有机无机复混肥优化化肥养分利用的效应与机理
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摘要
有机无机复混肥料具有消纳有机废弃物、增加土壤有机质含量和优化化学肥料养分高效利用的作用,逐渐受到产业界的重视。本研究采用团粒法工艺,利用味精厂制糖形成的糖渣(A)、糠醛厂的有机废弃物糠醛渣(B)和味精厂污水处理形成的污泥有机废弃物(C)作为有机原料,与化学氮肥(尿素)、化学磷肥(磷酸一铵)和化学钾肥(硫酸钾)复混分别制成有机无机复混氮肥、有机无机复混磷肥和有机无机复混钾肥。运用大型土柱栽培试验研究了有机无机复混肥对作物产量和养分吸收利用的影响;利用淋洗试验、土壤培养试验等系统研究了有机物料与化学肥料复混对化学肥料养分释放模式、转化过程以及损失等的影响,揭示有机物料与化学肥料复混优化化肥养分高效利用的效应与机理。主要结果如下:
(1)有机物料与化学肥料复混形成有机无机复混肥,相比化肥具有明显的增产效果。等养分投入,在低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,施用有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米籽粒产量分别比单施化肥氮提高19.1%、9.0%和5.6%;在低磷、中磷和高磷水平下,施用有机无机复混磷肥处理平均玉米籽粒产量平均分别比单施化肥磷提高19.1%、11.3%和37.8%;在低钾、中钾和高钾水平下,施用有机无机复混钾肥处理平均玉米籽粒产量平均分别比单施化肥钾提高27.8%、-3.2%和10.8%。本试验条件下,总体看,有机无机复混肥中随有机物料含量比例提高,对增产效应有一定的促进作用,但效果不是很有规律和十分明显。另外,等氮量投入下,有机氮(有机物料处理)比无机氮减产。
(2)在等化肥氮量投入情况下,无论是低氮、中氮还是高氮投入水平,有机无机复混氮肥比对应有机物料处理的玉米增产幅度都较化肥氮处理比对应不施氮肥(CK1)处理的增产幅度高;低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米籽粒产量分别比单施化肥氮提高12.4%、4.8%和5.4%。有机无机复混氮肥比化肥表现出明显的增产效果。
(3)有机物料与化学肥料复混具有明显促进养分吸收的效应。等氮量投入,低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米植株氮素吸收量比化肥处理分别提高27.9%、14.6%和7.3%;等化肥氮投入,低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米植株氮素吸收量比化肥处理分别提高29.0%、21.6%和18.9%。等全磷投入,低磷、中磷和高磷水平下,有机无机复混磷肥处理平均玉米植株磷素吸收量比化肥处理分别提高12.6%、2.8%和33.4%。等全钾投入,低钾、中钾和高钾水平下,有机无机复混钾肥处理平均玉米植株钾素吸收量比化肥处理分别提高31.3%、-9.1%和16.1%。
(4)有机物料与化学肥料复混具有优化化学肥料养分利用和提高肥料利用率的效果。等氮量投入,低氮、中氮和高氮投入水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均氮肥表观利用率分别较化肥处理提高了35.4、13.1和4.9个百分点。此外,等氮量条件下,有机氮(有机物料处理)的氮肥利用率不及无机氮的高。等尿素氮投入,低氮、中氮和高氮投入水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均的化肥氮(尿素N)的表观利用率分别比化学肥处理(尿素N)提高了33.5、11.6和13.0个百分点。等磷投入条件下,低磷、中磷和高磷投入水平,有机无机复混磷肥处理平均其化肥磷的表观利用率分别比化肥处理提高了16.2、0.8和15.7个百分点。等钾投入条件下,低钾、中钾和高钾投入水平,有机无机复混钾肥平均其化肥钾的表观利用率分别比化肥处理提高了55.1、-3.3和2.1个百分点。
(5)玉米收获后测定,有机无机复混肥料对土壤有机质增加作用不明显;土壤全氮含量比相应化肥处理略有增加。由于有机无机复混肥料促进了作物对养分的吸收,在等养分投入下,有机无机复混氮肥和有机无机复混磷肥处理的土壤速效磷含量比相应化肥处理的偏低;有机无机复混钾肥处理的土壤速效钾含量比对应化肥处理的稍有增加。相比单施化肥处理,有机无机复混肥料处理土壤微生物量碳、量氮没有体现出明显的增加趋势。
(6)等化肥磷施入条件下,相比化学磷肥处理,有机无机复混磷肥处理的土壤速效磷含量显著增加,提高了磷肥的供肥性。与化肥处理比较,有机无机复混磷肥明显提高了土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P含量和比例,却显著降低土壤Al-P的含量。
(7)等化肥钾投入条件下,相比化学钾肥处理,糠醛渣(B)和污泥(C)有机无机复混钾肥的钾素淋洗总量略有增加,而糖渣(A)有机无机复混钾肥钾素淋洗总量略有减少。有机无机复混钾肥没有明显降低钾素在土壤中的运移性。相比化学钾肥处理,糖渣(A)和糠醛渣(B)有机无机复混钾肥的土壤速效钾含量有所提高,而钾的固定量(K)分别减少了42mg/kg和39mg/kg。
As a new type of fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound fertilizer has been gaining increasing interests in China. In this study, organic-inorganic compound N, P, and K fertilizers were made by combining each of the organic waste materials (including sugar residue, furfural residue, and bio-solids from the production of monosodium glutamate) with urea, ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively. The leaching experiments, incubation experiments, and potted plants experiments were conducted to investigate effects of these organic-inorganic compound fertilizers on crop yield, nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, soil fertility, and the cycling of nutrients in soils. The major conclusions are as follows:
