应用可拆迁式猪舍生态养猪的种养结合关键参数的研究
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摘要
由于我国目前农牧严重脱节,规模养殖产生的畜禽粪尿没能作为有机肥合理利用,畜禽粪尿污染现象严重；规模种植中因过多施用化肥,导致土地板结,肥力下降,而没有用足够的有机肥以改良土壤。有机肥资源和土地资源的合理利用,成为规模养殖与规模种植所面临的最大问题。同时,现有固定猪舍模式的养殖还存在占用耕地、疫病严重等问题。为了从根源上解决以上问题,本课题组研制了适于种养结合生态养殖的可便携装拆迁移式环保型猪舍(可拆迁式猪舍)。本课题通过饲养试验和种植黑麦草土地猪粪尿承载力试验,研究得出可拆迁式猪舍生态养猪的种养结合关键参数,为可拆迁式猪舍在实际中的应用提供理论依据。
饲养试验主要研究了可拆迁式猪舍对温湿度的影响、对肥育猪生长性能和消化率的影响。选取体重约为30 kg的杜大长三元杂交生长肥育猪216头,按完全区组设计分为2个组,分别为可拆迁式猪舍组和通用的固定猪舍组,每组3个重复,每个重复36头。公母各半,公猪在断奶前去势。饲养期从保育期结束后体重约30 kg进栏到体重达100 kg左右出栏。两组饲养密度均为1.1头／m2,饲料来源及营养水平相同,自由采食。
研究结果表明：可拆迁式猪舍内平均温度为20.33℃,平均日温差为6.25℃,平均相对湿度为69.33；固定猪舍内分别为16.86℃、6.34℃和65.29；舍外分别为15.15℃、9.94℃和64.90。其中平均温度三者间差异极显著。相对湿度均在肥育猪湿度适宜范围之内。在初始重均为30 kg情况下,可拆迁式猪舍组饲养92天的肥育猪平均末重比固定猪舍组饲养了104天的高出5.06%(P<0.05)；平均日增重和平均日采食量分别提高17.28%(P<0.01)和12.13%(P<0.01)；料重比降低7.00%(P<0.05)。消化率两组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
猪粪排泄量和尿污排泄量测定每10 d为1个周期,各饲养单元所有周期总量之和即为可拆迁式猪舍各单元1个饲养期内的总粪排泄量和尿污排泄量。可拆迁式猪舍平均每个饲养单元鲜粪排泄量为4045.88 kg,堆肥后重为2913.03 kg；鲜尿污量为13075.45 kg,最终施用量为12385.07kg。可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪从30.13kg生长至104.84 kg平均每千克增重产生鲜粪重为1.58 kg,堆肥重为1.14 kg,尿污重为5.11 kg,尿污施用量为4.84kg。
种植黑麦草土地猪粪承载力试验主要研究了黑麦草种植所需的最适猪粪尿施入量,以及可拆迁式猪舍肥育猪所产猪粪尿污完全施入黑麦草种植田的土地匹配面积。供试土地设7个处理组,分别施入猪粪量为0、3、3.75、4.5、5.25、6 kg／m2,化肥组施入硫酸钾型含硝态氮肥0.058 kg／m2,粪施入时按1：4.2的比例与尿污混合。每个处理组3个重复,每个重复2.4 m2。黑麦草播种量为1.7g／m2,共刈割3次,第1次收割后以后每隔一月收割一次,每组施用的肥料量按2／3作底肥,余下1／3在每茬割草后作追肥使用。每次收割后采样,测定各组土壤肥力指标,黑麦草生产性状和营养成分含量。
试验结果表明,每平方米施入4.5kg猪粪堆肥和18.9 kg尿污为最适施肥量,每亩施用量为3001.5 kg猪粪和12606.3 kg尿污,黑麦草总鲜重可达11.78 kg／m2,每亩产量7857.26 kg；总蛋白含量可达0.32 kg／m2,每亩总蛋白重213.44 kg。根据每个单元可拆迁式猪舍所产生的平均猪粪堆肥量和尿污量,施入黑麦草种植田的土地匹配面积为647.34 m2,约合0.97亩土地,每头猪的匹配土地面积为17.98 m2。
本试验的研究结果表明,可拆迁式猪舍饲养生长肥育猪的生产性能和温湿度环境优于通用的固定猪舍；可拆迁式猪舍生长肥育猪所产猪粪尿污混合施入黑麦草种植田的适宜量为猪粪堆肥4.5 kg／m2,尿污18.9 kg／m2；每个单元可拆迁式猪舍的黑麦草种植土地匹配面积为647.34 m2(0.97亩),每头猪的匹配土地面积为17.98m2；每个单元可拆迁式猪舍饲养生长肥育猪的经济效益比固定猪舍提高2810.05元,可匹配土地面积种植黑麦草的经济效益为1413.20元。
Because of the serious gap between agriculture and animal husbandry presently, swine manure wastewater from the scale breeding can not used rationally as organic fertilizer, which causes serious pollution problems. And excessive use of fertilizers in scale planting results in soil hardening and fertility declining, while there is not enough organic fertilizer used to improve soil fertility. Rational utilization of Organic fertilizer resources and land resources has become the biggest problem faced by the scale breeding and planting. At the same time, the problem of occupying cultivated land and serious disease and so on still exist in general fixed-pigsty model. In order to resolve the above problems from their root, the studying team has developed the migration portable and environment-friendly pigsty (removable pig house) which is suitable for crop-animal combined production. Our studying team has got the key parameters of crop-animal combined production by applying the removable pig house through the feeding trial and the bearing capacity tests of the swine manure wastewater in the land planted with the ryegrass, and these key parameters could provide a theoretical basis for the application of the removable pig house in practice.
