sediment at depth of 15-18 cm may be the suitable agentia launch way and dose. (4) Compared to the controls, odours of the sediment after treatment was not strong and its color becomes shallow obviously. (5) The dosing of Ca(NO3)2 and microbial nutrition could both promote the increase of sediment alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), however the more obvious increase of APA were observed when Ca(NO3)2 was added in sediment.
Aeration is the engineering technology which usually applicated in water purification and ecological restoration measures. The effect of areation in the overlying water on P fraction transfermation at water-sediment interface, and the efficiency of the microorganism during the course were investigated in our study. The experiments were aimed to provides technical reference and datas for in-situ repairment of the water eutrophication. Results showed that (1) The long-term intermittent areation lead to the increase of microbial activity in surface sediment, which mainly caused the decline of dissolved oxygen (DO) and TP as well as the increase of pH in overlying water. (2) long-term intermittent areation lead to the increase of APA in surface sediment, during the cause the Fe-P were obsorbed and transformed to OP by the microorganism. In a word, overlying water aeration affected the microbial activity in the surface sediment, which eventually caused the transformation of P fractions in the surface sediment.
The urban lake eutrophication control tests with solar cycle flow outfit apparatus (NO.1 and NO.2) showed that (1) The apparatus could long-term intermittent operate quietly by solar energy, with the advantages of energy-saving and environmental friendly. (2) During the experiment, TN and NO3-N content in water were obviously declined, while the NH3-N content was not changed. The apparatus (NO.2) could mixed the water with a radius of 11 meters under condition of 30-40 r/min operating speed. (3) With operating of the apparatus (NO.2), moisture content of surface sediment have significantly increased, and the NH3-N diffusion effect from sediment pore water to overlying water were enhanced in the tested field. However, the apparatus (NO.1 and NO.2) removal efficiency of phosphorus and turbidity were not obvious. Therefore, when the apparatus were applicated in urban lakes purification work, the auxiliary engineering measures should be considered to remove turbidity and phosphorus in water.
对什刹海三海(西海、后海、前海)2009年度不同月份的10个水环境和水生态指标进行了监测和分析,结果表明西海的水质相对最差而前海的水质相对最好,综合营养状态(TLI)指数评价表明西海处于中度富营养化水平,而前海处于轻度富营养化水平。西海的各项指标变化规律在三海中相对最明显,其中水温、叶绿素a(Chla)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)4个指标的数据变化规律类似,而硝氮(N03-N)的变化规律与其它指标相反。西海中藻类对水体中氮营养的吸收利用主要以N03-N为主；且该水体中夏季较高的水温(30℃左右)是导致藻类大量增殖的主要原因。
利用TLI指数对前海湖(QH)、昆明湖(KM)、青年湖(QN)、紫竹院湖(ZZ)、陶然亭湖(TR)和红领巾湖(HLJ)的水生态指标进行评价,结果表明以上6个城市湖泊的水质富营养化程度有明显的差别。其中KM的水质最好,没有达到富营养化的程度；QN和QH的水质为轻度富营养化程度,ZZ、TR、HLJ的水质为中度富营养化程度。所研究的北京6个城市湖泊中有5个湖泊水质处于富营养化程度,说明北京城市湖泊的水质状况不容乐观,宜尽早开展其水体污染治理和生态恢复的相关措施。
所调查的北京六湖表层(0-10cm)沉积物中的营养盐污染负荷总体上较严重。六湖表层沉积物有机指数均严重超过了污染级别的标准值,其中最低的KM表层沉积物有机指数值为污染级别临界值的2倍。六湖中有2个湖表层沉积物中总氮(TN)含量超过了严重生物毒性标准,3个湖的TN含量接近严重生物毒性标准。六湖的表层沉积物TP平均含量约为1100mg/kg,高于长江中下游大型湖泊表层沉积物的TP平均含量。
六湖表层沉积物中氮、磷形态的转化与其中的微生物活性关系密切,而微生物活性主要与底栖藻类的生物量有关；六湖表层沉积物中的NH3-N主要来源于底栖藻类生物活性对有机氮的矿化,且底栖藻类活性在沉积物NH3-N向N03-N的转化的过程中起到了主要作用。Ca-P(钙结合态磷)是北京六湖表层沉积物中磷最主要的赋存形态,这与长江中下游湖泊不同；六湖磷的赋存形态中Fe-P(铁铝结合态磷)和OP(有机磷)的变幅最大,且TR和QN两湖的Fe-P和OP的含量均相对较高。六湖表层沉积物中OP与碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)呈显著正相关p<0.01；n=36),且APA与叶绿素a含量间的相关性极显著(p<0.01；n=36)；说明六湖表层沉积物中的无机磷主要被底栖藻类所利用,只有较少部分释放到湖泊上覆水中。
