基于水下图像增强滤波方法的研究
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摘要
二十一世纪是海洋开发时代,对于陆地资源有限、人口众多,环境日趋恶化的中国来说,丰富的海洋资源能够在一定程度上大大缓解中国目前所面临的诸多困境,因此开发海洋是一项意义重大、影响深远的工程。但是现在人们对海洋的了解还是非常很浅的,所以如何合理有效地利用这个潜能无限的宝藏是摆在科学工作者面前的一个难题。
由于水下环境复杂,成像条件恶劣,从水下拍摄到的图像往往淹没在各种噪声中。本文目的是尝试对真实水下图像进行图像增强,力求提高图像的对比度,改善图像质量。
首先本文介绍了光对水下成像影响的光学特性、水下图像特点、海水的光吸收特性和光散射特性,以及海水介质的其它重要固有光学特性参数。分析了包括海水对于光线的吸收特性,散射特性以及海水总的吸收特性,在讨论海水的散射特性时,对纯水的散射和海水的特性进行了比较和对比,并且分析了海水的前向散射和后向散射不同的物理过程和成因。
其次本文分析了图像增强的几种常见方法。其中包括空域点处理增强、空域滤波增强、频域滤波增强。空域点处理增强中介绍了灰度修改技术、直方图修正、图像问的运算；空域滤波增强中介绍了平滑滤波器和锐化滤波器；频域滤波增强中介绍了低通、高通、同态滤波。
最后本文对真实的水下图像进行分析研究。通过对水下图像几个参数的推导,得知水体的功率谱密度函数为一个高通滤波函数。对水下试验图进行图像增强,实验分别用了直方图均衡化滤波和拉普拉斯锐化滤波两种方法。从实验结果图可知,两种效果对原始图像都有一定的图像增强效果,使原始水下模糊、低灰度值的图像变得更加清晰。
The 21st century is the age for oceans'development. for China with limited land sources、large population and worse and worse environment, to a extent, abundant oceans sources can largely alleviate various predicaments confronted by China at present, so it is a project with important significance and profound impact to develop seas. However, nowadays people understand oceans very little. Therefore, how to exploit the treasure of unlimited potentiality reasonably and effectively is a difficulty problem placed in front of scientists.
Because of the complicated underwater environment and the bad imaging conditions, images from underwater tend to be flooded in all kinds of noises. The purpose of this paper is to try to use image enhancement, in order to raise images' contrast ratio and improve images'quality.
Firstly, the paper introduces the effect of light on the optical properties of underwater imaging、underwater image features、light absorption properties and scattering properties of seawater, and seawater inherent optical properties of other important parameters. Analysis of seawater for the light absorption properties, scattering properties of seawater in the discussion, the scattering of the pure water and sea water characteristics were compared and contrasted, and analyzed the forward scattering of seawater and backward scattering of different physical processes and causes.
Secondly, the paper analyses on several common methods of image enhancement.these include enhanced airspace point processing, spatial filtering enhancement. Spatial point processing enhancement technique described gray-scale changes、histogram correction, image operation; spatial filtering introduced smoothing filter enhancement and sharpening filtering;Enhancement frequency domain filtering introduces low pass、high pass、Homomorphic filtering.
Finally, the paper researches on true analysis of underwater images. Through derived of the several parameters of underwater images, water power spectral density is equivalent to high pass filtering. To experimental diagram of underwater image enhancement, experiments are used the histogram equalization filtering and Laplacian sharpening filtering. From the results, patterns that the two effects on the original image have a certain degree of image enhancement to the original underwater fuzzy, low gray value of images. Images make more and more clear.
