玉米对区域光、温、水资源变化的响应研究
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摘要
为了研究玉米生育期、积温需求、产量及产量构成因素、干物质积累和产量潜力对光温水资源变化的响应，分析影响玉米生育期长短、产量及干物质积累的主要因素以及资源高效利用的技术措施，2007-2012年在北方春玉米区和黄淮海夏玉米区大尺度研究区域内安排多点联网试验，取得了如下结果：
1、生态条件尤其是气候因子（温度、光周期、日照时数、光辐射和降雨量）是影响玉米生长发育的主要因素，同时玉米也通过调节生育期来适应生态环境的变化。随着纬度的北移，玉米的生育期发生显著变化，营养生长期显著增加而生殖生长期显著缩短，纬度每升高1°，播种-出苗和出苗-吐丝阶段生育期天数分别增加0.7d和1.25d，吐丝-成熟阶段生育期天数缩短0.8d。分析影响玉米生育期的主要因素发现：影响玉米营养生长阶段（播种-出苗和出苗-吐丝）生育期长短的主要气象因素是温度（(T|-)、T_M和T_m），而影响玉米生殖生长阶段生育期长短的主要气象因素是该阶段的降雨量；
2、温度是影响玉米生育进程的主要因素，随着纬度的北移，玉米营养生长阶段（播种-出苗和出苗-吐丝）所需的GDD显著增加，而生殖生长阶段（吐丝-成熟）所需的GDD显著降低。玉米营养生长阶段对积温需求显著增加的主要原因是随着纬度的北移光周期显著增加，从而导致玉米的营养生长期延长、玉米总的叶片数增加，最终导致营养生长阶段所需的GDD增加。而玉米不同生育阶段（播种-出苗、出苗-吐丝、吐丝-成熟和播种-成熟）对积温需求的变异受试验年份和试验地点的影响；各生育阶段对积温需求的变异表现为播种-出苗>吐丝-成熟>出苗-吐丝>播种-成熟，且北方春玉米区不同生育阶段对积温需求的变异>黄淮海夏播玉米区；
3、随着纬度的北移，玉米产量发生了显著的变化，呈先增加后降低的趋势，在39°08’ N时玉米的产量最大，为12.19t ha~(-1)。收获指数和千粒重随纬度的变化是导致玉米产量变化的主要原因。分析玉米干物质生产的空间变化发现：随着纬度的北移玉米收获期总的干物重没有显著的变化，花前干物重显著增加，花后干物重显著降低。纬度每升高1°，花前干物重增加8.84g，花后干物重降低6.36g。温度是影响玉米产量、收获指数和千粒重的主要气象因素；花前干物重主要受生育期长短和累积光辐射量的影响，而花后干物重主要受温度（T和T_M）和积温（GDD）的影响
4、随着纬度的北移，灌溉区玉米产量和单株干物重呈现先增加后降低的趋势，雨养区玉米产量没有显著的变化。随着经度的东移，雨养区和灌溉区的产量发生了显著的变化，而单株干物重变化不显著；随着生育期和全年降雨量的增加，玉米产量发生显著的变化，呈先增加后降低的趋势；单株干物重随着生育期和降雨量的增加显著降低。与生育期降雨量对玉米的影响相比，全年降雨量对玉米产量和单株干物重影响更大。
5、北方春玉米区玉米产量潜力随着纬度的北移呈现先增加后降低的变化，其与大田实际产量之间的产量差为4.52t ha~(-1)。而增加玉米产量和缩小产量差的主要技术措施是适宜的种植密度、适宜的播期和收获期，研究表明玉米最适密度随着纬度的北移呈先增加后降低的趋势，在41°57′N时种植密度最大，为7.72万株/公顷。随着经度的东移，玉米最适种植密度显著降低；对于最适播期的研究表明：在高纬度地区，为了充分利用光热资源播期偏早，光温资源的利用率较高，达90%以上，应当选育一些生育期较短的品种。而在低纬度地区由于光热资源比较充足，播期较晚，对光温资源的利用率偏低，只有60%多，应当选育生育期较长的品种；对于适时晚收的增产效果研究表明：适时晚收显著增加玉米产量，随着纬度的北移，玉米适时晚收的增产幅度显著降低。
Environmental conditions greatly affect the growth of maize. To examine differences in phenology,accumulated temperature demand, maize yield, aboveground biomass and yield potential responses ofmaize (Zea mays L.) to climatic factors under different environmental conditions and analyze theinfluencing factors, multi-site experiments were conducted from2007to2012in the north spring maizeregion and Huanghuaihai summer maize region. The results are as follows:
1. Environmental conditions, especially climatic factors such as temperature, photoperiod, sunshinehours, solar radiation and precipitation, greatly affect maize growth. Maize adapted to regions withdifferent ecological resources by changing its growth durations. Growth durations from sowing toemergence and from emergence to silking were significantly affected by the temperatures (mean,maximum, and minimum), increasing by0.7d and1.25d as a result of an increase of1°in the northlatitude respectively. Compared with the vegetative growth duration, the reproductive growth duration,which was significantly correlated with the precipitation, decreased by0.8d with1°northward inlatitude.