6个北京城市湖泊水体和沉积物营养盐样品指标的相关性分析表明水体中磷和表层沉积物磷的交换作用不明显,这可能与表层沉积物中磷的赋存主要以Ca-P为主的特征有关。六湖表层沉积物的TN和TOC的相关性极显著(p<0.01；n=18),且水体TN与湖泊表层沉积物的TN的相关性也达到极显著水平(p<0.01；n=18)。因此,城市湖泊表层沉积物中总氮和有机质的控制与削减对于湖泊水体中氮营养物污染治理有重要意义。
利用原位生物氧化技术处理重污染沉积物(底泥)的相关研究在国内具有较好的应用前景。选取了以上6个城市湖泊中污染相对较严重的青年湖(QN)沉积物作为实验材料,开展了利用投药剂(硝酸钙及微生物营养制剂)促进本土微生物氧化降解重污染沉积物的小试研究。该项研究旨在改善城市湖泊底栖生境,为后期的大型沉水植物和底栖动物的生态修复奠定基础,试验结果表明：(1)硝酸钙和微生物营养制剂被投加到沉积物中后均能促进沉积物中微生物活性的升高,但相同经济成本的硝酸钙效果相对更明显。(2)投加硝酸钙可以明显减少沉积物中磷营养盐向上覆水的释放,与投加单一药剂(硝酸钙或微生物营养制剂)相比,投加复合药剂(硝酸钙和微生物营养制剂)时可以明显减少沉积物中N03-N和NH3-N的释放量。(3)沉积物微生物氧化促生药剂的适宜投放方式及剂量为：在沉积物中15-18 cm处注射298gN/m2的硝酸钙、0.42L/m2微生物解毒剂(MT)以及0.35L/m2微生物促生剂(BE)。(4)试验结束取沉积物样品时,没有投药的对照柱沉积物臭气浓烈,而投药的试验柱中沉积物臭味不明显,泥样的颜色也明显变浅。(5)投加硝酸钙和微生物营养制剂均能促进沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)的升高,且在投加硝酸钙的处理中表层沉积物APA有明显的大幅度升高。
曝气是水体水质净化及其生态修复的常用工程技术,而磷是湖泊富营养化的关键影响因子。本论文关于上覆水曝气对城市湖泊水-沉积物系统中磷形态赋存及其迁移转化的影响研究表明：(1)上覆水长期的间歇曝气引起了表层沉积物微生物活性的升高,其生物代谢是上覆水溶解氧、总磷的降低以及pH值升高的主要原因。(2)上覆水的连续间歇曝气导致表层沉积物微生物的碱性磷酸酶活性显著升高,同时Fe-P被微生物吸收利用并转化合成自身的OP。上覆水的曝气通过其对表层沉积物中微生物的作用影响了表层沉积物磷的赋存形态及其迁移转化。
利用太阳能循环流装置(1号、2号)分别开展了城市湖泊富营养化控制的试验研究,结果表明：(1)该类装置(1号、2号)可利用太阳能长期间歇曝气,运行基本无噪音,具有节能和环境友好的优点。(2)该类装置在试验运行期间可以促进水体中TN和N03-N含量的降低,对NH3-N的净化效果不太明显；2号装置在30～40 r/min的转速下,对水体混合作用范围的半径为11米左右。(3) 2号装置试验结束后,表层沉积物的含水率有显著升高、间隙水中氨氮向上覆水扩散能力增强。1号和2号装置对上覆水的磷含量和浊度的改善效果均不明显,因此该装置在城市湖泊水质净化及其生态修复应用时应增加降浊和除磷的辅助工程措施。
Urban lakes are important part of urban ecological system and the landscape diversity. Under the influences of excessive pollutant carrying, subcritical flow and structural transformation, most of our urban lakes were listed in eutrophication or heavy eutrophication grades.
Compare to the large eutrophication lakes such as the Taihu and Caohu lakes, the research foundation of urban lakes are relatively weak. Therefore, several urban lakes in Beijing city were selected for research object in our study, and we mainly carried out the investigation as follows:1) seasonal water quality variation of Shi Chahai lake in a year, polluted characters of water and surface sediment in six urban lakes; 2) In-situ biological oxidation experimental investigation of the heavy polluted urban lakes sediments.3) Lab simulation and field experiments about the effection of long-term intermittent aeration on phosphorus migration and transformation in water-sediment interface. Results of our research work were aim to provide basic datas and technical references for the prevention and control of pollution in Beijing urban lakes, as well as provide references for ecological management and restoration of urban lake eutrophication in our country.
Monitoring and analysis work of 10 water environment and ecology indicators from the Shi Chahai lakes (including Xihai, Houhai and Qianhai lake) were carried out in year of 2009. The results showed that water quality of Xihai was worst and which of Qianhai was best. Analysised by the TLI index, water quality of Xihai was ranked as medium eutrophication level while Qihai was in mild eutrophication level. Varations of index in Xihai were more obvious than the other two lakes. The changes of water temperature, chlorophyll-a (Chla), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were in similar regulations, while the change regulation of NO3-N was in opposite. In Xihai lake water, NO3-N was the primarily nitrogen nutrient which absorped by algae, and high water temperature (about 30℃) is the main factor which caused proliferation of algae in summer.
