冀北接坝山区沙化土地动态与生态工程模式研究
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摘要
冀北接坝山区地处农牧交错带,生态系统具有其特有的脆弱性,是京津地区的生态屏障和重要水源地,同时是影响京津地区的主要沙源地和风沙通道。由于特殊的地质地貌和自然条件,加上长期以来人类不合理的过度开垦和放牧,该地区生态环境破坏严重,严重威胁着京津地区生态安全和人民生产生活。研究该区域土地沙化动态规律、植被类型及演替规律,对生态工程项目实施成效进行评价,显得极为重要,同时其研究成果在理论和实践方面具有重要的指导意义。
本研究以丰宁县小坝子乡为主要试验区,从2006到2009年,应用恢复生态学和生态工程学等研究方法,通过卫星遥感图像解译与地面判读相结合,点上试验和重点踏查相结合,系统研究了小坝子沙化土地来源、成因和变化规律,植被类型和演替规律,土地利用类型变化,生物结皮的分布特征,研究了不同工程措施对该地区生态恢复的影响。研究结果如下：
(1)初步探明了小坝子地区风沙运动和沙地形成的因素。即受地质地貌和气候因子的影响在小坝子和其上部坝上地区产生沙源—狭管地形、气候因子、人为不合理的经济活动、洪水加速风沙流的形成—受地形、地貌因素影响阻挡沙流,产生沉积或堆积汇。小坝子土地沙化既有本地沙,同时浑善达克沙地和坝上地区也是小坝子沙地形成的重要因素。
(2)小坝子地区沙化土地遥感解译和调查结果表明,该地区土地利用类型中从增加耕地面积、广种薄收、毁林开荒、超载过牧的状态转变为以退耕还林还草、恢复和增加林草植被的变化,有林地、疏林地和未成林造林地、人工草地面积增加。沙化面积从迅速扩大到逐步稳定和缩减；沙化程度也由加重到逐步减轻,体现了土地利用方式对沙化的形成和变动的作用。
(3)小坝子地区植被分为寒温带针叶林、落叶阔叶林、落叶阔叶灌丛和半灌丛、草原4种植被型和15种群系。植物种类丰富,成分复杂,过渡性明显,是典型的森林—草原过渡型植被。
(4)生态工程措施可以明显的促进植被的恢复。作为对照的放牧地的植物种数、盖度、生物多样性、群落均匀度均明显的低于实施各项工程措施的地区。而且封育造林短期内对植被恢复的促进效果比沙地封育明显。
(5)在小坝子沙化地的植被恢复过程中,土壤肥力与土壤水分含量是植被生长的限制因素。土壤有机质和速效养分以及土壤水分表现出较大的因子负荷量,是该区域植被恢复的主导因子。
(6)土壤生物结皮的形成和发育与其介质种类、坡向、枯落物盖度相关。生物结皮改变了沙地表面和其下的土壤机械组成、化学组成,减少了雨水向土壤中的入渗,深层土壤含水量降低,但由于生物结皮强大的持水力使表层土壤含水量明显增加。结皮下土壤温度降低,使其蒸散量低于裸沙。
(7)植被能够有效的降低风速,减少风蚀。不同下垫面平均气温观测值相差较大,其中裸沙地的温度最高；不同植被的平均温度也有明显的差异,植被具有明显的降低空气温度的作用,不同植被对降低气温的功能顺序为：人工乔木林>天然灌木林>人工草地>天然草地。地表温度与下垫面类型和植被盖度密切相关。植被具有明显的调节土壤温度的功能,天然灌木林对土壤温度的调节功能明显高于人工乔木林、人工草地和天然草地三种植被。水分是干旱、半干旱地区植物生存与生长的主要限制因子。土壤含水量与植被的耗水明显相关。林间土壤含水量低于其它植被下的土壤含水量,而放牧地的土壤含水量则始终处于最高值。
Jieba region which is located in ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, has its unique ecosystem vulnerability. It's the ecological barrier and an important water source area for Beijing and Tianjin. Meanwhile, It's also the major sand source area and sand channel of Beijing-Tianjin area. Due to the special geology geomorphology and natural conditions along with long-term excessive reclamation and over grazing, the ecological environment of this region became worse and worse. This is a serious threat to ecological security and production and life of local people in Beijing and Tianjin area. Therefore, it has a great significance to study the dynamic law of land desertification, vegetation types and its succession law for evaluating the implementation of ecological engineering project in this region. The results of this research would be laid an important guiding role in theory and practice of this research field.
The research was mainly conducted in Xiaobazi Village of Fengning County from 2006 to 2009. In this study, the methods of satellite remote sensing image interpretation combining with ground recognition, and experimentation in plot combining with field investigation with the theory of restoration ecology and ecological engineering etc. were used to systematically analyze the source, causes and variation of desertified land, vegetation types and succession law, the change of land use, the distribution of soil biological crusts and the influence of different project methods on ecological restoration in Xiaobazi region.
The results are as follows:
(1) The laws and mechanisms of sand movement and formation of sand deposition in Xiaobazi.