(1)Organic-inorganic compound fertilizers increased maize grain yield. At the low, medium, and high N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer application increased maize grain yield by 19.1%, 9.0% and 5.6%, respectively, compared to the urea treatment. Similarly, compared to inorganic P fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer increased maize grain yield by 19.1%, 11.3% and 37.8%, respectively, at the low, medium, and high P application rate. As with organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer, it also tended to increase maize grain yield compared to inorganic K fertilizer. In the current study, an increase in the ratio of organic material to inorganic components of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer tended to increase crop yield to a limited degree. Given that the same amounts of N were applied, however, organic-N application decreased maize yield relative to inorganic-N treatment.
(2)At the same urea N application rate, the relative increase of maize grain yield of the organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer treatment to those of the corresponding organic material treatment was greater than that of the inorganic N fertilizer treatment to no N fertilizer treatment. At the low, medium, and high N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer increased maize grain yield by 12.4%, 4.8% and 5.4%, respectively, relative to the urea treatment.
(3) Organic-inorganic fertilizers increased nutrients uptake. At the low, medium and high N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer increased N uptake of maize plant by 27.9%, 14.6%, and 7.3%, respectively, compared to inorganic N treatment. At the low, medium and fertilizer N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer application increased N uptake of maize plant by 29.0%, 21.6%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared to fertilizer N treatment. Similarly, compared to inorganic P treatment, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer increased P uptake of maize plant by 12.6%, 2.8%, and 33.4%, respectively, at the low, medium, and high P application rate. At the low, medium and high K application rate, organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer increased K uptake of maize plant by 31.3, -9.1, and 16.1%, respectively, compared to K fertilizer treatment.
(4) Organic-inorganic fertilizers increased nutrient use efficiency. At the low, medium and N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer increased N apparent recovery by 35.4, 13.1, and4.9%, respectively, compared to fertilizer N treatment. However, organic N use efficiency was lower than that of inorganic N when the same amounts of N were applied. In the case of the same amount of urea N applied, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer application increased N apparent recovery by 11.6-33.5%, compared to urea treatment. At the low, medium and high P application rate, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer increased P apparent recovery by 16.2, 0.8, and 15.7%, respectively, compared to fertilizer P treatment. Similarly, compared to K fertilizer treatment, organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer increased K apparent recovery by 55.1, -3.3, and 2.1%, respectively, at the low, medium and high K application.
(5)Compared with inorganic fertilizer treatment, organic-inorganic compound fertilizer application increased total N concentration in soils and soil available K concentration, whereas it did not impose significant effects on soil organic matter content. In comparison, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer reduced soil available P concentration compared to inorganic P fertilizer. In addition, organic-inorganic compound fertilizers did not increase soil microbial C and N from a statistical perspective, compared to chemical fertilizers.