由于水下环境复杂,成像条件恶劣,从水下拍摄到的图像往往淹没在各种噪声中。本文目的是尝试对真实水下图像进行图像增强,力求提高图像的对比度,改善图像质量。
首先本文介绍了光对水下成像影响的光学特性、水下图像特点、海水的光吸收特性和光散射特性,以及海水介质的其它重要固有光学特性参数。分析了包括海水对于光线的吸收特性,散射特性以及海水总的吸收特性,在讨论海水的散射特性时,对纯水的散射和海水的特性进行了比较和对比,并且分析了海水的前向散射和后向散射不同的物理过程和成因。
其次本文分析了图像增强的几种常见方法。其中包括空域点处理增强、空域滤波增强、频域滤波增强。空域点处理增强中介绍了灰度修改技术、直方图修正、图像问的运算；空域滤波增强中介绍了平滑滤波器和锐化滤波器；频域滤波增强中介绍了低通、高通、同态滤波。
最后本文对真实的水下图像进行分析研究。通过对水下图像几个参数的推导,得知水体的功率谱密度函数为一个高通滤波函数。对水下试验图进行图像增强,实验分别用了直方图均衡化滤波和拉普拉斯锐化滤波两种方法。从实验结果图可知,两种效果对原始图像都有一定的图像增强效果,使原始水下模糊、低灰度值的图像变得更加清晰。
The 21st century is the age for oceans'development. for China with limited land sources、large population and worse and worse environment, to a extent, abundant oceans sources can largely alleviate various predicaments confronted by China at present, so it is a project with important significance and profound impact to develop seas. However, nowadays people understand oceans very little. Therefore, how to exploit the treasure of unlimited potentiality reasonably and effectively is a difficulty problem placed in front of scientists.
Because of the complicated underwater environment and the bad imaging conditions, images from underwater tend to be flooded in all kinds of noises. The purpose of this paper is to try to use image enhancement, in order to raise images' contrast ratio and improve images'quality.
Firstly, the paper introduces the effect of light on the optical properties of underwater imaging、underwater image features、light absorption properties and scattering properties of seawater, and seawater inherent optical properties of other important parameters. Analysis of seawater for the light absorption properties, scattering properties of seawater in the discussion, the scattering of the pure water and sea water characteristics were compared and contrasted, and analyzed the forward scattering of seawater and backward scattering of different physical processes and causes.
Secondly, the paper analyses on several common methods of image enhancement.these include enhanced airspace point processing, spatial filtering enhancement. Spatial point processing enhancement technique described gray-scale changes、histogram correction, image operation; spatial filtering introduced smoothing filter enhancement and sharpening filtering;Enhancement frequency domain filtering introduces low pass、high pass、Homomorphic filtering.
Finally, the paper researches on true analysis of underwater images. Through derived of the several parameters of underwater images, water power spectral density is equivalent to high pass filtering. To experimental diagram of underwater image enhancement, experiments are used the histogram equalization filtering and Laplacian sharpening filtering. From the results, patterns that the two effects on the original image have a certain degree of image enhancement to the original underwater fuzzy, low gray value of images. Images make more and more clear.
引文
[1]刘继陆.我国水下光学技术的进展.中国科技奖励,2000,8(4)：13～14
[2]希夫林.海洋和大气光学(李武译).青岛海洋大学出版社,1991.13～73
[3]杰尔洛夫.海洋光学(赵俊生译).科学出版社,1981.15～56
[4]王彬.水下图像增强算法的研究：[硕士学位论文].青岛：中国海洋大学,2008
[5]李健.水下图像后向散射噪声的去噪问题研究：[硕士学位论文].青岛：中国海洋大学,2009
[6]冈萨雷斯(Gonzalez R. C.).数字图像处理(第二版)(阮秋琦等译)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2003.59～170
[7]阮秋琦.数字图像处理学.北京：电子工业出版社,2007.178～215
[8]罗颖听.雾天低对比度图像增强方法的研究：[硕士学位论文].天津大学电气与自动化工程学院,2003
[9]刘治群,汪荣贵等.一种改进的处理雾天降质图像的增强算法.淮北煤炭师范学院学报,2008,29(4)：52～56
[10]翟艺书,柳晓鸣等.一种改进的雾天降质图像的清晰化算法.大连海事大学学报,2007,33(3)：55～58
[11]温文.基于相关特性的水下连续激光后向散射测量方法研究：[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学理学院,2007
[12]冈萨雷斯(Gonzalez R. C.)数字图像处理(MATLAB版)(阮秋琦等译)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005.46～101
[13]Rosenfeld A, Kak A C. Digital Picture Processing, Second Edition. New York:Academic Press,1982.200～275