2. Temperature was the main reason for the variation of growth duration. With latitudes northward,the GDD of vegetative and reproductive growth stages varied significantly. With increasing latitude theGDD of vegetative growth duration increased significantly and GDD of reproductive growth durationdecreased significantly. The prolonged photoperiod led to the increase of maize total leaf number andthen resulted in the GDD demand increased. The variations of different growth duration (sowing toemergence, emergence to silking, silking to maturity and sowing to maturity) were influenced by theexperimental years and locations. The variations of different growth durations were sowing toemergence﹥silking to maturity﹥emergence to silking﹥sowing to maturity; The variations of differentgrowth durations in the north spring maize region﹥the variations of different growth durations in theHuanghuaihai summer maize region;
3. Environmental conditions have important effects on maize (Zea mays L.) growth. To analyzespatial variation in maize yield and aboveground biomass, and to understand differences in the responseof maize yield and aboveground biomass to climatic factors under various ecological conditions, wefound that the maize yield and aboveground biomass (pre-silking and post-silking) were found to bestrongly influenced by locations. A non-linear positive relationship existed between the maize yields andlatitude. Maize yield was the greatest (12.19Mg ha~(-1)) at39°08’ N, and the corresponding pre-silkingand post-silking aboveground biomass at this location were143.41g plant~(-1)and215.35g plant~(-1),respectively. Variations in the HI and1000-kernel weight were the main reasons for yield latitudinaltrends. Among the climatic factors, air temperature had the best relationships with variations in maizeyield, HI, and1000-kernel weight. With latitudes increasing northward, pre-silking abovegroundbiomass affected by D and Ra increased significantly. The aboveground biomass of post-silking stagewhich was affected by TM, and GDD decreased significantly with latitudes increasing northward.However, there were no significant changes of total aboveground biomass with latitudes increasing northward.
4. By further analyzing spatial variation in maize yield and aboveground biomass and understanddifferences in the response of maize yield and aboveground biomass to precipitation rainfed region andirrigated region we found that1) with latitude northward, the maize yield and aboveground biomass inthe irrigated regions were found to be strongly influenced by locations. A non-linear positiverelationship existed between the maize yields, aboveground biomass in the irrigated regions and latitude.As longitude eastward maize yield changed significantly while the aboveground biomass changed littlein the irrigated and rainfed regions;2) maize yield and aboveground biomass in the rainfed regions werefound to be strongly influenced by precipitation. With the growing season precipitation and annualprecipitation increased the maize yield first increased and then decreased and the aboveground biomassdecreased significantly;3) compared with the growing season precipitation, the annual precipitationinfluenced more on maize yield and the aboveground biomass.
5. Maize yield potential was strongly influenced by locations and a non-linear positive relationshipexisted between the maize yields and latitudes. The yield gap between maize yield potential andexperimental yield was4.52t ha~(-1). The technical measures for increasing maize yield and narrowing theexisting yield gap were choosing suitable plant density and sowing date, and adopting appropriate lateharvest. With latitude northward, the suitable plant density varied significantly and a non-linear positiverelationship existed between suitable plant density and latitude, At41°57′N maize yield was greatestwhich was77200plants ha~(-1). As for the suitable sowing date, we found that: in order to fully use thetemperature resource, the suitable sowing date of higher latitude region was earlier than the lowerlatitude region and short-growth-duration cultivars should be planted in this region. In the lower latituderegion, the suitable sowing date was late than the higher latitude region because of the abundanttemperature resouce and long-growth-duration cultivars should be planted in this region. As for the lateharvest, we found that: the late harvest significantly increased the maize yield and with the latitudenorthward, the increasing rate of late harvest significantly decreased.
