山地城镇热岛特征与测评方法研究
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摘要
我国西部的山地城镇，城镇化进程中的能源消耗强度大。城镇规划阶段重视城市规模和城市风貌，数量有限的建设用地造就了为数众多的大体量、高密度建筑景观。对城市环境、尤其是室外热环境的规划设计考虑较少，使得山地城镇室外热环境恶化程度进一步加剧，给城市环境和居民生活带来了一系列不良的影响，其中最明显的表现就是城市热岛效应。当前热岛效应的实测研究中，大多是使用城乡二分法计算热岛强度。城乡二分法易于理解，便于计算，也被广为接受和普遍应用，然而，该方法却忽略了影响热岛观测站点气候的微尺度表面特征在不同局地尺度范围内的差异，存在一定的局限性。
本研究立足于山地城镇重庆市，致力于分析其热岛效应特征，并在大量实验测试的基础上，尝试用热气候区之间的温度差异重新界定热岛强度，以一种新的测评方法分析热岛效应。围绕山地城镇重庆市的热岛效应特征和测评方法研究，本文主要包括以下内容：
①以位于重庆市主城区的沙坪坝、北碚、渝北和巴南四个气象观测站点的数据为基础，分析了重庆市热岛效应的高温天气背景，并基于成对气象站点空气温度数据对比，展示了重庆市热岛效应的点状特征。
②在重庆市主城区范围内开展了35次流动观测实验，用流动观测的方法展示了重庆市热岛效应的带状特征。在流动观测数据处理过程中，提出了用流动观测数据计算城市热岛强度的数学模型，并通过设计往返式流动观测线路，提出了一种流动观测数据处理的新方法。
③利用1988年9月15日、1998年9月11日、2006年9月1日和2009年8月24日在重庆上空过境的四景Landsat TM遥感影像，运用覃志豪单窗算法反演了重庆城区的地表温度，并通过星地同步观测验证了遥感反演的精度。在此基础上，对重庆市1988~2009年间重庆市热岛的时空演变做了分析，展示了重庆市热岛效应的面状特征。
④利用在6个城市开展的51个热岛效应研究案例分析了城乡二分法存在问题，提出用于热岛观测站点分类的地表景观分类标准，按照此标准将重庆主城区范围内的地表景观分为4个系列和18个热气候区，设计了一套热气候区特征表。以流动观测数据为支撑，分析了热气候区之间的温度差异，用热气候区之间的温度差异对城市热岛效应进行了重新界定，并以此作为城市热岛效应测评的新方法。以地表形态和物理特征作为影响热气候区温度的主要因素，将热岛强度分为大、中、小三级，定性的描述了热气候区之间地表形态和物理特征的差异与热岛强度大小之间的关系，并归纳分析了城乡温差和热气候温差这两种研究思路对应的热岛效应测评方法与特征。
⑤采用Visual C#语言和Arc Objects组件开发了基于GIS的城镇热岛信息管理系统，将城镇热岛测试结果和测评方法进行集成，介绍了城镇热岛信息管理系统的基本构成和各项功能。
本文较为全面地描绘了山地城镇重庆市热岛效应的点状、带状和面状特征，提出了热岛效应测评新方法，并对热岛效应进行信息化管理。本文的研究成果可用于指导流动观测业务的开展，规范热岛效应观测站点的元数据记录，提升城市在环境领域的信息化管理水平，为山地城镇规划和可持续发展提供参考。
The energy consumption amount is increasing with the rapidurbanization of mountainous cities in the west of China. City scale, styleand features were given priorities in urban planning, which resulted innumerous large buildings and high density building landscapes. While theurban environment, especially outdoor thermal environment wasconsidered less, which aggravated the outdoor thermal environment inmountainous cities and brought a series of undesirable influences to urbanenvironment and citizen’s lives, and urban heat island (UHI) was the mostobvious one. Currently, most of the field measurements of urban heat islandwere using urban-rural dichotomy to calculate heat island intensities.Urban-rural dichotomy was so easy to understand and convenient forcalculation that it was accepted and applied widely. However, Urban-ruraldichotomy had limitations that it ignored the surface properties thatinfluence the climate of observation sites in various local scales.