By geological features and climate factors, there are more and more sand sources and deposition or accumulation in Xiaobazi and its upper mountainous region. The land topography:narrow topography and climatic factors with irrational human economic activities and flood accelerate the formation of sand flow.
(2) The great changes of land desertification and land use occurred in Xiaobazi.
The type of land use which used to the arable land:extensive cultivation, deforestation and over grazing has been turned to the forest or grassland. The area of wood land, stocked land, young forest land and artificial grass land increased year by year. On the other hand, desertified land areas were under control or even decreased gradually from being widely expanded before. The degrees of desertification are gradually reduced now. This indicated that the changes of land use have affected positively the formation of sand and land desertification.
(3) The forest communities in Xiaobazi can be divided into 4 vegetation types and 15 formations.
Four vegetation types in the vertical structure of forest communities are boreal forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, shrub and semi-deciduous shrub and grassland vegetation separately. It is an typical forest-grass transitional vegetation with rich vegetation types, complex plant composition and a significant transition.
(4) Ecological engineering measures could significantly promote the recovery of vegetation.
As a comparison, grazing land had significant lower plant species, coverage, biological diversity and community evenness than which in the region with engineering measures. Furthermore, fencing enclosure for afforestation promoted significantly better than sandy enclosure in the short term.
(5) Soil fertility and soil moisture content were main limiting factors for the vegetation growth in the process of vegetation restoration of desertified land in Xiaobazi.
Soil organic matter, soil available nutrients and soil moisture which showed a greater factor loading were the dominant factors for vegetation restoration in this region.
(6) The formation and development of soil crusts was related to its media types, slope aspect and litter coverage.
Soil crusts changed the soil mechanical composition and the chemical composition of the sandy surface and the soil under it. It also reduced rainwater infiltration to the soil and deep soil moisture decreased, but the powerful retention ability of soil crusts made surface soil moisture increased significantly. Thus, the soil temperature under soli crusts decreased which made the evapotranspiration of it much less than the bare sand.
(7) Vegetation can effectively reduce wind speed and reduce wind erosion.
The average temperatures were large difference and which in bare sand was the highest among different underlying surface. The average temperature of different vegetation was also different. The vegetation had a significant role to reduce the air temperature.
The sequence that different vegetation reducing the temperature was:artificial forest>natural bush forest>artificial grassland>natural grassland. Ground surface temperature was closely related to land surface type and vegetation coverage. Vegetation has an obvious function in regulating soil temperature. The regulatory function of soil temperature in natural bush forest was greater than which in the artificial forest, artificial grassland and artificial grassland. Water is the major limiting factor for plant survival and growth in arid and semi arid areas. Soil moisture was significantly related to vegetation water consumption. The soil moisture in forest land was lower than which in other types of vegetation land and the soil moisture in grazing land was always keeping the highest value.
本研究以丰宁县小坝子乡为主要试验区,从2006到2009年,应用恢复生态学和生态工程学等研究方法,通过卫星遥感图像解译与地面判读相结合,点上试验和重点踏查相结合,系统研究了小坝子沙化土地来源、成因和变化规律,植被类型和演替规律,土地利用类型变化,生物结皮的分布特征,研究了不同工程措施对该地区生态恢复的影响。研究结果如下：
(1)初步探明了小坝子地区风沙运动和沙地形成的因素。即受地质地貌和气候因子的影响在小坝子和其上部坝上地区产生沙源—狭管地形、气候因子、人为不合理的经济活动、洪水加速风沙流的形成—受地形、地貌因素影响阻挡沙流,产生沉积或堆积汇。小坝子土地沙化既有本地沙,同时浑善达克沙地和坝上地区也是小坝子沙地形成的重要因素。
(2)小坝子地区沙化土地遥感解译和调查结果表明,该地区土地利用类型中从增加耕地面积、广种薄收、毁林开荒、超载过牧的状态转变为以退耕还林还草、恢复和增加林草植被的变化,有林地、疏林地和未成林造林地、人工草地面积增加。沙化面积从迅速扩大到逐步稳定和缩减；沙化程度也由加重到逐步减轻,体现了土地利用方式对沙化的形成和变动的作用。
(3)小坝子地区植被分为寒温带针叶林、落叶阔叶林、落叶阔叶灌丛和半灌丛、草原4种植被型和15种群系。植物种类丰富,成分复杂,过渡性明显,是典型的森林—草原过渡型植被。
(4)生态工程措施可以明显的促进植被的恢复。作为对照的放牧地的植物种数、盖度、生物多样性、群落均匀度均明显的低于实施各项工程措施的地区。而且封育造林短期内对植被恢复的促进效果比沙地封育明显。
(5)在小坝子沙化地的植被恢复过程中,土壤肥力与土壤水分含量是植被生长的限制因素。土壤有机质和速效养分以及土壤水分表现出较大的因子负荷量,是该区域植被恢复的主导因子。
(6)土壤生物结皮的形成和发育与其介质种类、坡向、枯落物盖度相关。生物结皮改变了沙地表面和其下的土壤机械组成、化学组成,减少了雨水向土壤中的入渗,深层土壤含水量降低,但由于生物结皮强大的持水力使表层土壤含水量明显增加。结皮下土壤温度降低,使其蒸散量低于裸沙。
(7)植被能够有效的降低风速,减少风蚀。不同下垫面平均气温观测值相差较大,其中裸沙地的温度最高；不同植被的平均温度也有明显的差异,植被具有明显的降低空气温度的作用,不同植被对降低气温的功能顺序为：人工乔木林>天然灌木林>人工草地>天然草地。地表温度与下垫面类型和植被盖度密切相关。植被具有明显的调节土壤温度的功能,天然灌木林对土壤温度的调节功能明显高于人工乔木林、人工草地和天然草地三种植被。水分是干旱、半干旱地区植物生存与生长的主要限制因子。土壤含水量与植被的耗水明显相关。林间土壤含水量低于其它植被下的土壤含水量,而放牧地的土壤含水量则始终处于最高值。