1、生态条件尤其是气候因子（温度、光周期、日照时数、光辐射和降雨量）是影响玉米生长发育的主要因素，同时玉米也通过调节生育期来适应生态环境的变化。随着纬度的北移，玉米的生育期发生显著变化，营养生长期显著增加而生殖生长期显著缩短，纬度每升高1°，播种-出苗和出苗-吐丝阶段生育期天数分别增加0.7d和1.25d，吐丝-成熟阶段生育期天数缩短0.8d。分析影响玉米生育期的主要因素发现：影响玉米营养生长阶段（播种-出苗和出苗-吐丝）生育期长短的主要气象因素是温度（(T|-)、T_M和T_m），而影响玉米生殖生长阶段生育期长短的主要气象因素是该阶段的降雨量；
2、温度是影响玉米生育进程的主要因素，随着纬度的北移，玉米营养生长阶段（播种-出苗和出苗-吐丝）所需的GDD显著增加，而生殖生长阶段（吐丝-成熟）所需的GDD显著降低。玉米营养生长阶段对积温需求显著增加的主要原因是随着纬度的北移光周期显著增加，从而导致玉米的营养生长期延长、玉米总的叶片数增加，最终导致营养生长阶段所需的GDD增加。而玉米不同生育阶段（播种-出苗、出苗-吐丝、吐丝-成熟和播种-成熟）对积温需求的变异受试验年份和试验地点的影响；各生育阶段对积温需求的变异表现为播种-出苗>吐丝-成熟>出苗-吐丝>播种-成熟，且北方春玉米区不同生育阶段对积温需求的变异>黄淮海夏播玉米区；
3、随着纬度的北移，玉米产量发生了显著的变化，呈先增加后降低的趋势，在39°08’ N时玉米的产量最大，为12.19t ha~(-1)。收获指数和千粒重随纬度的变化是导致玉米产量变化的主要原因。分析玉米干物质生产的空间变化发现：随着纬度的北移玉米收获期总的干物重没有显著的变化，花前干物重显著增加，花后干物重显著降低。纬度每升高1°，花前干物重增加8.84g，花后干物重降低6.36g。温度是影响玉米产量、收获指数和千粒重的主要气象因素；花前干物重主要受生育期长短和累积光辐射量的影响，而花后干物重主要受温度（T和T_M）和积温（GDD）的影响
4、随着纬度的北移，灌溉区玉米产量和单株干物重呈现先增加后降低的趋势，雨养区玉米产量没有显著的变化。随着经度的东移，雨养区和灌溉区的产量发生了显著的变化，而单株干物重变化不显著；随着生育期和全年降雨量的增加，玉米产量发生显著的变化，呈先增加后降低的趋势；单株干物重随着生育期和降雨量的增加显著降低。与生育期降雨量对玉米的影响相比，全年降雨量对玉米产量和单株干物重影响更大。
5、北方春玉米区玉米产量潜力随着纬度的北移呈现先增加后降低的变化，其与大田实际产量之间的产量差为4.52t ha~(-1)。而增加玉米产量和缩小产量差的主要技术措施是适宜的种植密度、适宜的播期和收获期，研究表明玉米最适密度随着纬度的北移呈先增加后降低的趋势，在41°57′N时种植密度最大，为7.72万株/公顷。随着经度的东移，玉米最适种植密度显著降低；对于最适播期的研究表明：在高纬度地区，为了充分利用光热资源播期偏早，光温资源的利用率较高，达90%以上，应当选育一些生育期较短的品种。而在低纬度地区由于光热资源比较充足，播期较晚，对光温资源的利用率偏低，只有60%多，应当选育生育期较长的品种；对于适时晚收的增产效果研究表明：适时晚收显著增加玉米产量，随着纬度的北移，玉米适时晚收的增产幅度显著降低。
Environmental conditions greatly affect the growth of maize. To examine differences in phenology,accumulated temperature demand, maize yield, aboveground biomass and yield potential responses ofmaize (Zea mays L.) to climatic factors under different environmental conditions and analyze theinfluencing factors, multi-site experiments were conducted from2007to2012in the north spring maizeregion and Huanghuaihai summer maize region. The results are as follows:
1. Environmental conditions, especially climatic factors such as temperature, photoperiod, sunshinehours, solar radiation and precipitation, greatly affect maize growth. Maize adapted to regions withdifferent ecological resources by changing its growth durations. Growth durations from sowing toemergence and from emergence to silking were significantly affected by the temperatures (mean,maximum, and minimum), increasing by0.7d and1.25d as a result of an increase of1°in the northlatitude respectively. Compared with the vegetative growth duration, the reproductive growth duration,which was significantly correlated with the precipitation, decreased by0.8d with1°northward inlatitude.
