生物菌剂的构建及其在污水处理中的生物强化效能
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摘要
东北地区是我国石化行业发展的重点区域,部分企业由于长期环保投入不足和技术落后,已经成为重大的工业污染源。另外,低气温、低水温是影响东北寒冷地区新建城市污水处理厂启动周期的主要因素。通过生物菌剂的投加,生物强化技术可显著缩短污水生化处理系统的启动周期,改善生化处理系统的运行效果和稳定性。本研究运用微生物生理生态学、分子生态学与环境工程学的方法与理论,系统地阐明了生物菌剂构建的原则、生产工艺及评价方法。同时依托工程实践,以优化生物强化工艺设计和实现生物强化技术产业化为目标,开展了投加生物菌剂的生物强化技术在城市污水生化处理工艺低温快速启动以及石化废水生化处理设施升级改造的工程应用研究。
通过对东北三省32家城市污水处理厂运营现状的调查,确定城市污水处理生物菌剂的构建目标主要是实现城市污水生化处理系统在低温条件下的快速启动与稳定运行;通过对出水污染物含量比重、有机物COD贡献值和可生物降解性三个方面的分析,确定石化废水中处理生物菌剂构建的目标主要是提高石化废水生化处理系统对难降解有机污染物的降解效果和抵抗水质水量冲击负荷的能力。
基于微生物协同代谢原则、生态位分离原则及微生物的自适应原则,通过反复进行菌株的筛选、重组和驯化,分别针对石化废水特征污染物高效降解菌和城市污水低温快速启动所需冷适应菌进行了生物菌剂的构建。经评价,所构建的生物菌剂安全无毒、经济适用性好,城市污水处理生物菌剂能很快在低温条件下实现城市污水处理系统各项指标的达标;而投加生物菌剂的石化废水处理中试装置在进水水质波动较大(COD=370~910mg/L,NH_4~+-N=10~70mg/L)、水温低于13℃时,出水COD和NH_4~+-N平均浓度分别在80mg/L和8mg/L左右,出水中的有机物种类由未进行生物强化的69种减少到经过强化处理后的32种。
基于生物菌剂在石化废水生化处理系统中的稳定存在及效能发挥,对生物强化系统的工艺及生物接触氧化系统的挂膜方法进行了对比研究。结果表明,生物强化体系中固定化生物膜工艺在污染物去除效果和微生物的活性上均优于传统的活性污泥工艺及经过生物强化的活性污泥工艺。另外,采取间接挂膜法,即采用投加颗粒状物质活性炭、电气石及酵母粉的方式,对聚氨酯泡沫球形载体进行预挂膜后,再投加生物处理剂的挂膜方法可有效地避免载体的堵塞问题,从而在石化废水进水COD和NH_4~+-N浓度在280~420mg/L和5~25mg/L时,出水COD和NH_4~+-N浓度分别稳定在70mg/L和3mg/L以下。无机颗粒载体和有机颗粒营养物质的投加为有机污染物的生物降解创造了良好的条件。
在小试及中试试验的基础上,将原有传统活性污泥A/O工艺升级为以聚氨酯泡沫悬浮球为填料的二级A/O接触氧化工艺,并对系统实施了投加生物菌剂的生物强化技术。PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,生物强化系统内形成了稳定而多样性丰富的微生物群落结构,生化处理系统对难降解有机污染物的去除效果及抗冲击负荷能力都显著增强。同时,石化废水生化处理系统启动所需时间也缩短了10d左右。
采用投加生物菌剂的生物强化技术,在水温低于15°C的条件下,成功解决了黑龙江省3个不同工艺类型城市污水生化处理系统的低温快速启动问题,在系统启动后的12~15d,3个污水厂的出水水质均达到甚至优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级B的标准。工艺成功启动后,3个生化处理系统的出水水质并未随温度变化出现剧烈的波动,不同工艺类型的生物强化系统在低温条件下维持相似的微生物代谢活性。冬季及春季的生化处理系统中约有50%的微生物与系统低温快速启动时期投加的生物强化菌株相似,主要包括金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)、生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira sp.)、黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonadaceae)、黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriales)及拟杆菌属(Bacteroides sp.)。生物强化系统中,有36%与变形细菌亚群的β和γ-Proteobacteria相似,有18%与拟杆菌门的Flavobacteria和Sphingobacteria相似,有23%与硝化螺菌目(Nitrospirales)相似,这些菌群始终在系统中占有绝对的优势,代表了生物强化系统的优势菌群结构。同时,为了适应不同的工艺类型及水质水量等环境条件的变化,某些种群的优势度始终呈现动态波动的状态。优势菌的长期存在以及潜在功能菌的出现保证了冬季低温运行期及季节过渡期城市污水的稳定达标排放。
本文大量的工程实践经验以及理论研究成果系统地阐述了生物菌剂的构建原则、生产工艺及评价方法、生物强化系统工艺类型的选择和优化以及工艺参数的调控,为生物强化技术的推广应用提供了有力的指导和借鉴。生物菌剂的应用出色地完成了不同工艺类型城市污水生化处理工艺的低温快速启动和石化废水生化系统的升级改造任务,为污水处理厂节约了大量的调试启动费用和工艺升级改造投资,对于寒冷地区污水处理厂污水的稳定达标排放,尤其是东北地区冰封期的污染物削减意义重大。
Northeast China is the main area for petrochemical industry development. Due to long-term shortage of environmental investments and laggard technology, some enterprises had become vital industrial pollution soures. Besides, low ambient and wastewater temperature is the key factor influencing the start-up of the newly-builted municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Through the addition of bacterial agent, bioaugmentation could effectively shorten the start-up of biological wastewater treatment systems and improve its performances and stability. Based on methods and theories of microbial physiological ecology, molecular ecology and envrionmental engineering, the present study gave a systematic expatiation on bacterial agent construction. Furthermore, practical bioaugmenation projects were conducted in the low-temperature rapid start-up of the municipal WWTPs and the upgrade of petrochemical wastewater biological system.
