集约化养猪场粪便对红壤旱地重金属积累与环境风险评价研究
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摘要
本研究利用中国科学院红壤生态实验站红壤旱地生态系统长期监测研究样地,通过连续施用不同量的集约化养殖场猪粪处理(用量分别为2.5、5.0、7.5、10、15、20、25 t/hm~2,共施用3季),分别测定了土壤pH值、容重等基础理化性质和Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等重金属元素含量,花生、冬萝卜、苦麦菜作物生长指数和不同部位重金属含量:就集约化养猪场粪便对红壤旱地重金属残留积累和作物体内的积累进行了研究;对不同施用量猪粪地红壤旱地重金属残留积累的环境风险进行了初步评价,初步结果如下:
1施用集约化养殖场猪粪影响了红壤旱地土壤理化性质
随着施肥次数和施肥量的增加,耕层土壤pH值呈降低的趋势,土壤有机碳含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,土壤容重有降低的趋势;亚耕层有机碳含量变化不显著,土壤容重呈增加趋势;土壤全氮、全磷含量呈增加趋势,其中耕层全N最大增加量为0.28g/kg,全P增幅最高达90.8%;连续施用不同量的猪粪对土壤K素含量有显著影响,增幅最高达1.72 g/kg。
2不同施用量猪粪对红壤旱地土壤重金属残留积累的影响
耕层土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的浓度随着施猪粪量的增加而增加。连续施用猪粪对土壤耕层Cu、Zn的浓度有极显著影响,对土壤耕层Pb、Cd的浓度有显著影响。亚耕层土壤中Cu、Zn浓度随施用猪粪量增加而增加,Pb、Cd的浓度虽经三次施用猪粪仍无显著变化,各处理间各重金属浓度差异不显著。耕层土壤重金属浓度与连续施用猪粪次数与累计施猪粪量进行相关分析,发现耕层土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和亚耕层Zn的浓度与累计施用量呈极显著正相关关系。而亚耕层土壤Cu、Pb、Cd浓度与累计施猪粪量之间相关性不显著。
3施用集约化养殖场猪粪与红壤旱地重金属残留的环境风险
以背景值为评价标准所有施肥处理的各重金属污染指数都大于1,以国家土壤质量标准一级标准为评价标准所有处理土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr和Pb的污染指数均大于0.7,达到了警戒值,只有Cd低于0.7。以二级土壤环境标准为评价标准时,所有处理的Zn、Cu的污染指数较大,但都未超过0.7,未受污染。
经三季连续施用猪粪,土壤表层重金属污染大都属低潜在生态风险水平,只有Cd元素为中等生态风险。土壤中各种重金属元素潜在生态危害指数由大到小依次为:Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn。生态风险指数(RI)随着施肥量和施肥次数的增加而增大。
4施用不同量集约化养殖场猪粪对作物的影响及食用部分质量评价
4.1施用猪粪对花生、萝卜、苦麦菜生物量有显著的影响。花生生物量、籽粒产量、冬萝卜生物量和苦麦菜可食部分产量都比对照高。
4.2施用不同量的猪粪对不同作物、不同部位重金属含量影响不同。苦麦菜地上部分Cu含量最高,其次为苦麦菜根和花生籽粒,冬萝卜中含量最低。花生和苦麦菜植株重金属Cu含量随着施肥量的增加而增加,而冬萝卜中重金属Cu含量则反之。施猪粪量高于10t/hm~2时花生籽粒和所有处理苦麦菜地上部分的Cu的浓度均高于蔬菜中Cu的最高允许浓度限值;各处理冬萝卜中Cu的含量均低于该浓度限值。
三种作物中Zn含量大多比对照高,作物体内Zn含量以苦麦菜地上部分含量最高,其次为花生籽粒,含量最低的为冬萝卜。所有施猪粪处理的花生籽粒和苦麦菜中zn的含量均超过最高允许浓度限值;冬萝卜中Zn的含量均未超过标准值。
施用猪粪处理花生植株和冬萝卜中Pb的浓度总体随施肥量的增加而增大,苦麦菜中Pb的浓度则均低于对照,花生籽粒中的Pb则未检出,各处理冬萝卜和苦麦菜中Pb浓度均超过蔬菜中重金属含量最高允许浓度。
花生植株中Cd的含量均比对照高,且随着施肥量的增加而增长,籽粒中的含量大多比对照高;冬萝卜中Cd的含量大多低于对照;苦麦菜地上部分和根部中Cd大多高于对照。各作物可食部位中Cd的浓度均超过蔬菜中Cd的最高允许浓度。本研究中土壤中重金属浓度低于国家土壤质量二级标准,而作物中重金属积累量却超过了食品中重金属最大允许浓度。
This thesis studied sample plot by long-term monitoring on red soil upland ecosystems,red soil ecological,experiment station of red earth ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,through continuous application of different amounts of pig manure of intensive farms(dosage were 2.5,5.0,7.5,10,15,20,25 t/hm~2,applying a total of three times), and,determined the pH value,bulk density and other basic physical and chemical properties,the contents of Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb and other heavy metals in soil and the growth indexs and contents of heavy metals in different parts of Arachis hypogaea,winter Raphanus and Ixeris.Pig manure of Intensive pig farms had been studied and assessed to accumulation of heavy metals in upland and crops.Preliminary results were as follows: 1 Pig manure of intensive farms affected physical and chemical properties of red soil upland
As the number and amount of fertilizer increasing,pH value and the density of Topsoil were trend toward lower,but,the content of organic carbon,the density of topsoil and the total nitrogen and phosphorus were increasing trend gradually,the content of organic carbon in Asia topsoil changing no significantly.Successive application of different amounts of pig manure impacted on K element in soil significantly.