Analysis and evaluation by the TLI index, eutrophication grades of Qianhai lake(QH), Kunming lake (KM), Qingnian lake (QN), Zi Zhuyuan lake (ZZ), Tao Ranting lake (TR), and Hong Linjing lake (HLJ) were obviously different. Among them the eutrophication grades of KM was lower while which of ZZ, TR, and HLJ were higher. Five Beijing uban lakes out of the six were in eutrophication, which demonstrate that water quality of Beijing urban lakes were in grim situation. Therefore, relevant measures for water pollution control and ecological restoration were needed in urgency.
The surface (0-10cm) sediment of the six lakes were also severely polluted. Organic index of the six lake surface sediment were all exceeded the pollution grade, the lowest of which was the twice as much as the value of the pollution marginal value. With the standard of Canada, the ecological toxic of sediments TN from two lakes were both above serious toxicity standards, which of other three lakes were all near to the serious toxicity standards. Average TP content of surface sediment from the six lakes were about 1100mg·kg-1, which was higher than that from the large lakes in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
In surface sediment of the six lakes, transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus (P) fractions were closely related to microbial activity, and the microbial activity were mainly affected by biomass of benthic algae.The generation of NH3-N and the transformation of NH3-N to NO3-N were both mainly controlle by the bio-activity of benthic algae in the surface sediment. Ca-P (P bounded to Calcium) was the dominant P fractions in surface sediment of the six lakes, while it was not the case for lakes in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Variations of Fe-P (P bounded to iron) and OP (organic phosphorus) content among the six lakes were more obvious than the other P fraction, and Fe-P and OP content from TR,QN lakes were higher than the other four lakes. OP and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) behaved extremely significant positive correlation (p<0.01; n=36), correlation between APA and Chla content was also extremely significant (p<0.01; n=36).These results showed that the most part of inorganic P in the six lakes surface sediment were absorbed by benthic algae, only less part of which were released to the overlying water.
Correlation analysis between water and sediment index from the six Beijing urban lakes shows that the transfer and diffusion of P from surface to water was not obvious, which may decided by the high ratios of Ca-P in the surface sediment. Correlation between TN and TOC content in surface sediment was extremely significant (p<0.01; n=18), and the correlation between water TN and the surface sediment TN was also extremely significant (p<0.01; n=18). In conclusion, the control and reduce of TN and TOC content in surface sediment is of great importance to the work of nitrogen pollution control in the unban city lakes.
Treatment the heavy pollution sediments with in-situ biological oxidation technology has good application prospect in China. The surface sediment of QN lake were selected as experimental materials, in which Ca (NO3)2 and nutrients were added to promote indigenous microbial oxidation of pollutants in sediment. The tests aim to improve the ecological environment of surface sediment, which could lay the foundation of ecological restoration with large submerged plant and benthonic animal in the urban lakes. The results shows that (1) The added of Ca(NO3)2 and microbial nutrients could both promoted the rise of microbial activity in sediment, however, the efficiency of Ca(NO3)2 was better than microbial nutrients in the same economic costs. (2) Ca(NO3)2 could significantly reduce the release of P from sediment to overlying water, the combination of Ca(NO3)2 and microbial nutrients could reduce the release of NO3-N and NH3-N from sediment. (3) 298gN/m2 Ca(NO3)2,0.42L/m2 MT and 0.35L/m2BE were mixed and injected to sediment at depth of 15-18 cm may be the suitable agentia launch way and dose. (4) Compared to the controls, odours of the sediment after treatment was not strong and its color becomes shallow obviously. (5) The dosing of Ca(NO3)2 and microbial nutrition could both promote the increase of sediment alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), however the more obvious increase of APA were observed when Ca(NO3)2 was added in sediment.
Aeration is the engineering technology which usually applicated in water purification and ecological restoration measures. The effect of areation in the overlying water on P fraction transfermation at water-sediment interface, and the efficiency of the microorganism during the course were investigated in our study. The experiments were aimed to provides technical reference and datas for in-situ repairment of the water eutrophication. Results showed that (1) The long-term intermittent areation lead to the increase of microbial activity in surface sediment, which mainly caused the decline of dissolved oxygen (DO) and TP as well as the increase of pH in overlying water. (2) long-term intermittent areation lead to the increase of APA in surface sediment, during the cause the Fe-P were obsorbed and transformed to OP by the microorganism. In a word, overlying water aeration affected the microbial activity in the surface sediment, which eventually caused the transformation of P fractions in the surface sediment.
The urban lake eutrophication control tests with solar cycle flow outfit apparatus (NO.1 and NO.2) showed that (1) The apparatus could long-term intermittent operate quietly by solar energy, with the advantages of energy-saving and environmental friendly. (2) During the experiment, TN and NO3-N content in water were obviously declined, while the NH3-N content was not changed. The apparatus (NO.2) could mixed the water with a radius of 11 meters under condition of 30-40 r/min operating speed. (3) With operating of the apparatus (NO.2), moisture content of surface sediment have significantly increased, and the NH3-N diffusion effect from sediment pore water to overlying water were enhanced in the tested field. However, the apparatus (NO.1 and NO.2) removal efficiency of phosphorus and turbidity were not obvious. Therefore, when the apparatus were applicated in urban lakes purification work, the auxiliary engineering measures should be considered to remove turbidity and phosphorus in water.
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