Based on a survey of 32 municipal WWTPs in Northeast China, the construction objective of bacterial agent for municipal wastewater treatment was to realize the rapid start-up and stable operation of the biological systems under low temperatures. According to the analysis of pollutants contents, COD contribution of organics and their biodegradability, the construction objective of bacterial agent for petrochemical wastewater treatment was to enhance the degradation of refractory organics and the resistence to shock loadings.
Based on microbial cometabolism, niche separation and self-adaptive acclimatization and through repeated selection, combination and acclimatization, bacterial agents against the refractory organics in petrochemical wastewater and low temperature municipal wastewater were constructed. It showed that the constructed bacterial agents were safe and economical. Besides, with the addition of bacterial agent, municipal wastewater treatment met the discharge standands rapidly; in biaugmented pilot-scale petrochemical wastewater treatment facility, the average concentration of effluent COD and NH_4~+-N was around 80mg/L and 8mg/L, respectively. The number of the organics in the effluent of the bioaugmented system reduced to 32 compared to 69 of the original A/O process without bioaugmentation.
Based on the stable existence and efficient performance of the bacterial agent for petrochemical wastewater treatment, efficiencies of different bioaugmented process type and biofilm formation methods of the contact oxidation system were compared. The bioaugmented immobilized biofilm system was superior to the bioaugmented activated sludge system both in pollutants removal and microbial activity. The indirect biofilm formation methods, which delivered granular substances like activated carbon, tourmaline and yeast for the pre-coating of the carrier, could effectively avoid the clogging of the carrier with the attachment of abundant active microorganisms within the pores. When the concentrations of the influent COD and NH_4~+-N varied between the range of 280~420mg/L and 5~25mg/L, the corresponding effluent could keep stable below 70mg/L and 3mg/L, respectively. The addition of inorganic granular carriers and organic granular nutrients provided favorable environment for the degradation of organic pollutants in the petrochemical wastewater.
Based on lab-scale and pilot-scale tests, the conventional A/O process was upgraded to a two-stage bioaugmented oxidation process with polyurethane foams as its carrier. PCR-DGGE results showed that under the same operational conditions, stable and diverse microbial community was formulated in the bioagumented system. Remarkable improvements were achieved on pollutants removal efficiency and shock loadings resistance ablility. Period for system start-up was also shortened to about 10 d.
By applying bioaugmentation with the addition of bacterial agent, three different types of municipal WWTPs were started rapidly within 12~15d as temperature lower than 15℃. Their effluent quality was stable with varied temperature and the biological systems kept similar metabolic activity. Different bioaugmented biological system showed similar metabolic activity under low temperatures. 50% microorganisms in the biomass samples from winter and spring were similar to the stains diliveried during the bioaugmentation, which mainly included Chryseobacterium, Hyphomicrobium, Nitrospira sp., Xanthomonadacea, Flavobacteriales, and Bacteroides sp.. Among all the cloned sequences, 36% were similar toβ- andγ-Proteobacteria, 36% were similar to Flavobacteria and Sphingobacteria and 23% were similar to Nitrospirales. These bacteria were always predominant in the biological systems. Besides, the predominances of some bacteria in different biological processes were dynamic with the variations of wastewater quanlity and quality and other environmental conditions. The coexistence of predominant bacteria and potential functional bateria was vital for the stable operation of municipal WWTPs in cold winter and seasonal transition periods.
