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中国农村民间金融市场运行机制研究
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摘要
金融是现代经济的核心。农村经济的持续发展、农民收入的增加、农村产业结构的调整和社会主义新农村建设都离不开金融的大力支持。但是,在渐进式改革中发展起来的农村正规金融,近年来对农业、农村和农民的支持却趋于弱化,农户和农村中小企业融资难问题凸显。在这一背景下民间金融在农村地区快速发展起来。农村民间金融的快速发展,拓宽了农户的融资渠道,缓解了资金供求矛盾,促进了农民收入的增加和农村经济的发展。但是,由于民间金融游离于国家正规金融体系之外,不受金融法规约束,在组织方式和运作机制方面也缺乏规范的管理,极易引发借贷纠纷,影响了这一市场的持续健康运行和农村社会的和谐稳定。为此,就农村民间金融市场运行机制进行研究,对于促进农村民间金融市场的规范运行,完善农村金融体系,推动社会主义新农村建设与和谐社会的构建,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
     本文将农村民间金融纳入市场分析框架,运用比较分析、计量分析和问卷调查等研究方法,从农村民间金融市场的需求、供给、利率等方面,对中国农村民间金融市场的运行机制进行了理论探讨和实证分析。研究的基本结论为:中国农村民间金融市场能够有效缓解农户和农村中小企业的融资难问题,在促进农民收入增加方面发挥着积极作用,这一市场的健康运行有利于进一步促进农民收入增加和农村经济增长。因此,当前应通过优化农村民间金融市场供给环境、引导借贷利率适度回落、增加民间金融制度供给来规范我国农村民间金融市场,以更好地发挥其服务农村经济的积极作用。
     全文由八章内容构成。
     第一章,导言。本章阐述了论文的研究背景、研究目的和研究意义,总结评述了国内外学者关于农村民间金融的研究动态,结合已有研究成果,提出了本文要解决的主要问题,明确了本文的研究思路和研究方法,总结了论文的可能创新之处。
     第二章,农村民间金融市场的理论基础。本章首先对论文中涉及的“民间金融”这个在经济学与金融学领域十分常见但又极具争议的概念作出了解释及界定,明确了“农村民间金融市场运行机制”的内涵,然后深入分析了农村民间金融市场的主体与履约机制。这一章内容对其他部分的内容起着理论支撑的作用。
     第三章,农村民间金融的国际比较与经验借鉴。本章回顾了部分欧美发达国家、亚非发展中国家及我国台湾地区农村民间金融的实践,总结了这些国家和地区农村民间金融发展的基本经验及其对规范我国农村民间金融市场的有益启示。
     第四章,中国农村民间金融市场的历史演进与绩效评价。本章分析了我国农村民间金融市场的发展历程,从全国与区域两个角度考察了我国农村民间金融市场的融资规模,运用实证分析方法评价了这一市场的运行绩效,指出农村民间金融市场在促进农民收入增加方面发挥着积极作用,有必要对这一市场进行规范与引导。
     第五章,中国农村民间金融市场需求分析。从本章开始,论文从需求、供给及利率三个层面探讨农村民间金融市场的运行机制,为规范农村民间金融市场提供现实依据。本章主要讨论我国农村民间金融市场需求形成的原因,从需求动机及影响因素等方面考察农户的民间金融需求,探讨农村中小企业民间金融需求的动因及获得性。
     第六章,中国农村民间金融市场供给分析。本章在分析农村民间金融市场供给形成原因的基础上,考察了农村民间金融市场的资金供给来源,这些资金主要包括农户的盈余资金及部分农村正规金融机构的信贷资金,从农户的信用状况、还贷能力、借贷用途、借贷利率等方面探讨了农村民间金融市场资金供给的影响因素。
     第七章,中国农村民间金融市场利率分析。本章首先对农村民间金融市场利率决定进行了一般分析,然后探讨了我国农村民间金融市场的利率现状,指出我国农村民间金融借贷利率具有利率水平高、区域差异大的特点,认为资金供求矛盾突出、市场垄断明显、风险较大是导致我国农村民间金融利率较高的主要原因。
     第八章,中国农村民间金融市场规范发展的政策选择。本章是全文的落脚点。在以上章节分析的基础上,本章从明确规范基本原则、优化农村民间金融市场供给环境、引导借贷利率适度回落、增加民间金融制度供给等方面,提出了规范中国农村民间金融市场的政策建议。
Finance is the core of modern economy. The sustainable development of rural economy, the farmer income increase, the rural industrial structure adjustment and the new socialist countryside construction can not be isolated from the huge financial aid. However, the rural official finance grown up in the progress step by step has tended to weaken the supports for rural areas, agriculture and farmers in recent years. The rural official finance supply is hard to meet the financial demands of rural economic main body so that the difficult problem of finance by the households and rural medium- and small-sized enterprises has obviously cropped up. In this case, the informal finance in rural areas has developed at an ever-accelerating rate. The rapid development of rural informal finance has enlarged the finance channels by the household, relaxed the finance supply and demand contradictions and promoted the farmer income growth and rural economic development. However, since the informal finance drifts away from the national formal finance system and is not subjected to the finance laws and regulations, it has lacked the standardized management in organizations and operation mechanism so that it is extremely easy to cause the disputes of borrows and loans, whereby affecting the sustainable and health operation of this market as well as the harmonious stability of rural society. For this reason, research on the operation mechanism of informal finance market in rural areas is of important theoretical and practical significance in promoting standardized operation of informal finance markets in the rural areas, perfecting rural finance system and boosting the construction of socialist new villages and harmonious society in the rural areas.
