ACE，UTS2及ACE2基因多态性与西北不同民族人群原发性高血压相关性的研究
摘要
引文
1. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella E.J, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, et al: Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension 1995; 25: 305-13.
2. Whelton PK: Epidemiology of hypertension. Lancet 1994; 344: 101-106.
3. Kaplan N: Clinical Hypertension. 7th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams &Wilkins; 1998.
4. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Oun Puu S, et aL. Global bur2den of cardiovascular diseases: part Ⅰ: general conside2rat ions, the ep idem io logic transit ion, risk facto rs, andimpact of urbanizat ion [J]. Circulat ion, 2001, 104(22): 2746-2753.
5. Lopez ADl Assessing the burden of mortality from cardiovasculardiseasesl World Health Stat Q, 1993, 46: 912-961.
6. American Heart Association. 1999 heart and stroke statistical update. Dallas: American Heart Association, 1999.
7．王天根，组群研究．<流行病学>第1版 北京医科大学出版社，1988：89
8．全国高血压抽样调查协作组 中国人群高血压患病率及其变化趋势 高血压杂志，1995，3(增刊)：72131
9．中国高血压防治指南起草委员会 中国高血压防治指南(试行本)高血压杂志，2000，8：94 102
10．杨成悌，李小平，李秀丽，余静，贾伍亮，姚超．兰州市七里河区高血压流行病学调查中华心血管病杂志2005年7月第33卷第7期
11．王增武，武阳丰，赵连成，李莹，杨军，周北凡．中国心血管病发病趋势预测及 21 世纪预防策略研究协作组 中国中年人群高血压患病率及知晓率、治疗率、控制率的演变趋势 中华流行病学杂志，2004，25(5)：407-411。
12．宛悦，王若涛，孔灵芝．中国高血压流行情况及防治策略．中国公共卫生 2000，16(7)：640-642。
13．朱靳良，毕璐璐，卫志华，傅华．高血压患病率及其危险因素调查．中国公共卫生．2002，18(8)：954-955。
14．全国高血压抽样调查协作组 中国各民族高血压患病情况调查高血压杂志，1995，3(增刊)：24-30。
15. Volker Ruppert, Bernhard Maischl: Genetics of Human Hypertension, Herz 2003; 28: 655-62.
16. Thalina L, Lindquist, et al. Influence of Lifestyle, Coping, and JobStress on Blood ressure in Men and Women, Hypertension 1997; (2991): 123—138.
17．龚辉，等．社区高血压防治策略．高血压杂志．1999：7(2)：156
18. The 1002Nyear conflict salt intake and cardiovascular disease, MJA Vol170, Feb, 1999; 174
19. M Gray Nicholls and A. Mark Richards. The salt delimma: some answers, many questions. MJA Vol 170 FEB. 1999: 178-179.
20. Trefor O. Morgan. Restriction of salt intake is needed to ameliorate the cardiovasculr disease epidemic, MJA 1999; (2): 176-178.
21．《高血压一级预防》工作组报告．中国慢性病预防与控制 1995：3(1)：37．
22．郝培良，等．饮酒、超重与高血压家族史交互作用的对比研究．中国慢性病预防与控制 1998：6(1)：42．
23. Staessen JA, Wang J, Bianchi G, Birkenhager WH. Essential hypertension [J]. Lancet, 2003, 361(9369): 1629-1641.
24．周林，张国元，万大方，等．高血压病的相关基因[J]．国外医学(心血管疾病分册)，1998，25(2)：84～87．
25. Dzau V. T issue renin- angio tensin system inmyiocardialhypent rophy and failure [J]. Arch Intern M ed , 1993, 153: 937～942.
26. DeMell we, DanserAH. A ngio tensin and the heart: onthe int racrine rininangio tensin [J]. Hypertension, 2000, 35 (6): 1183～1188.
27. Alhenc Gelas F, Richard J, Courbon D, etal. Distribution of plasma angiotensin- converting enzyme levels in healthy men: relationship to envirmental and hormonal parameters[J] Lab ClinMed, 1991, 117(1): 339-341.
28. Bor-Kucukatay M, Turgut S, Emmungil G, Turgut G, Kucukatay V. Increased Deformability of Red Blood Cells is Associated with a Deletion Polymorphism of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006 Feb; 208 (2): 147-55.