The feeding trial was to study the effects of removable pig house on temperature, humidity, and the growth of fattening pigs on performance and digestibility.216 growing-finishing crossbred(Duroc X Landrace X Yorkshire) pigs with the weight of about 30 kg were Selected and divided into two groups according to completely block design respectively, the removable pig house group and general fixed pighouse group. There were three repetition and 36 pigs in each repetition with equal male and female, and the male pigs were emasculated before delactation. The pigs were feed from they were about 30 kg after the conservation stage ended to about 100 kg. The feeding density of the two groups were kept for 1.1/m2 and the feed source and nutrition level were the same, and the pigs feed freely.
The results shows that, the average temperature of the removable pig house was 20.33℃, the mean daily temperature was 6.25℃, and the average relative humidity of 69.33; Data of the fixed pig house was 16.86℃,6.34℃and 65.29 respectively; the outdoor date was 15.15℃,9.94℃and 64.90. Among these data, the difference of average temperature was extremely significant. Relative humidity are suitable for finishing pigs within the scope of humidity. The average final weight of the fattening pigs reared for 92 days in the removable pig house was higher than pigs kept in fixed pig house for 104 days for 5.06%(P< 0.05) in the case that the average initial weight of the pigs were 30 kg; the average daily gain and average daily feed intake were higher than the fixed-pigsty group for 17.28% (P<0.01) and 12.13% (P<0.01); The feed to gain was lower for 7.00% (P<0.05). Digestibility between the two groups was not significantly different(P>0.05).
Determination of pig manure and urine wastewater excretion was arranged into a cycle of every 10 days. Summation of weight of each unit in a cycle was the total fecal excretion and urine wastewater excretion pollution in feeding period of each unit of removable pig house. The weight of fresh pig manure excretion in each unit of the removable pig house was 4045.88 kg, and it was changed to 2913.03 kg after compost; The weight of fresh urine was 13075.45 kg, and it was changed to 12385.07 kg after the ultimate application. The amount of pig manure, composting products, urine wastewater and the actual urine waste water at last for average weight gain of 1 kg of finishing pigs in removable pig house from their 30.13 kg to 104.84 kg was respectively 1.58 kg,1.14 kg,5.11 kg,4.84 kg.