Jieba region which is located in ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, has its unique ecosystem vulnerability. It's the ecological barrier and an important water source area for Beijing and Tianjin. Meanwhile, It's also the major sand source area and sand channel of Beijing-Tianjin area. Due to the special geology geomorphology and natural conditions along with long-term excessive reclamation and over grazing, the ecological environment of this region became worse and worse. This is a serious threat to ecological security and production and life of local people in Beijing and Tianjin area. Therefore, it has a great significance to study the dynamic law of land desertification, vegetation types and its succession law for evaluating the implementation of ecological engineering project in this region. The results of this research would be laid an important guiding role in theory and practice of this research field.
The research was mainly conducted in Xiaobazi Village of Fengning County from 2006 to 2009. In this study, the methods of satellite remote sensing image interpretation combining with ground recognition, and experimentation in plot combining with field investigation with the theory of restoration ecology and ecological engineering etc. were used to systematically analyze the source, causes and variation of desertified land, vegetation types and succession law, the change of land use, the distribution of soil biological crusts and the influence of different project methods on ecological restoration in Xiaobazi region.
The results are as follows:
(1) The laws and mechanisms of sand movement and formation of sand deposition in Xiaobazi.
By geological features and climate factors, there are more and more sand sources and deposition or accumulation in Xiaobazi and its upper mountainous region. The land topography:narrow topography and climatic factors with irrational human economic activities and flood accelerate the formation of sand flow.
(2) The great changes of land desertification and land use occurred in Xiaobazi.
The type of land use which used to the arable land:extensive cultivation, deforestation and over grazing has been turned to the forest or grassland. The area of wood land, stocked land, young forest land and artificial grass land increased year by year. On the other hand, desertified land areas were under control or even decreased gradually from being widely expanded before. The degrees of desertification are gradually reduced now. This indicated that the changes of land use have affected positively the formation of sand and land desertification.
(3) The forest communities in Xiaobazi can be divided into 4 vegetation types and 15 formations.
Four vegetation types in the vertical structure of forest communities are boreal forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, shrub and semi-deciduous shrub and grassland vegetation separately. It is an typical forest-grass transitional vegetation with rich vegetation types, complex plant composition and a significant transition.
(4) Ecological engineering measures could significantly promote the recovery of vegetation.
As a comparison, grazing land had significant lower plant species, coverage, biological diversity and community evenness than which in the region with engineering measures. Furthermore, fencing enclosure for afforestation promoted significantly better than sandy enclosure in the short term.
(5) Soil fertility and soil moisture content were main limiting factors for the vegetation growth in the process of vegetation restoration of desertified land in Xiaobazi.
Soil organic matter, soil available nutrients and soil moisture which showed a greater factor loading were the dominant factors for vegetation restoration in this region.
(6) The formation and development of soil crusts was related to its media types, slope aspect and litter coverage.
Soil crusts changed the soil mechanical composition and the chemical composition of the sandy surface and the soil under it. It also reduced rainwater infiltration to the soil and deep soil moisture decreased, but the powerful retention ability of soil crusts made surface soil moisture increased significantly. Thus, the soil temperature under soli crusts decreased which made the evapotranspiration of it much less than the bare sand.
(7) Vegetation can effectively reduce wind speed and reduce wind erosion.
The average temperatures were large difference and which in bare sand was the highest among different underlying surface. The average temperature of different vegetation was also different. The vegetation had a significant role to reduce the air temperature.
The sequence that different vegetation reducing the temperature was:artificial forest>natural bush forest>artificial grassland>natural grassland. Ground surface temperature was closely related to land surface type and vegetation coverage. Vegetation has an obvious function in regulating soil temperature. The regulatory function of soil temperature in natural bush forest was greater than which in the artificial forest, artificial grassland and artificial grassland. Water is the major limiting factor for plant survival and growth in arid and semi arid areas. Soil moisture was significantly related to vegetation water consumption. The soil moisture in forest land was lower than which in other types of vegetation land and the soil moisture in grazing land was always keeping the highest value.
引文
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