(6)Compared to chemical P fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer increased the concentrations of soil available P, Ca2-P, and Ca8-P, whereas it reduced soil Al-P concentration.
(7) Compared to chemical K fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer containing furfural residue and bio-solid increased the amount of K leached, whereas organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer containing sugar residue decreased the amount of K leached. Also, organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer containing sugar residue and furfural residue increased soil available K concentration, and decreased the amount of K fixed by soil components on the basis of chemical K fertilizer.
(1)有机物料与化学肥料复混形成有机无机复混肥,相比化肥具有明显的增产效果。等养分投入,在低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,施用有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米籽粒产量分别比单施化肥氮提高19.1%、9.0%和5.6%;在低磷、中磷和高磷水平下,施用有机无机复混磷肥处理平均玉米籽粒产量平均分别比单施化肥磷提高19.1%、11.3%和37.8%;在低钾、中钾和高钾水平下,施用有机无机复混钾肥处理平均玉米籽粒产量平均分别比单施化肥钾提高27.8%、-3.2%和10.8%。本试验条件下,总体看,有机无机复混肥中随有机物料含量比例提高,对增产效应有一定的促进作用,但效果不是很有规律和十分明显。另外,等氮量投入下,有机氮(有机物料处理)比无机氮减产。
(2)在等化肥氮量投入情况下,无论是低氮、中氮还是高氮投入水平,有机无机复混氮肥比对应有机物料处理的玉米增产幅度都较化肥氮处理比对应不施氮肥(CK1)处理的增产幅度高;低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米籽粒产量分别比单施化肥氮提高12.4%、4.8%和5.4%。有机无机复混氮肥比化肥表现出明显的增产效果。
(3)有机物料与化学肥料复混具有明显促进养分吸收的效应。等氮量投入,低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米植株氮素吸收量比化肥处理分别提高27.9%、14.6%和7.3%;等化肥氮投入,低氮、中氮和高氮水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均玉米植株氮素吸收量比化肥处理分别提高29.0%、21.6%和18.9%。等全磷投入,低磷、中磷和高磷水平下,有机无机复混磷肥处理平均玉米植株磷素吸收量比化肥处理分别提高12.6%、2.8%和33.4%。等全钾投入,低钾、中钾和高钾水平下,有机无机复混钾肥处理平均玉米植株钾素吸收量比化肥处理分别提高31.3%、-9.1%和16.1%。
(4)有机物料与化学肥料复混具有优化化学肥料养分利用和提高肥料利用率的效果。等氮量投入,低氮、中氮和高氮投入水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均氮肥表观利用率分别较化肥处理提高了35.4、13.1和4.9个百分点。此外,等氮量条件下,有机氮(有机物料处理)的氮肥利用率不及无机氮的高。等尿素氮投入,低氮、中氮和高氮投入水平下,有机无机复混氮肥处理平均的化肥氮(尿素N)的表观利用率分别比化学肥处理(尿素N)提高了33.5、11.6和13.0个百分点。等磷投入条件下,低磷、中磷和高磷投入水平,有机无机复混磷肥处理平均其化肥磷的表观利用率分别比化肥处理提高了16.2、0.8和15.7个百分点。等钾投入条件下,低钾、中钾和高钾投入水平,有机无机复混钾肥平均其化肥钾的表观利用率分别比化肥处理提高了55.1、-3.3和2.1个百分点。
(5)玉米收获后测定,有机无机复混肥料对土壤有机质增加作用不明显;土壤全氮含量比相应化肥处理略有增加。由于有机无机复混肥料促进了作物对养分的吸收,在等养分投入下,有机无机复混氮肥和有机无机复混磷肥处理的土壤速效磷含量比相应化肥处理的偏低;有机无机复混钾肥处理的土壤速效钾含量比对应化肥处理的稍有增加。相比单施化肥处理,有机无机复混肥料处理土壤微生物量碳、量氮没有体现出明显的增加趋势。
(6)等化肥磷施入条件下,相比化学磷肥处理,有机无机复混磷肥处理的土壤速效磷含量显著增加,提高了磷肥的供肥性。与化肥处理比较,有机无机复混磷肥明显提高了土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P含量和比例,却显著降低土壤Al-P的含量。
(7)等化肥钾投入条件下,相比化学钾肥处理,糠醛渣(B)和污泥(C)有机无机复混钾肥的钾素淋洗总量略有增加,而糖渣(A)有机无机复混钾肥钾素淋洗总量略有减少。有机无机复混钾肥没有明显降低钾素在土壤中的运移性。相比化学钾肥处理,糖渣(A)和糠醛渣(B)有机无机复混钾肥的土壤速效钾含量有所提高,而钾的固定量(K)分别减少了42mg/kg和39mg/kg。
As a new type of fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound fertilizer has been gaining increasing interests in China. In this study, organic-inorganic compound N, P, and K fertilizers were made by combining each of the organic waste materials (including sugar residue, furfural residue, and bio-solids from the production of monosodium glutamate) with urea, ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively. The leaching experiments, incubation experiments, and potted plants experiments were conducted to investigate effects of these organic-inorganic compound fertilizers on crop yield, nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, soil fertility, and the cycling of nutrients in soils. The major conclusions are as follows:
(1)Organic-inorganic compound fertilizers increased maize grain yield. At the low, medium, and high N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer application increased maize grain yield by 19.1%, 9.0% and 5.6%, respectively, compared to the urea treatment. Similarly, compared to inorganic P fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer increased maize grain yield by 19.1%, 11.3% and 37.8%, respectively, at the low, medium, and high P application rate. As with organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer, it also tended to increase maize grain yield compared to inorganic K fertilizer. In the current study, an increase in the ratio of organic material to inorganic components of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer tended to increase crop yield to a limited degree. Given that the same amounts of N were applied, however, organic-N application decreased maize yield relative to inorganic-N treatment.