The bearing capacity tests of the pig waste in the land planted with the ryegrass was carried out mainly for the optimum amount of swine waste applied for planting the ryegrass,as well as the suited fields of land planted ryegrass to match entirely pig waste pollution applied to the ryegrass land from the removable pig house. There were seven treatment groups in test land, and they were fertilized by the pig manure with 0,3,3.75, 4.5,5.25,6 kg/m2 respectively containing potassium nitrate-based fertilizer 0.058 kg/m2 equally, and the pig manure was mixed with urine wastewater to the ratio of 1:4.2, and there were three treatment groups for each repeat, and it was 2.4m2 for each repeat.The ryegrass was reaped for 3 times totally. After the first harvest, it was reaped every other month.2/3 of the number of the pig waste was used as the base fertilizer, and the remaining 1/3 was used as additional fertilizer after reaped. Samples of the soil was collected after reaped every time, and indicators of the soil fertility, production traits and nutrient content of the ryegrass in each group were determined.
The result of the bearing capacity test of the pig manure of the land planted the ryegrass showed that the optimum weight of the fertilizer applied per square was 4.5kg, and that was 4.5 kg pig manure and 18.9 kg urine wastewater could be contained for 1 square meter of land planted ryegrass. That is to say,3001.5 kg pig manure and 18.9 kg urine wastewater could be contained for 1 mu of land planted ryegrass. The products of ryegrass can reach to 11.78 kg/m2,7857.26 kg/mu; the protein content can reach to 0.32 kg/m2,213.44 kg/mu. The matched area of land planted ryegrass for the pig waste totally being applied was 647.34 m2, and it was about 0.97 mu according to the demolition-style weight of pig manure compost and urine from each unit of the removable pig house. And the matched area of land for each pig was 17.98 m2.
The results of this experiment showed that the pigs' production performance, temperature and humidity environment of removable pig house were better than common fixed pig house. The optimum weight of the pig manure and urine wastewater from the removable pig house that were mixed and applied to the land planted with ryegrass were 4.5kg/m2 and 18.9kg/m2; The matched area of land planted ryegrass for each unit of the removable pig house was 647.34m2 (0.97 mu), and the matched area of land for each pig was 17.98 m2. The economic benefit of each raising unit in removable pig house was higher than fixed pig house by 2810.5 RMB, while the direct economic benefit made by the ryegrass planted in matched area was 1413.20 RMB.
饲养试验主要研究了可拆迁式猪舍对温湿度的影响、对肥育猪生长性能和消化率的影响。选取体重约为30 kg的杜大长三元杂交生长肥育猪216头,按完全区组设计分为2个组,分别为可拆迁式猪舍组和通用的固定猪舍组,每组3个重复,每个重复36头。公母各半,公猪在断奶前去势。饲养期从保育期结束后体重约30 kg进栏到体重达100 kg左右出栏。两组饲养密度均为1.1头／m2,饲料来源及营养水平相同,自由采食。
研究结果表明：可拆迁式猪舍内平均温度为20.33℃,平均日温差为6.25℃,平均相对湿度为69.33；固定猪舍内分别为16.86℃、6.34℃和65.29；舍外分别为15.15℃、9.94℃和64.90。其中平均温度三者间差异极显著。相对湿度均在肥育猪湿度适宜范围之内。在初始重均为30 kg情况下,可拆迁式猪舍组饲养92天的肥育猪平均末重比固定猪舍组饲养了104天的高出5.06%(P<0.05)；平均日增重和平均日采食量分别提高17.28%(P<0.01)和12.13%(P<0.01)；料重比降低7.00%(P<0.05)。消化率两组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