The study focused on the characteristic of urban heat island effect ofmountainous city–Chongqing, attempting to redefine urban heat islandintensity with inter-zone temperature differences based on manyexperimental observations and propose a new UHI evaluation method.With these aims, the thesis has done the following work:
①High temperature weather background was analyzed and thepoint-mode feature of heat island in Chongqing were represented with datafrom Shapingba, Beibei, Yubei and Banan, which are four meteorologicalstations in the main city of Chongqing.
②The belt-mode feature of heat island in Chongqing wererepresented using mobile survey data, which were obtained from35timesof mobile survey carried out in the main city of Chongqing. A mathematicmodel for calculating urban heat island intensity using moving observationdata was proposed. Furthermore, a new data processing method for mobilesurvey was proposed by designing the roundtrip mobile survey route.
③Four scenes of Landsat TM images which were obtained onSeptember15th,1988; September11th,1998; September1st,2006and August24th,2009separately were utilized, the corresponding surfacetemperature of Chongqing were retrieved with mono-window algorithmcarried out by Qin Zhihao. Besides, an earth-satellite synchronizingobservation was carried out in order to verify the accuracy of the retrievedresults. Heat island in Chongqing during the21years from1988to2009was analyzed, representing the planum-mode feature of heat island inChongqing.
④Existing problems of urban-rural dichotomy were analyzed from51heat island study cases in6cities, and criterion for classifying UHImeasurement sites and landscape were proposed, with which the landscapeof Chongqing was classified into4series and18thermal climate zones. Anillustrative set of datasheets was designed to standardize the record of sitemetadata for heat island investigators. Then, temperature differencesamong thermal climate zones were calculated with the support of mobilesurvey data and UHI was redefined with the inter-zone differences, whichis considered to be a new evaluation method of UHI. Value of heat islandintensity was classified into three classes considering two factors, thesurface morphology and physical fabric, and their relations werequalitatively analyzed. Furthermore, the evaluation methods and features oftraditional urban-rural temperature differences and inter-zone temperaturedifferences were summarized and analyzed.
⑤Urban heat island information management system based ongeographic information system was developed with Visual C#programming language and Arc Objects components to integrate the UHIobservation results and corresponding evaluation method. Basic comprisingand functions of the system were then introduced.
The study has portrayed the point-mode, belt-mode and planum-modefeatures of heat island in mountainous city Chongqing. A new UHIevaluation method was proposed, and UHI was managed with aninformation system. The study results can be used for guiding the mobilesurvey practices and standardizing the metadata record of UHImeasurement site, as well as to promote the city’s information managementlevel in the environmental fields. The study can also be a reference forurban planning and sustainable development of mountainous cities.
本研究立足于山地城镇重庆市，致力于分析其热岛效应特征，并在大量实验测试的基础上，尝试用热气候区之间的温度差异重新界定热岛强度，以一种新的测评方法分析热岛效应。围绕山地城镇重庆市的热岛效应特征和测评方法研究，本文主要包括以下内容：
①以位于重庆市主城区的沙坪坝、北碚、渝北和巴南四个气象观测站点的数据为基础，分析了重庆市热岛效应的高温天气背景，并基于成对气象站点空气温度数据对比，展示了重庆市热岛效应的点状特征。
②在重庆市主城区范围内开展了35次流动观测实验，用流动观测的方法展示了重庆市热岛效应的带状特征。在流动观测数据处理过程中，提出了用流动观测数据计算城市热岛强度的数学模型，并通过设计往返式流动观测线路，提出了一种流动观测数据处理的新方法。
③利用1988年9月15日、1998年9月11日、2006年9月1日和2009年8月24日在重庆上空过境的四景Landsat TM遥感影像，运用覃志豪单窗算法反演了重庆城区的地表温度，并通过星地同步观测验证了遥感反演的精度。在此基础上，对重庆市1988~2009年间重庆市热岛的时空演变做了分析，展示了重庆市热岛效应的面状特征。
④利用在6个城市开展的51个热岛效应研究案例分析了城乡二分法存在问题，提出用于热岛观测站点分类的地表景观分类标准，按照此标准将重庆主城区范围内的地表景观分为4个系列和18个热气候区，设计了一套热气候区特征表。以流动观测数据为支撑，分析了热气候区之间的温度差异，用热气候区之间的温度差异对城市热岛效应进行了重新界定，并以此作为城市热岛效应测评的新方法。以地表形态和物理特征作为影响热气候区温度的主要因素，将热岛强度分为大、中、小三级，定性的描述了热气候区之间地表形态和物理特征的差异与热岛强度大小之间的关系，并归纳分析了城乡温差和热气候温差这两种研究思路对应的热岛效应测评方法与特征。
⑤采用Visual C#语言和Arc Objects组件开发了基于GIS的城镇热岛信息管理系统，将城镇热岛测试结果和测评方法进行集成，介绍了城镇热岛信息管理系统的基本构成和各项功能。
本文较为全面地描绘了山地城镇重庆市热岛效应的点状、带状和面状特征，提出了热岛效应测评新方法，并对热岛效应进行信息化管理。本文的研究成果可用于指导流动观测业务的开展，规范热岛效应观测站点的元数据记录，提升城市在环境领域的信息化管理水平，为山地城镇规划和可持续发展提供参考。