29. CambienF, PoirierO, LecerftL, etal. Deletionpolymorphism in the gene for angiotensin coverting enzyme is a potent risk factor for MI. Nature. 1992; 359: 641-644.
30. Soubrier F, Cambien F. rhe angiotensin coverting enzyme gene polymorphism: implication in hypertension and myocardial in farction. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1994; 3: 25
31. FomageM et al. Variation in the region of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene influences intefindividual differences in blood pressure levels in young white males. Circulation, 1998, 97: 1773-1779.
32. O'Donnell CJ, MD, Lindpaintner K, et al: Evidence for Association and Genetic Linkage of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Locus With Hypertension and Blood Pressure in Men but Not Women in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1998; 97: 1766-1772.
33．王涟，李锡明，施广飞．血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与原发性高血压的相关性．高血压杂志．1997，5(4)：272-274．
34. Triet L, Rigat B, Visvikes, et al. Evidence from combined segrega2tion and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin 1-con2verting enzyme (ACE) gene control plasma ACE levels [J]. Am J Hum Genet, 1992, 51: 197～205.
35. Harrap SB, Davidson R, Connor M, Soubrier F, Corvol P, Faster R, Foy CJ, Watt GC. The angiotensin Ⅰ converting enzyme gene and predisposition to high blood pressure. Hypertension. 1993 Apr; 21(4): 455-60.
36. Higashimori K, Zhao Y, Higaki J, Kamitani A, Katsuya T, Nakura J, MikiT, Mikami H, Ogihara T. Association analysis of a polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension in the Japanese population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993;191:399-404.
37. Schmidt S, van Hooft IM, Grobbee DE, Ganten D, Ritz E. Polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene is apparently not related to high blood pressure: Dutch Hypertension and Offspring Study. J Hypertens. 1993 Apr;11(4):345-8.
38. Ishigami T, Umemura S, Iwamoto T, Tamura K, Hibi K, Yamaguchi S, Nyuui N,Kimura K, Miyazaki N, Ishii M. Molecular variant of angiotensinogen gene is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1995 Feb15;91(4):951-4.
39.Zee RY, Lou YK, Griffiths LR, Morris BJ.Association of a polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Apr 15;184(1):9-15.
40. Morris BJ, Zee RY, Schrader AP. Different frequencies of angiotensin -converting enzyme genotypes in older hypertensive individuals. J Clin Invest. 1994 Sep;94(3):1085-9.
41. Zaman MM, Yoshiike N, Tanaka H. Dissecting the contradictory findings of angiotensin converting enzyme genetic polymorphism with blood pressure and hypertension. BangladeshMedResCouncBull, 2001, 27:90 95.
42. Pereira AC, MotaG FA,Cunha RS, etal. Angiotensinogen235T allele "dosage" is associated with blood pressure phenotypes. Hypertension, 2003, 41:25-30.
43. Donoghue M., Hsieh F., Baronas E., Godbout K., Gosselin M., Stagliano N. et al. (2000) A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related Carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ. Res. 87: El - E9.
44. Tipnis S. R., Hooper N. M., Hyde R., Karran E., Christie G. andTurner A.J. (2000) A human homolog of angiotensin-convertingenzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captoprilinsensitivecarboxypeptidase. J. Biol.Chem. 275: 33238-33243.
45. Crackower MA, Sarao R, Oudit GY, etal. Angiotensin converting enzyme2 is an essential regulator of heart function . Nature, 2002, 417:822-828.
46. Elased KM, Cunha TS,Gurley SB, etal. New Mass Spectrometric Assay for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Activity. Hypertension. 2006; 467-469.
47. Benjafield AV, Wang WY, MorrisBJ: No Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Gene (ACE2) Polymorphisms With Essential Hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2004; 17(7):624-628.
48.Turner AJ, Hooper NM;.The angiotensin converting enzyme gene family: genomicsandpharmacology[J]. TrendsPharmacolSci, 2002, 23:177- 183.
49. Zhang, H, WadaJ, HidaK, etal. Collectrin, acollectingductspecifictransmembran eglycoprotein, isanovelhomologofACE2andisdevelopmentallyregulatedinembry onickidneys[J].J Biol Chem, 2001, 276:17132- 17139.