     This thesis channels rural informal finance into the market analysis framework, and such research methods as market analysis, comparative analysis, measurement analysis and questionary investigation are used to carry out the theoretical discussion and utility analysis of operation mechanism of rural informal finance market in China from the demands, supply, interest rate and contract control, etc. of rural informal finance market. The basic conclusions from the studies indicate: the rural informal finance market in China is able to relax the problem of "difficult finance" by the households and rural medium- and small-sized enterprises and also plays an active role in promoting farmer income increase, whose sound operation favors the formation of competitive patterns of rural finance system as well as the perfection of rural financial market. At present, efforts should be made to further improve the operation efficiency of rural informal finance market via the establishment and completion of the relevant systems and also give full play to its active role in serving rural economy. The health operation of this market can further favor the farmer income increase and rural economic growth. Accordingly, the rural informal finance market should be specified only through optimizing the supply environs of rural informal finance market, leading the right drops of borrowing and loaning interest rate and increasing supplies by the informal finance system, so as to give full play to the rural finance markets in serving rural economy.
     This thesis consists of 8 chapters.
     Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter deals with the research background, objectives and significance of this thesis, summarizes and reviews research dynamic conditions concerning rural informal finance by the scholars both home and abroad, and suggests the main problems to be solved in combination of the existing research achievements, makes clear the research thinking and research methods of this thesis and summarizes the likely innovations in the thesis.
     Chapter 2:Theoretical Basis for Rural Informal Finane Market Research. This chapter firstly gives an explanation and definition for the concept of "informal finance" in this thesis which is of common use but extreme controversy in the fields of economics and finance, and makes clear the conception of "operation mechanism of rural informal finance market " and further analyses the rural informal finance market body and performance mechanism.
     Chapter 3: International Comparision and Experience Reference of Rural Informal Finance. This chapter recalls the practices of rural informal finance in part of the developed countries in Europe and the United States and the developing countries in Asia and Africa as well as Taiwan region in our country, and summarizes the basic experience of rural informal finance development in these countries and the region as well as the beneficial revelation for improving operation efficiency of rural informal finance market in our country.
     Chapter 4: Historic Evolution and Achievement Evaluation of Rural Informal Finance Market in China. This chapter analyses the developing process of rural informal finance market, investigates the finance scale of informal finance markets in china as viewed form the national and regional two aspects, evaluates the operational achievements of this markets using the utility analysis and points out that the rural informal finance market can play an active role in promoting the farmer income growth so that it is necessary to specify and guide this market.
     Chapter 5: Demand Analysis of Rural Informal Finance Market in China. Form the beginning of this chapter, this thesis probes into the operation mechanism of rural informal finance markets from three horizons of demands, supplies and interest rates so as to provide realistic basis for specifying rural informal finance market. This chapter mainly discusses the causes of formation of rural informal finance market demands, investigates into the informal finance demands by the farmer households as viewed from demanding motivations and influence factors and discusses the dynamic causes and obtainability of finance demands by rural medium-and small-sized enterprises.
     Chapter 6: Supply Analysis of Rural Informal Finance Market in China. Based on the analysis of formulation reason of rural informal finance market supply, this chapter investigates into the fund supply resources of rural informal finance market. These fund resources mainly include the surplus funds of the farmer households and the part of credit funds from the rural official finance agencies, and discusses the influencing factors upon fund supplies of rural informal finance markets given the credit situations, ability to repay the loans, and use of borrowing loans by the farmer households and loan interest rate, etc.
     Chapter 7: Interest Rate Analysis of Rural Informal Finance Market in China. This chapter firstly carries out the general analysis of the interest rate determination of rural informal finance market. Then it analyzes the existing situation of interest rate of rural informal finance market in our country, points out the features of high interest rate and great regional differences of borrowing and loaning interest rates of rural informal finance, and discusses the formation causes of rural informal finance high interest rate.
     Chapter 8: Policy Selection of The Specified Development of Rural Informal Finance Market in China. This chapter is the final conclusion of this thesis. Based on the analysis of the above chapters, this chapter presents the policy suggestions for specifying rural informal finance market as viewed form the basic principles of specifications, optimizing the supply environs of rural informal finance market, guiding the right drops of borrowing and loaning interest rate, increasing supplies for informal finance system, etc.
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