[14]Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. woods. Digital Image processing. Second Edition, Publishing House of Electronics IndustryPP.,2002.148～215
[15]Pratt W K.Digital Image Processing.New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,1978.96～120
[16]Castleman K R. Digital Image Processing. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,1979.65～94
[17]Wallis R H. An Approach for the Space Variant Restoration and Enhancement of Image. Proceedings Symposium on Current Mathematical Problems in Image Science, California, Monterey, November 1976.60～200
[18]王爱玲等.MATLB R2007图像处理技术与应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2008.25～111
[19]姚敏等著.数字图像处理.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.55～85
[20]罗军辉,冯平等.MATLAB7.0在图像处理中的应用.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.83～111
[21]胡学龙,许开宇.数字图像处理[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.56～75
[22]景晓军.图像处理技术及其应用.北京：国防工业出版社,2005.76～112
[23]余松煜,周源华等.数字图像处理.上海：上海交通大学出版社,2007.155～158
[24]薛年喜.MATLAB在数字信号处理中的应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2003.41～51
[25]T.K. Kim, J. K. Paik, B. S. Kang. Contrast enhancement system using spatially adaptive histogram equalization with temporal filtering, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,1998,44(1):82～86
[26]Joung-Youn K I m,Lee-Sup Kim, Seung-Ho Hwang. An Advanced Contrast Enhancement Using Partially Overlapped Sub-Block Histogram Equalization, IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2001,11(4):468～490
[27]J. A. Stark, W.J. Fitz ge ralid. An Alternative Algorithm for Adaptive Histogram Equalization, GraPhical Models and Image Processing,1996,58(2):180～185
[28]J.A.Stark. Adaptive Image Contrast Enhancement Using Generalizations of Histogram Equalization, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2000,9(5):889～896
[29].B.Zimmerman,S.M.Pizer. An evaluation of the effectiveness of adaptive Histogram equalization for contrast enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,1988, 7(4):304～312
[30]Fabrizio Russo. An Image Enhancement Technique Combining Sharpening And Noise Reduction, IEEE Transactions on Insturmentation and Measurement,2002,51(4):824～828
[31]Sabine Dippel, MartinStahl, et al. Multiscale Contrast Enhancement for Radiographies: LaPlacian Pyramid Versus Fast Wavelet Transform, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2002,21(4):343～353
[32]樊厚春.遥感图像薄云去除研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国科学院研究生院,2004
[33]刘琼琼.红外图像的增强和规范化算法研究：[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学理学院,2007
[34]孙兆林.MATLAB6.x图像处理.北京：清华大学出版社.2002.142～163
[35]川孙祥,徐流美,吴清.MATLAB7.0基础教程.北京：清华大学出版社.2005.165～201
[36]刘治群,汪荣贵等.一种改进的处理雾天降质图像的增强算法.淮北煤炭师范学院学报,2008,29(4)：52～56
[37]罗颖听.雾天低对比度图像增强方法的研究：[硕士学位论文].天津大学电气与自动化工程学院,2003
[38]Chen Haiguang,Li Andrew,Kaufman Leon,et al.A Fast Filtering Algorithm for Image Enhancement,IEEE Trans on Medical Imaging,1997,13(3):557-564
[39]Wang Yu,Chen Qian, Zhang Bauman. Image Enhancement Based on Equal Area Dualistic Sub-image Histogram Equalization Method[J].IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,1999,45(1):68-75
[40]A P Dhawan, G. Buelloni, R Gordon. Enhancement of Mammographic Features by Optimal Adaptive Neighborhood Image Processing, IEEE Trans. Medical Imagings,1986,4(1):8-14
[41]R. A. Hummel. Image enhancement by histogram transformation[J], Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing(CVGIP),1977:184-195
[42]赵荣椿,赵忠明等.数字图像处理导论.西安：西北工业大学出版社,1995：42～62
[43]王耀南,李树涛,毛建旭.计算机图像处理与识别技术.北京：高等教育出版社,2001.85～98
[44]戴昊.基于小波的水下图像去噪研究：[硕士学位论文].青岛：中国海洋大学,2008
[45]祝培,朱虹等.一种有雾天气图像景物影像的清晰化方法.中国图像图形学报,2004,9(1)：124～128.