Engineering practical experiences and theoretical achievements presented in the present study systematically elaborated upon the contruction, production and evaluation methods of the bacterial agent, the selection and optimization of bioaugmentation process, the regulation and control of operational parameters, which provided powerful guidance and reference for spreading the application of bioaugmentaion technology. Bioaugmentation with bacterial agent could remarkablely shorten the start-up period and improve the pollutants removal and shock loading resistence ability of the biological wastewater treatment systems. Besides, a great many cost for start-up and upgrade was saved. The application of bacterial agent reduced the discharge of pollutants in Northeast China, especially in frozen periods, which was a fesible and effective pathway for the wastewater treatment and control of the Northeast China.
通过对东北三省32家城市污水处理厂运营现状的调查,确定城市污水处理生物菌剂的构建目标主要是实现城市污水生化处理系统在低温条件下的快速启动与稳定运行;通过对出水污染物含量比重、有机物COD贡献值和可生物降解性三个方面的分析,确定石化废水中处理生物菌剂构建的目标主要是提高石化废水生化处理系统对难降解有机污染物的降解效果和抵抗水质水量冲击负荷的能力。
基于微生物协同代谢原则、生态位分离原则及微生物的自适应原则,通过反复进行菌株的筛选、重组和驯化,分别针对石化废水特征污染物高效降解菌和城市污水低温快速启动所需冷适应菌进行了生物菌剂的构建。经评价,所构建的生物菌剂安全无毒、经济适用性好,城市污水处理生物菌剂能很快在低温条件下实现城市污水处理系统各项指标的达标;而投加生物菌剂的石化废水处理中试装置在进水水质波动较大(COD=370~910mg/L,NH_4~+-N=10~70mg/L)、水温低于13℃时,出水COD和NH_4~+-N平均浓度分别在80mg/L和8mg/L左右,出水中的有机物种类由未进行生物强化的69种减少到经过强化处理后的32种。
基于生物菌剂在石化废水生化处理系统中的稳定存在及效能发挥,对生物强化系统的工艺及生物接触氧化系统的挂膜方法进行了对比研究。结果表明,生物强化体系中固定化生物膜工艺在污染物去除效果和微生物的活性上均优于传统的活性污泥工艺及经过生物强化的活性污泥工艺。另外,采取间接挂膜法,即采用投加颗粒状物质活性炭、电气石及酵母粉的方式,对聚氨酯泡沫球形载体进行预挂膜后,再投加生物处理剂的挂膜方法可有效地避免载体的堵塞问题,从而在石化废水进水COD和NH_4~+-N浓度在280~420mg/L和5~25mg/L时,出水COD和NH_4~+-N浓度分别稳定在70mg/L和3mg/L以下。无机颗粒载体和有机颗粒营养物质的投加为有机污染物的生物降解创造了良好的条件。
在小试及中试试验的基础上,将原有传统活性污泥A/O工艺升级为以聚氨酯泡沫悬浮球为填料的二级A/O接触氧化工艺,并对系统实施了投加生物菌剂的生物强化技术。PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,生物强化系统内形成了稳定而多样性丰富的微生物群落结构,生化处理系统对难降解有机污染物的去除效果及抗冲击负荷能力都显著增强。同时,石化废水生化处理系统启动所需时间也缩短了10d左右。
采用投加生物菌剂的生物强化技术,在水温低于15°C的条件下,成功解决了黑龙江省3个不同工艺类型城市污水生化处理系统的低温快速启动问题,在系统启动后的12~15d,3个污水厂的出水水质均达到甚至优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级B的标准。工艺成功启动后,3个生化处理系统的出水水质并未随温度变化出现剧烈的波动,不同工艺类型的生物强化系统在低温条件下维持相似的微生物代谢活性。冬季及春季的生化处理系统中约有50%的微生物与系统低温快速启动时期投加的生物强化菌株相似,主要包括金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)、生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira sp.)、黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonadaceae)、黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriales)及拟杆菌属(Bacteroides sp.)。生物强化系统中,有36%与变形细菌亚群的β和γ-Proteobacteria相似,有18%与拟杆菌门的Flavobacteria和Sphingobacteria相似,有23%与硝化螺菌目(Nitrospirales)相似,这些菌群始终在系统中占有绝对的优势,代表了生物强化系统的优势菌群结构。同时,为了适应不同的工艺类型及水质水量等环境条件的变化,某些种群的优势度始终呈现动态波动的状态。优势菌的长期存在以及潜在功能菌的出现保证了冬季低温运行期及季节过渡期城市污水的稳定达标排放。
本文大量的工程实践经验以及理论研究成果系统地阐述了生物菌剂的构建原则、生产工艺及评价方法、生物强化系统工艺类型的选择和优化以及工艺参数的调控,为生物强化技术的推广应用提供了有力的指导和借鉴。生物菌剂的应用出色地完成了不同工艺类型城市污水生化处理工艺的低温快速启动和石化废水生化系统的升级改造任务,为污水处理厂节约了大量的调试启动费用和工艺升级改造投资,对于寒冷地区污水处理厂污水的稳定达标排放,尤其是东北地区冰封期的污染物削减意义重大。
Northeast China is the main area for petrochemical industry development. Due to long-term shortage of environmental investments and laggard technology, some enterprises had become vital industrial pollution soures. Besides, low ambient and wastewater temperature is the key factor influencing the start-up of the newly-builted municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Through the addition of bacterial agent, bioaugmentation could effectively shorten the start-up of biological wastewater treatment systems and improve its performances and stability. Based on methods and theories of microbial physiological ecology, molecular ecology and envrionmental engineering, the present study gave a systematic expatiation on bacterial agent construction. Furthermore, practical bioaugmenation projects were conducted in the low-temperature rapid start-up of the municipal WWTPs and the upgrade of petrochemical wastewater biological system.