50. Vickers C,, Hales P, KaushikV, etal. Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin converting enzyme related carboxy peptidase[J].J Biol Chem, 2002, 277:14838 -14843.
51. Tschope C,, Schultheiss HP, Walther T. Multiple interactions between the renin angiotensin and the kallikrenkininsystems:role of ACE in hibition and AT1 receptor blockade[J]. J CardiovascPharmacol,2002,39:478-487.
52. Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, et al. Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE2, anovel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme FEBSL Lett, 2002,532, 107-110.
53. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, etal. Angiotensin converting enzyme2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature, 2003,426(6965)450-454.
54.Strawn WB, Richmond RS, AnnTallant E, et al.Renin angiotensin system expression in rat bone marrow haematopoietic and stromal cells.Br Jematol, 2004, 1269(1):120-127.
55. Gallager PE, Chappell MC, Bernish WB,et al. ACE2expression in brain: angiotensin II down regulates ACE2 in astrocytes . Hypertension, 2003, 42:389.
56. RenY, GarvinJL, CarreteroOA. Vasodilatoractionofangiotensin(1-7)onisolated rabbitafferentarterioles [J].Hypertension, 2002, 39:799-802.
57. Lemos VS, Cortes SF, Silva DM, etal. Angiotensin1-7 is involved in the endothelium dependent modulation of phenylephrine induced contraction in the aorta of mRen2 transgenic rats[J].BrJPharmacol, 2002, 135:1743-1748.
58. Benter IF, Ferrario CM,et al. Antihypertensive actions of angiotensin(1-7) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol, 1995,269(38):H313-H319.
59. Freeman EJ,Chisolm G, et al. Angiotensin(1-7) inhibits vascular smooth muscle. Hypertension, 1999,34(part2):950-957.
60. Campbell DJ, K ladis A, Dancan AM, et al. Effect of converting enzyme in hibitor and bradykin in peptides[J].Hypertension, 1994,28:439-449.
61.Chappell MC,Pirro NT, Sykes A, et al. Metabolism of angiotensin(l-7) by angiotensin converting enzyme[J]. Hypertension, 1998,31(2):323-326.
62.Heerbert L, Jackman MG, Massad MS, et al. Angiotensin1-9 and 1-7 realease in human heart:role of cathepsin A[J]. Hypertension, 2002, 39;976-981.
63. Ferrario CM, Chappell MC, Dean RH, et al.No velangiotensin peptides regulate blood pressure, endothelial function and natriuresis[J]. J Am Soc Mephrol, 1998, 9:1716-1720.
64. Anton J, Robert H. Angiotensin peptides:ready torefine the angiotensin system[J]. Journal of Hypertension,2003,21:1269-1271.
65.Stegbauer J,Vonend O, Oberhauser V, et al. Effects of angiotensin(1-7) and other bioactive components of the rennin in angiotensin systemon vascular resistance and no radrenal in release in rat kidney[J]. Journal of Hypertension, 2003,21(7):1391-1399.
66. Lyer SN, Chappell MC, Averill DB, et al. Vaso depressor actions of angiotensin (1-7)unmasked during combined treatment with lisinopril and losartan [J].Hypertension, 1998,14:799-805.
67.Komatsu T,Suzuki Y, Imai J, et al.Molecular cloning, mRNA expression and chromosomal localization of mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme related carboxypeptidase(Mace2)[J]. DNA. Sen. 2002. 13. 217-220
68.Kloner RA, Jennings RB. consequences of brief ischemia: stunning,preconditioning and their clinical implications. Circulation, 2001, 104,2981-2989.
69.Yagil Y, Yagil C. ACE2 modulates blood pressure in the mammalian organism . Hypertension,2003, 41:871-875.
70 .Zisman LS ,Meixell GE, Bristow MR, et al. Angiotensin(1-7) formation in the intact human heart in vivo dependence on angiotensin II asbsubstrate.Circulation, 2003, 108:1679-1681.
71. Zisman LS ,Keller RS, Weaver B, et al, Increased angiotensin (1-7) forming activity in failing human heart ventricles:evidence for up regulation of the angiotensin converting enzyme homologue ACE2 . Circulation, 2003, 108;1707-1712.
72. Huang L, Sexton DJ, Skogerson K, et al. Novel peptide inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme2. J Biol Chem, 2003, 278(18):15532-15540.