[46]卢闽.基于多尺度边缘分析的图像增强与降噪：：[硕士学位论文].济南,山东大学,2002
[47]李丽,王振领.MATLAB工程计算及应用.北京：人民邮电出版社,2001.43～51
[48]朱虹等.数字图像处理基础.北京：科学出版社,2005.84～86
[49]Vinay K. Ingle, John G. Proakis.数字信号处理及其MATLAB实现(陈怀琛等译).北京：电子工业出版社,1998.35～43
[50]李介谷等.图像处理技术.上海：上海交大出版社,1998.32～54
[51]董长虹.Matlab信号处理与应用.北京：国防工业出版社,2005.15～29
[52]姚若河,黄继武,吴湘淇.改进的直方图均衡化图像增强算法.铁道学报,1997,19(6)：78～81
[53]章毓晋.图像处理和分析(第一版).北京：清华大学出版社,1999.32～68
[2]希夫林.海洋和大气光学(李武译).青岛海洋大学出版社,1991.13～73
[3]杰尔洛夫.海洋光学(赵俊生译).科学出版社,1981.15～56
[4]王彬.水下图像增强算法的研究：[硕士学位论文].青岛：中国海洋大学,2008
[5]李健.水下图像后向散射噪声的去噪问题研究：[硕士学位论文].青岛：中国海洋大学,2009
[6]冈萨雷斯(Gonzalez R. C.).数字图像处理(第二版)(阮秋琦等译)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2003.59～170
[7]阮秋琦.数字图像处理学.北京：电子工业出版社,2007.178～215
[8]罗颖听.雾天低对比度图像增强方法的研究：[硕士学位论文].天津大学电气与自动化工程学院,2003
[9]刘治群,汪荣贵等.一种改进的处理雾天降质图像的增强算法.淮北煤炭师范学院学报,2008,29(4)：52～56
[10]翟艺书,柳晓鸣等.一种改进的雾天降质图像的清晰化算法.大连海事大学学报,2007,33(3)：55～58
[11]温文.基于相关特性的水下连续激光后向散射测量方法研究：[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学理学院,2007
[12]冈萨雷斯(Gonzalez R. C.)数字图像处理(MATLAB版)(阮秋琦等译)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005.46～101
[13]Rosenfeld A, Kak A C. Digital Picture Processing, Second Edition. New York:Academic Press,1982.200～275
[14]Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. woods. Digital Image processing. Second Edition, Publishing House of Electronics IndustryPP.,2002.148～215
[15]Pratt W K.Digital Image Processing.New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,1978.96～120
[16]Castleman K R. Digital Image Processing. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,1979.65～94
[17]Wallis R H. An Approach for the Space Variant Restoration and Enhancement of Image. Proceedings Symposium on Current Mathematical Problems in Image Science, California, Monterey, November 1976.60～200
[18]王爱玲等.MATLB R2007图像处理技术与应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2008.25～111
[19]姚敏等著.数字图像处理.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.55～85
[20]罗军辉,冯平等.MATLAB7.0在图像处理中的应用.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.83～111
[21]胡学龙,许开宇.数字图像处理[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.56～75
[22]景晓军.图像处理技术及其应用.北京：国防工业出版社,2005.76～112
[23]余松煜,周源华等.数字图像处理.上海：上海交通大学出版社,2007.155～158
[24]薛年喜.MATLAB在数字信号处理中的应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2003.41～51
[25]T.K. Kim, J. K. Paik, B. S. Kang. Contrast enhancement system using spatially adaptive histogram equalization with temporal filtering, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,1998,44(1):82～86
[26]Joung-Youn K I m,Lee-Sup Kim, Seung-Ho Hwang. An Advanced Contrast Enhancement Using Partially Overlapped Sub-Block Histogram Equalization, IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2001,11(4):468～490