(2)At the same urea N application rate, the relative increase of maize grain yield of the organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer treatment to those of the corresponding organic material treatment was greater than that of the inorganic N fertilizer treatment to no N fertilizer treatment. At the low, medium, and high N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer increased maize grain yield by 12.4%, 4.8% and 5.4%, respectively, relative to the urea treatment.
(3) Organic-inorganic fertilizers increased nutrients uptake. At the low, medium and high N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer increased N uptake of maize plant by 27.9%, 14.6%, and 7.3%, respectively, compared to inorganic N treatment. At the low, medium and fertilizer N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer application increased N uptake of maize plant by 29.0%, 21.6%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared to fertilizer N treatment. Similarly, compared to inorganic P treatment, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer increased P uptake of maize plant by 12.6%, 2.8%, and 33.4%, respectively, at the low, medium, and high P application rate. At the low, medium and high K application rate, organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer increased K uptake of maize plant by 31.3, -9.1, and 16.1%, respectively, compared to K fertilizer treatment.
(4) Organic-inorganic fertilizers increased nutrient use efficiency. At the low, medium and N application rate, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer increased N apparent recovery by 35.4, 13.1, and4.9%, respectively, compared to fertilizer N treatment. However, organic N use efficiency was lower than that of inorganic N when the same amounts of N were applied. In the case of the same amount of urea N applied, organic-inorganic compound N fertilizer application increased N apparent recovery by 11.6-33.5%, compared to urea treatment. At the low, medium and high P application rate, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer increased P apparent recovery by 16.2, 0.8, and 15.7%, respectively, compared to fertilizer P treatment. Similarly, compared to K fertilizer treatment, organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer increased K apparent recovery by 55.1, -3.3, and 2.1%, respectively, at the low, medium and high K application.
(5)Compared with inorganic fertilizer treatment, organic-inorganic compound fertilizer application increased total N concentration in soils and soil available K concentration, whereas it did not impose significant effects on soil organic matter content. In comparison, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer reduced soil available P concentration compared to inorganic P fertilizer. In addition, organic-inorganic compound fertilizers did not increase soil microbial C and N from a statistical perspective, compared to chemical fertilizers.
(6)Compared to chemical P fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound P fertilizer increased the concentrations of soil available P, Ca2-P, and Ca8-P, whereas it reduced soil Al-P concentration.
(7) Compared to chemical K fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer containing furfural residue and bio-solid increased the amount of K leached, whereas organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer containing sugar residue decreased the amount of K leached. Also, organic-inorganic compound K fertilizer containing sugar residue and furfural residue increased soil available K concentration, and decreased the amount of K fixed by soil components on the basis of chemical K fertilizer.
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