2. Temperature was the main reason for the variation of growth duration. With latitudes northward,the GDD of vegetative and reproductive growth stages varied significantly. With increasing latitude theGDD of vegetative growth duration increased significantly and GDD of reproductive growth durationdecreased significantly. The prolonged photoperiod led to the increase of maize total leaf number andthen resulted in the GDD demand increased. The variations of different growth duration (sowing toemergence, emergence to silking, silking to maturity and sowing to maturity) were influenced by theexperimental years and locations. The variations of different growth durations were sowing toemergence﹥silking to maturity﹥emergence to silking﹥sowing to maturity; The variations of differentgrowth durations in the north spring maize region﹥the variations of different growth durations in theHuanghuaihai summer maize region;
3. Environmental conditions have important effects on maize (Zea mays L.) growth. To analyzespatial variation in maize yield and aboveground biomass, and to understand differences in the responseof maize yield and aboveground biomass to climatic factors under various ecological conditions, wefound that the maize yield and aboveground biomass (pre-silking and post-silking) were found to bestrongly influenced by locations. A non-linear positive relationship existed between the maize yields andlatitude. Maize yield was the greatest (12.19Mg ha~(-1)) at39°08’ N, and the corresponding pre-silkingand post-silking aboveground biomass at this location were143.41g plant~(-1)and215.35g plant~(-1),respectively. Variations in the HI and1000-kernel weight were the main reasons for yield latitudinaltrends. Among the climatic factors, air temperature had the best relationships with variations in maizeyield, HI, and1000-kernel weight. With latitudes increasing northward, pre-silking abovegroundbiomass affected by D and Ra increased significantly. The aboveground biomass of post-silking stagewhich was affected by TM, and GDD decreased significantly with latitudes increasing northward.However, there were no significant changes of total aboveground biomass with latitudes increasing northward.
4. By further analyzing spatial variation in maize yield and aboveground biomass and understanddifferences in the response of maize yield and aboveground biomass to precipitation rainfed region andirrigated region we found that1) with latitude northward, the maize yield and aboveground biomass inthe irrigated regions were found to be strongly influenced by locations. A non-linear positiverelationship existed between the maize yields, aboveground biomass in the irrigated regions and latitude.As longitude eastward maize yield changed significantly while the aboveground biomass changed littlein the irrigated and rainfed regions;2) maize yield and aboveground biomass in the rainfed regions werefound to be strongly influenced by precipitation. With the growing season precipitation and annualprecipitation increased the maize yield first increased and then decreased and the aboveground biomassdecreased significantly;3) compared with the growing season precipitation, the annual precipitationinfluenced more on maize yield and the aboveground biomass.
5. Maize yield potential was strongly influenced by locations and a non-linear positive relationshipexisted between the maize yields and latitudes. The yield gap between maize yield potential andexperimental yield was4.52t ha~(-1). The technical measures for increasing maize yield and narrowing theexisting yield gap were choosing suitable plant density and sowing date, and adopting appropriate lateharvest. With latitude northward, the suitable plant density varied significantly and a non-linear positiverelationship existed between suitable plant density and latitude, At41°57′N maize yield was greatestwhich was77200plants ha~(-1). As for the suitable sowing date, we found that: in order to fully use thetemperature resource, the suitable sowing date of higher latitude region was earlier than the lowerlatitude region and short-growth-duration cultivars should be planted in this region. In the lower latituderegion, the suitable sowing date was late than the higher latitude region because of the abundanttemperature resouce and long-growth-duration cultivars should be planted in this region. As for the lateharvest, we found that: the late harvest significantly increased the maize yield and with the latitudenorthward, the increasing rate of late harvest significantly decreased.
引文
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