Based on a survey of 32 municipal WWTPs in Northeast China, the construction objective of bacterial agent for municipal wastewater treatment was to realize the rapid start-up and stable operation of the biological systems under low temperatures. According to the analysis of pollutants contents, COD contribution of organics and their biodegradability, the construction objective of bacterial agent for petrochemical wastewater treatment was to enhance the degradation of refractory organics and the resistence to shock loadings.
Based on microbial cometabolism, niche separation and self-adaptive acclimatization and through repeated selection, combination and acclimatization, bacterial agents against the refractory organics in petrochemical wastewater and low temperature municipal wastewater were constructed. It showed that the constructed bacterial agents were safe and economical. Besides, with the addition of bacterial agent, municipal wastewater treatment met the discharge standands rapidly; in biaugmented pilot-scale petrochemical wastewater treatment facility, the average concentration of effluent COD and NH_4~+-N was around 80mg/L and 8mg/L, respectively. The number of the organics in the effluent of the bioaugmented system reduced to 32 compared to 69 of the original A/O process without bioaugmentation.
Based on the stable existence and efficient performance of the bacterial agent for petrochemical wastewater treatment, efficiencies of different bioaugmented process type and biofilm formation methods of the contact oxidation system were compared. The bioaugmented immobilized biofilm system was superior to the bioaugmented activated sludge system both in pollutants removal and microbial activity. The indirect biofilm formation methods, which delivered granular substances like activated carbon, tourmaline and yeast for the pre-coating of the carrier, could effectively avoid the clogging of the carrier with the attachment of abundant active microorganisms within the pores. When the concentrations of the influent COD and NH_4~+-N varied between the range of 280~420mg/L and 5~25mg/L, the corresponding effluent could keep stable below 70mg/L and 3mg/L, respectively. The addition of inorganic granular carriers and organic granular nutrients provided favorable environment for the degradation of organic pollutants in the petrochemical wastewater.
Based on lab-scale and pilot-scale tests, the conventional A/O process was upgraded to a two-stage bioaugmented oxidation process with polyurethane foams as its carrier. PCR-DGGE results showed that under the same operational conditions, stable and diverse microbial community was formulated in the bioagumented system. Remarkable improvements were achieved on pollutants removal efficiency and shock loadings resistance ablility. Period for system start-up was also shortened to about 10 d.
By applying bioaugmentation with the addition of bacterial agent, three different types of municipal WWTPs were started rapidly within 12~15d as temperature lower than 15℃. Their effluent quality was stable with varied temperature and the biological systems kept similar metabolic activity. Different bioaugmented biological system showed similar metabolic activity under low temperatures. 50% microorganisms in the biomass samples from winter and spring were similar to the stains diliveried during the bioaugmentation, which mainly included Chryseobacterium, Hyphomicrobium, Nitrospira sp., Xanthomonadacea, Flavobacteriales, and Bacteroides sp.. Among all the cloned sequences, 36% were similar toβ- andγ-Proteobacteria, 36% were similar to Flavobacteria and Sphingobacteria and 23% were similar to Nitrospirales. These bacteria were always predominant in the biological systems. Besides, the predominances of some bacteria in different biological processes were dynamic with the variations of wastewater quanlity and quality and other environmental conditions. The coexistence of predominant bacteria and potential functional bateria was vital for the stable operation of municipal WWTPs in cold winter and seasonal transition periods.
Engineering practical experiences and theoretical achievements presented in the present study systematically elaborated upon the contruction, production and evaluation methods of the bacterial agent, the selection and optimization of bioaugmentation process, the regulation and control of operational parameters, which provided powerful guidance and reference for spreading the application of bioaugmentaion technology. Bioaugmentation with bacterial agent could remarkablely shorten the start-up period and improve the pollutants removal and shock loading resistence ability of the biological wastewater treatment systems. Besides, a great many cost for start-up and upgrade was saved. The application of bacterial agent reduced the discharge of pollutants in Northeast China, especially in frozen periods, which was a fesible and effective pathway for the wastewater treatment and control of the Northeast China.
引文
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