猪粪排泄量和尿污排泄量测定每10 d为1个周期,各饲养单元所有周期总量之和即为可拆迁式猪舍各单元1个饲养期内的总粪排泄量和尿污排泄量。可拆迁式猪舍平均每个饲养单元鲜粪排泄量为4045.88 kg,堆肥后重为2913.03 kg；鲜尿污量为13075.45 kg,最终施用量为12385.07kg。可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪从30.13kg生长至104.84 kg平均每千克增重产生鲜粪重为1.58 kg,堆肥重为1.14 kg,尿污重为5.11 kg,尿污施用量为4.84kg。
种植黑麦草土地猪粪承载力试验主要研究了黑麦草种植所需的最适猪粪尿施入量,以及可拆迁式猪舍肥育猪所产猪粪尿污完全施入黑麦草种植田的土地匹配面积。供试土地设7个处理组,分别施入猪粪量为0、3、3.75、4.5、5.25、6 kg／m2,化肥组施入硫酸钾型含硝态氮肥0.058 kg／m2,粪施入时按1：4.2的比例与尿污混合。每个处理组3个重复,每个重复2.4 m2。黑麦草播种量为1.7g／m2,共刈割3次,第1次收割后以后每隔一月收割一次,每组施用的肥料量按2／3作底肥,余下1／3在每茬割草后作追肥使用。每次收割后采样,测定各组土壤肥力指标,黑麦草生产性状和营养成分含量。
试验结果表明,每平方米施入4.5kg猪粪堆肥和18.9 kg尿污为最适施肥量,每亩施用量为3001.5 kg猪粪和12606.3 kg尿污,黑麦草总鲜重可达11.78 kg／m2,每亩产量7857.26 kg；总蛋白含量可达0.32 kg／m2,每亩总蛋白重213.44 kg。根据每个单元可拆迁式猪舍所产生的平均猪粪堆肥量和尿污量,施入黑麦草种植田的土地匹配面积为647.34 m2,约合0.97亩土地,每头猪的匹配土地面积为17.98 m2。
本试验的研究结果表明,可拆迁式猪舍饲养生长肥育猪的生产性能和温湿度环境优于通用的固定猪舍；可拆迁式猪舍生长肥育猪所产猪粪尿污混合施入黑麦草种植田的适宜量为猪粪堆肥4.5 kg／m2,尿污18.9 kg／m2；每个单元可拆迁式猪舍的黑麦草种植土地匹配面积为647.34 m2(0.97亩),每头猪的匹配土地面积为17.98m2；每个单元可拆迁式猪舍饲养生长肥育猪的经济效益比固定猪舍提高2810.05元,可匹配土地面积种植黑麦草的经济效益为1413.20元。
Because of the serious gap between agriculture and animal husbandry presently, swine manure wastewater from the scale breeding can not used rationally as organic fertilizer, which causes serious pollution problems. And excessive use of fertilizers in scale planting results in soil hardening and fertility declining, while there is not enough organic fertilizer used to improve soil fertility. Rational utilization of Organic fertilizer resources and land resources has become the biggest problem faced by the scale breeding and planting. At the same time, the problem of occupying cultivated land and serious disease and so on still exist in general fixed-pigsty model. In order to resolve the above problems from their root, the studying team has developed the migration portable and environment-friendly pigsty (removable pig house) which is suitable for crop-animal combined production. Our studying team has got the key parameters of crop-animal combined production by applying the removable pig house through the feeding trial and the bearing capacity tests of the swine manure wastewater in the land planted with the ryegrass, and these key parameters could provide a theoretical basis for the application of the removable pig house in practice.
The feeding trial was to study the effects of removable pig house on temperature, humidity, and the growth of fattening pigs on performance and digestibility.216 growing-finishing crossbred(Duroc X Landrace X Yorkshire) pigs with the weight of about 30 kg were Selected and divided into two groups according to completely block design respectively, the removable pig house group and general fixed pighouse group. There were three repetition and 36 pigs in each repetition with equal male and female, and the male pigs were emasculated before delactation. The pigs were feed from they were about 30 kg after the conservation stage ended to about 100 kg. The feeding density of the two groups were kept for 1.1/m2 and the feed source and nutrition level were the same, and the pigs feed freely.