[27]J. A. Stark, W.J. Fitz ge ralid. An Alternative Algorithm for Adaptive Histogram Equalization, GraPhical Models and Image Processing,1996,58(2):180～185
[28]J.A.Stark. Adaptive Image Contrast Enhancement Using Generalizations of Histogram Equalization, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2000,9(5):889～896
[29].B.Zimmerman,S.M.Pizer. An evaluation of the effectiveness of adaptive Histogram equalization for contrast enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,1988, 7(4):304～312
[30]Fabrizio Russo. An Image Enhancement Technique Combining Sharpening And Noise Reduction, IEEE Transactions on Insturmentation and Measurement,2002,51(4):824～828
[31]Sabine Dippel, MartinStahl, et al. Multiscale Contrast Enhancement for Radiographies: LaPlacian Pyramid Versus Fast Wavelet Transform, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2002,21(4):343～353
[32]樊厚春.遥感图像薄云去除研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国科学院研究生院,2004
[33]刘琼琼.红外图像的增强和规范化算法研究：[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学理学院,2007
[34]孙兆林.MATLAB6.x图像处理.北京：清华大学出版社.2002.142～163
[35]川孙祥,徐流美,吴清.MATLAB7.0基础教程.北京：清华大学出版社.2005.165～201
[36]刘治群,汪荣贵等.一种改进的处理雾天降质图像的增强算法.淮北煤炭师范学院学报,2008,29(4)：52～56
[37]罗颖听.雾天低对比度图像增强方法的研究：[硕士学位论文].天津大学电气与自动化工程学院,2003
[38]Chen Haiguang,Li Andrew,Kaufman Leon,et al.A Fast Filtering Algorithm for Image Enhancement,IEEE Trans on Medical Imaging,1997,13(3):557-564
[39]Wang Yu,Chen Qian, Zhang Bauman. Image Enhancement Based on Equal Area Dualistic Sub-image Histogram Equalization Method[J].IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,1999,45(1):68-75
[40]A P Dhawan, G. Buelloni, R Gordon. Enhancement of Mammographic Features by Optimal Adaptive Neighborhood Image Processing, IEEE Trans. Medical Imagings,1986,4(1):8-14
[41]R. A. Hummel. Image enhancement by histogram transformation[J], Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing(CVGIP),1977:184-195
[42]赵荣椿,赵忠明等.数字图像处理导论.西安：西北工业大学出版社,1995：42～62
[43]王耀南,李树涛,毛建旭.计算机图像处理与识别技术.北京：高等教育出版社,2001.85～98
[44]戴昊.基于小波的水下图像去噪研究：[硕士学位论文].青岛：中国海洋大学,2008
[45]祝培,朱虹等.一种有雾天气图像景物影像的清晰化方法.中国图像图形学报,2004,9(1)：124～128.
[46]卢闽.基于多尺度边缘分析的图像增强与降噪：：[硕士学位论文].济南,山东大学,2002
[47]李丽,王振领.MATLAB工程计算及应用.北京：人民邮电出版社,2001.43～51
[48]朱虹等.数字图像处理基础.北京：科学出版社,2005.84～86
[49]Vinay K. Ingle, John G. Proakis.数字信号处理及其MATLAB实现(陈怀琛等译).北京：电子工业出版社,1998.35～43
[50]李介谷等.图像处理技术.上海：上海交大出版社,1998.32～54
[51]董长虹.Matlab信号处理与应用.北京：国防工业出版社,2005.15～29
[52]姚若河,黄继武,吴湘淇.改进的直方图均衡化图像增强算法.铁道学报,1997,19(6)：78～81
[53]章毓晋.图像处理和分析(第一版).北京：清华大学出版社,1999.32～68