2 Different application amount of pig manure affected on rudimental accumulation of heavy metals of red soil upland
Concentration of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd and the other heavy metals in Topsoil increased as the number of fertilizer application of pig manure increasing.Continuous application of pig manure affected Concentration of in topsoil and Pb,Cd prominently.Concentration of Cu,Zn in sub-topsoil increased as the number of fertilizer application of pig manure increasing,but Concentration of Pb、Cd having little changing.The concentration of heavy metals had no significant difference among all experiments.By analyzing between concentration of heavy metals in topsoil and the times of continuous application and amount of cumulating application of pig manure,there were positive correlation significantly between the concentration of Cu,Zn in topsoil and the concentrations and amount of cumulating application of Zn in sub-topsoil,with correlative coefficients. However,the concentrations of Cu,Pb,Cd had little pertinence with amount of cumulating application of pig manure.
3 Environmental assessment of the application of pig manure of intensive farms and residual of heavy metals in the red soil upland
Pollution index of heavy metals were all more than 1.0 if using the background as evaluation standard.But pollution index of Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb were all more than 0.7 which reaching a value of alert,but only Cd less than 0.7,if using the national soil quality standards evaluation standard.Pollution index of Cu,Zn were high,but less than 0.7 which showed no pollution,if using the second environmental standard as evaluation standard.
Most heavy-metals contamination in the soil surface was low potential ecological risk, but Cd element was middling ecological risk,through continuous application of pig manure of three quarters.Potential ecological hazard indexes of heavy metals in soil was Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn.Ecological risk indexes(RI) became bigger and bigger with the amount and the frequencies of fertilizer increasing.
4 Affect of different applying amount of pig manure of intensive farms on crops and quality evaluation on the edible parts
4.1 Application of pig manure impacted on Arachis hypogaea and winter Raphanus,Ixeris biomass prominently.Arachis hypogaea biomass,grain yield,winter Raphanusand and Ixeris biomass of edible parts were all higher than the control experiment.
4.2 Different applied amounts of pig manure impacted on the contents of heavy metals in different crops and different parts differently.The contents of Cu aboveground of Ixeris was the highest,following by the root of Ixeris and Arachis hypogaea seeds,the lowest level in the winter Raphanus.The contents of heavy metals in Ixeris and Arachis hypogaea became higher and higher with amounts of fertilizer application increasing,but it was trend toward low in winter Raphanus.When amount of fertilizer application was more than 10t/hm~2,concentrations of Cu in aboveground of Ixeris and Arachis hypogaea seeds were all higher than the maximum permitted concentration in vegetables,but it was lower than the limit concentration in winter Raphanus managed.
The most of contents of Zn in these crops were higher than control experiment.The contents of Zn aboveground of Ixeris was the highest,following by the Arachis hypogaea seeds,the lowest content in the winter Raphanus.Concentrations of Zn in Ixeris and Arachis hypogaea seeds were all higher than the maximum permitted concentration.But it was lower than standard values in winter Raphanus.
The contents of Pb in winter Raphanus and Arachis hypogaea which were managed by pig manure became higher with amounts of fertilizer application increasing,but it was lower than that in Ixeris and not monitored in Arachis hypogaea seeds.Concentrations of Zn in winter Raphanus and Ixeris were all higher than the maximum permitted concentration.