The results shows that, the average temperature of the removable pig house was 20.33℃, the mean daily temperature was 6.25℃, and the average relative humidity of 69.33; Data of the fixed pig house was 16.86℃,6.34℃and 65.29 respectively; the outdoor date was 15.15℃,9.94℃and 64.90. Among these data, the difference of average temperature was extremely significant. Relative humidity are suitable for finishing pigs within the scope of humidity. The average final weight of the fattening pigs reared for 92 days in the removable pig house was higher than pigs kept in fixed pig house for 104 days for 5.06%(P< 0.05) in the case that the average initial weight of the pigs were 30 kg; the average daily gain and average daily feed intake were higher than the fixed-pigsty group for 17.28% (P<0.01) and 12.13% (P<0.01); The feed to gain was lower for 7.00% (P<0.05). Digestibility between the two groups was not significantly different(P>0.05).
Determination of pig manure and urine wastewater excretion was arranged into a cycle of every 10 days. Summation of weight of each unit in a cycle was the total fecal excretion and urine wastewater excretion pollution in feeding period of each unit of removable pig house. The weight of fresh pig manure excretion in each unit of the removable pig house was 4045.88 kg, and it was changed to 2913.03 kg after compost; The weight of fresh urine was 13075.45 kg, and it was changed to 12385.07 kg after the ultimate application. The amount of pig manure, composting products, urine wastewater and the actual urine waste water at last for average weight gain of 1 kg of finishing pigs in removable pig house from their 30.13 kg to 104.84 kg was respectively 1.58 kg,1.14 kg,5.11 kg,4.84 kg.
The bearing capacity tests of the pig waste in the land planted with the ryegrass was carried out mainly for the optimum amount of swine waste applied for planting the ryegrass,as well as the suited fields of land planted ryegrass to match entirely pig waste pollution applied to the ryegrass land from the removable pig house. There were seven treatment groups in test land, and they were fertilized by the pig manure with 0,3,3.75, 4.5,5.25,6 kg/m2 respectively containing potassium nitrate-based fertilizer 0.058 kg/m2 equally, and the pig manure was mixed with urine wastewater to the ratio of 1:4.2, and there were three treatment groups for each repeat, and it was 2.4m2 for each repeat.The ryegrass was reaped for 3 times totally. After the first harvest, it was reaped every other month.2/3 of the number of the pig waste was used as the base fertilizer, and the remaining 1/3 was used as additional fertilizer after reaped. Samples of the soil was collected after reaped every time, and indicators of the soil fertility, production traits and nutrient content of the ryegrass in each group were determined.
The result of the bearing capacity test of the pig manure of the land planted the ryegrass showed that the optimum weight of the fertilizer applied per square was 4.5kg, and that was 4.5 kg pig manure and 18.9 kg urine wastewater could be contained for 1 square meter of land planted ryegrass. That is to say,3001.5 kg pig manure and 18.9 kg urine wastewater could be contained for 1 mu of land planted ryegrass. The products of ryegrass can reach to 11.78 kg/m2,7857.26 kg/mu; the protein content can reach to 0.32 kg/m2,213.44 kg/mu. The matched area of land planted ryegrass for the pig waste totally being applied was 647.34 m2, and it was about 0.97 mu according to the demolition-style weight of pig manure compost and urine from each unit of the removable pig house. And the matched area of land for each pig was 17.98 m2.
The results of this experiment showed that the pigs' production performance, temperature and humidity environment of removable pig house were better than common fixed pig house. The optimum weight of the pig manure and urine wastewater from the removable pig house that were mixed and applied to the land planted with ryegrass were 4.5kg/m2 and 18.9kg/m2; The matched area of land planted ryegrass for each unit of the removable pig house was 647.34m2 (0.97 mu), and the matched area of land for each pig was 17.98 m2. The economic benefit of each raising unit in removable pig house was higher than fixed pig house by 2810.5 RMB, while the direct economic benefit made by the ryegrass planted in matched area was 1413.20 RMB.
引文
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