The energy consumption amount is increasing with the rapidurbanization of mountainous cities in the west of China. City scale, styleand features were given priorities in urban planning, which resulted innumerous large buildings and high density building landscapes. While theurban environment, especially outdoor thermal environment wasconsidered less, which aggravated the outdoor thermal environment inmountainous cities and brought a series of undesirable influences to urbanenvironment and citizen’s lives, and urban heat island (UHI) was the mostobvious one. Currently, most of the field measurements of urban heat islandwere using urban-rural dichotomy to calculate heat island intensities.Urban-rural dichotomy was so easy to understand and convenient forcalculation that it was accepted and applied widely. However, Urban-ruraldichotomy had limitations that it ignored the surface properties thatinfluence the climate of observation sites in various local scales.
The study focused on the characteristic of urban heat island effect ofmountainous city–Chongqing, attempting to redefine urban heat islandintensity with inter-zone temperature differences based on manyexperimental observations and propose a new UHI evaluation method.With these aims, the thesis has done the following work:
①High temperature weather background was analyzed and thepoint-mode feature of heat island in Chongqing were represented with datafrom Shapingba, Beibei, Yubei and Banan, which are four meteorologicalstations in the main city of Chongqing.
②The belt-mode feature of heat island in Chongqing wererepresented using mobile survey data, which were obtained from35timesof mobile survey carried out in the main city of Chongqing. A mathematicmodel for calculating urban heat island intensity using moving observationdata was proposed. Furthermore, a new data processing method for mobilesurvey was proposed by designing the roundtrip mobile survey route.
③Four scenes of Landsat TM images which were obtained onSeptember15th,1988; September11th,1998; September1st,2006and August24th,2009separately were utilized, the corresponding surfacetemperature of Chongqing were retrieved with mono-window algorithmcarried out by Qin Zhihao. Besides, an earth-satellite synchronizingobservation was carried out in order to verify the accuracy of the retrievedresults. Heat island in Chongqing during the21years from1988to2009was analyzed, representing the planum-mode feature of heat island inChongqing.
④Existing problems of urban-rural dichotomy were analyzed from51heat island study cases in6cities, and criterion for classifying UHImeasurement sites and landscape were proposed, with which the landscapeof Chongqing was classified into4series and18thermal climate zones. Anillustrative set of datasheets was designed to standardize the record of sitemetadata for heat island investigators. Then, temperature differencesamong thermal climate zones were calculated with the support of mobilesurvey data and UHI was redefined with the inter-zone differences, whichis considered to be a new evaluation method of UHI. Value of heat islandintensity was classified into three classes considering two factors, thesurface morphology and physical fabric, and their relations werequalitatively analyzed. Furthermore, the evaluation methods and features oftraditional urban-rural temperature differences and inter-zone temperaturedifferences were summarized and analyzed.
⑤Urban heat island information management system based ongeographic information system was developed with Visual C#programming language and Arc Objects components to integrate the UHIobservation results and corresponding evaluation method. Basic comprisingand functions of the system were then introduced.
The study has portrayed the point-mode, belt-mode and planum-modefeatures of heat island in mountainous city Chongqing. A new UHIevaluation method was proposed, and UHI was managed with aninformation system. The study results can be used for guiding the mobilesurvey practices and standardizing the metadata record of UHImeasurement site, as well as to promote the city’s information managementlevel in the environmental fields. The study can also be a reference forurban planning and sustainable development of mountainous cities.
引文
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