The contents of Cd in Arachis hypogaea which became higher and higher with amounts of fertilizer increasing were all higher than that of control experiment and most of contents in Arachis hypogaea seeds,aboveground and root of Ixeris were higher than that of control experiment,but lower than that of control experiment in winter
Raphanus.Concentrations of Cd in edible parts of each crop were all higher than the maximum permitted concentration in vegetables.The concentration of heavy metals was lower than national soil quality two standards,but the accumulation of heavy metals in crops was more than the maximum permitted concentration in food
1施用集约化养殖场猪粪影响了红壤旱地土壤理化性质
随着施肥次数和施肥量的增加,耕层土壤pH值呈降低的趋势,土壤有机碳含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,土壤容重有降低的趋势;亚耕层有机碳含量变化不显著,土壤容重呈增加趋势;土壤全氮、全磷含量呈增加趋势,其中耕层全N最大增加量为0.28g/kg,全P增幅最高达90.8%;连续施用不同量的猪粪对土壤K素含量有显著影响,增幅最高达1.72 g/kg。
2不同施用量猪粪对红壤旱地土壤重金属残留积累的影响
耕层土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的浓度随着施猪粪量的增加而增加。连续施用猪粪对土壤耕层Cu、Zn的浓度有极显著影响,对土壤耕层Pb、Cd的浓度有显著影响。亚耕层土壤中Cu、Zn浓度随施用猪粪量增加而增加,Pb、Cd的浓度虽经三次施用猪粪仍无显著变化,各处理间各重金属浓度差异不显著。耕层土壤重金属浓度与连续施用猪粪次数与累计施猪粪量进行相关分析,发现耕层土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和亚耕层Zn的浓度与累计施用量呈极显著正相关关系。而亚耕层土壤Cu、Pb、Cd浓度与累计施猪粪量之间相关性不显著。
3施用集约化养殖场猪粪与红壤旱地重金属残留的环境风险
以背景值为评价标准所有施肥处理的各重金属污染指数都大于1,以国家土壤质量标准一级标准为评价标准所有处理土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr和Pb的污染指数均大于0.7,达到了警戒值,只有Cd低于0.7。以二级土壤环境标准为评价标准时,所有处理的Zn、Cu的污染指数较大,但都未超过0.7,未受污染。
经三季连续施用猪粪,土壤表层重金属污染大都属低潜在生态风险水平,只有Cd元素为中等生态风险。土壤中各种重金属元素潜在生态危害指数由大到小依次为:Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn。生态风险指数(RI)随着施肥量和施肥次数的增加而增大。
4施用不同量集约化养殖场猪粪对作物的影响及食用部分质量评价
4.1施用猪粪对花生、萝卜、苦麦菜生物量有显著的影响。花生生物量、籽粒产量、冬萝卜生物量和苦麦菜可食部分产量都比对照高。
4.2施用不同量的猪粪对不同作物、不同部位重金属含量影响不同。苦麦菜地上部分Cu含量最高,其次为苦麦菜根和花生籽粒,冬萝卜中含量最低。花生和苦麦菜植株重金属Cu含量随着施肥量的增加而增加,而冬萝卜中重金属Cu含量则反之。施猪粪量高于10t/hm~2时花生籽粒和所有处理苦麦菜地上部分的Cu的浓度均高于蔬菜中Cu的最高允许浓度限值;各处理冬萝卜中Cu的含量均低于该浓度限值。
三种作物中Zn含量大多比对照高,作物体内Zn含量以苦麦菜地上部分含量最高,其次为花生籽粒,含量最低的为冬萝卜。所有施猪粪处理的花生籽粒和苦麦菜中zn的含量均超过最高允许浓度限值;冬萝卜中Zn的含量均未超过标准值。
施用猪粪处理花生植株和冬萝卜中Pb的浓度总体随施肥量的增加而增大,苦麦菜中Pb的浓度则均低于对照,花生籽粒中的Pb则未检出,各处理冬萝卜和苦麦菜中Pb浓度均超过蔬菜中重金属含量最高允许浓度。
花生植株中Cd的含量均比对照高,且随着施肥量的增加而增长,籽粒中的含量大多比对照高;冬萝卜中Cd的含量大多低于对照;苦麦菜地上部分和根部中Cd大多高于对照。各作物可食部位中Cd的浓度均超过蔬菜中Cd的最高允许浓度。本研究中土壤中重金属浓度低于国家土壤质量二级标准,而作物中重金属积累量却超过了食品中重金属最大允许浓度。
This thesis studied sample plot by long-term monitoring on red soil upland ecosystems,red soil ecological,experiment station of red earth ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,through continuous application of different amounts of pig manure of intensive farms(dosage were 2.5,5.0,7.5,10,15,20,25 t/hm~2,applying a total of three times), and,determined the pH value,bulk density and other basic physical and chemical properties,the contents of Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb and other heavy metals in soil and the growth indexs and contents of heavy metals in different parts of Arachis hypogaea,winter Raphanus and Ixeris.Pig manure of Intensive pig farms had been studied and assessed to accumulation of heavy metals in upland and crops.Preliminary results were as follows: 1 Pig manure of intensive farms affected physical and chemical properties of red soil upland
As the number and amount of fertilizer increasing,pH value and the density of Topsoil were trend toward lower,but,the content of organic carbon,the density of topsoil and the total nitrogen and phosphorus were increasing trend gradually,the content of organic carbon in Asia topsoil changing no significantly.Successive application of different amounts of pig manure impacted on K element in soil significantly.
2 Different application amount of pig manure affected on rudimental accumulation of heavy metals of red soil upland
Concentration of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd and the other heavy metals in Topsoil increased as the number of fertilizer application of pig manure increasing.Continuous application of pig manure affected Concentration of in topsoil and Pb,Cd prominently.Concentration of Cu,Zn in sub-topsoil increased as the number of fertilizer application of pig manure increasing,but Concentration of Pb、Cd having little changing.The concentration of heavy metals had no significant difference among all experiments.By analyzing between concentration of heavy metals in topsoil and the times of continuous application and amount of cumulating application of pig manure,there were positive correlation significantly between the concentration of Cu,Zn in topsoil and the concentrations and amount of cumulating application of Zn in sub-topsoil,with correlative coefficients. However,the concentrations of Cu,Pb,Cd had little pertinence with amount of cumulating application of pig manure.
3 Environmental assessment of the application of pig manure of intensive farms and residual of heavy metals in the red soil upland
Pollution index of heavy metals were all more than 1.0 if using the background as evaluation standard.But pollution index of Cu,Zn,Cr,Pb were all more than 0.7 which reaching a value of alert,but only Cd less than 0.7,if using the national soil quality standards evaluation standard.Pollution index of Cu,Zn were high,but less than 0.7 which showed no pollution,if using the second environmental standard as evaluation standard.
Most heavy-metals contamination in the soil surface was low potential ecological risk, but Cd element was middling ecological risk,through continuous application of pig manure of three quarters.Potential ecological hazard indexes of heavy metals in soil was Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn.Ecological risk indexes(RI) became bigger and bigger with the amount and the frequencies of fertilizer increasing.
4 Affect of different applying amount of pig manure of intensive farms on crops and quality evaluation on the edible parts
4.1 Application of pig manure impacted on Arachis hypogaea and winter Raphanus,Ixeris biomass prominently.Arachis hypogaea biomass,grain yield,winter Raphanusand and Ixeris biomass of edible parts were all higher than the control experiment.
4.2 Different applied amounts of pig manure impacted on the contents of heavy metals in different crops and different parts differently.The contents of Cu aboveground of Ixeris was the highest,following by the root of Ixeris and Arachis hypogaea seeds,the lowest level in the winter Raphanus.The contents of heavy metals in Ixeris and Arachis hypogaea became higher and higher with amounts of fertilizer application increasing,but it was trend toward low in winter Raphanus.When amount of fertilizer application was more than 10t/hm~2,concentrations of Cu in aboveground of Ixeris and Arachis hypogaea seeds were all higher than the maximum permitted concentration in vegetables,but it was lower than the limit concentration in winter Raphanus managed.
The most of contents of Zn in these crops were higher than control experiment.The contents of Zn aboveground of Ixeris was the highest,following by the Arachis hypogaea seeds,the lowest content in the winter Raphanus.Concentrations of Zn in Ixeris and Arachis hypogaea seeds were all higher than the maximum permitted concentration.But it was lower than standard values in winter Raphanus.
The contents of Pb in winter Raphanus and Arachis hypogaea which were managed by pig manure became higher with amounts of fertilizer application increasing,but it was lower than that in Ixeris and not monitored in Arachis hypogaea seeds.Concentrations of Zn in winter Raphanus and Ixeris were all higher than the maximum permitted concentration.
The contents of Cd in Arachis hypogaea which became higher and higher with amounts of fertilizer increasing were all higher than that of control experiment and most of contents in Arachis hypogaea seeds,aboveground and root of Ixeris were higher than that of control experiment,but lower than that of control experiment in winter
Raphanus.Concentrations of Cd in edible parts of each crop were all higher than the maximum permitted concentration in vegetables.The concentration of heavy metals was lower than national soil quality two standards,but the accumulation of heavy metals in crops was more than the maximum permitted concentration in food
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