73. Boeh M, Nabel EG.. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 a new cardiac regulator. N Engl J Med.2002, 347(22):1795-1797.
74. Brosnihan KB , Neves LA, Goyner T, etal. Enhanced renal immunocytochemical expression ofAng-(1-7) and ACE2 in pregnancy. [J] Hypertension, 2003,42:749-753.
75. Ye M, Wysocki J, Naaz P, et al. Increased ACE2 and decreased ACE protein in renal tubules from diabetic mice. Hypertension, 2004, 43(5):1120-1125.
76.Tikellis C, Johnston CI, Forbes JM,et al. Characterization of renal angiotensin converting enzyme2 in diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension, 2003,41(3):392-397.
77. Wong SK, Li W, Moore MJ, et al.A 193-amino acid fragment of the SARS coronavirus S protein efficiently binds angiotensin converting enzyme 2[J] J Biol Chem ,2004,314,(1):235
78. Douglas GC, O' Bryan MK, Hedger MP, et al.The novel angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)homolog, ACE2, is slectively expressed by adult Endocrinology, leydig cells of the testis. Endocrinology, 2004, 145(10): 4703-4711.
79.Danilczyk U. Eriksson U: Physiological roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Cell. Mol. Life Sci 2004; 61 : 2714-2719.
80. Turner AJ: Exploring the structure and function of zinc metallopeptidases:old enzymes and new discoveries. Biochem. Soc Trans 2003;31: 723-727.
81.Oudit, G. Y. et al: The role of ACE2 in cardiovascular physiology. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2003;13: 93-101.
82. Conlon JM , Yano K, Waugh D , et al. Distribution and molecular forms of urotensin II andits role in cardiovascular regulation in vertebrates. J Exp Zool,1996,275:226～238.
83. Ames, R. S., Sarau, H. M., Chambers, J. K., Willette, R. N., Aiyar, N.V., Romanic, A. M., et al. (1999). Human urotensin II is a potentvasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14. Nature 401,282-286.
84. Coulouarn Y, Lihrmann I , Jegou S , et allCloning of the cDNA encoding the urotensin II precursor in frog and human reveals intense expression of the urotensin II gene in motoneurons of the spinal cord1 Proc Natl AcadSci, 1998,95:15803-15808.
85. Ohsako S, Ishida I, Ichikawa T, et al. Cloning and sequence analysis ofcDNAs encoding precursors of urotensin II 2α and 2γ1 J Neurosci, 1986 ,6 :27302-27351.
86. Douglas SA, Ohlstein EH : Human urotensin-II, the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified to date,as a therapeutic target for the management of cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2000;10:229-237
87. Marchese, A., Heiber, M., Nguyen, T., Heng, H. H. Q., Saldivia, V. R., Cheng,R., et al. (1995). Cloning and chromosomal mapping of three genes, GPR9,GPR10, and GPR14, encoding receptors related to interleukin 8, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin receptors. Genomics 29,335-344.
88. Pearson, D., Shively, J. E., Clark, B. R., Geschwind, I. I., Barkli,M.,Nishioka, R. S., et al. (1980). Urotensin II: a somatostatin-like peptide in the caudal neurosecretory system of fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,77,5021-5024.
89. Medakovic, M., Chan, D. K., & Lederis, K. (1975). Pharmacological effects of urotensins: I. Regional vascular effects of urotensin I and II in the rat. Pharmacology 13, 409 - 418.
90. Itoh, H., Itoh, Y., Rivier, J., & Lederis, K. (1987). Contraction of major artery segments of rat by fish neuropeptide urotensin II. Am J Physiol252,R361 - R366.
91. Itoh, H., McMaster, D., & Lederis, K. (1988). Functional receptors for fish neuropeptide urotensin II in major rat arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 149, 61-66.
92. Gibson, A., Conyers, S., & Bern, H. A. (1988). The influence of urotensin II on calcium flux in rat aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol 40, 893-895.
93. Ames RS, Sarau HM , Chambers J K, et al. Human urotensin2 II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14. Nature,1999,401:282～286.
94. Douglas, S. A., Ashton, D. J., Sauermelch, C. F., Coatney, R. W., Ohlstein,D. H., Ruffolo, M. R., et al. (2000a). Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoactive peptide: harmacological characterization in the rat, mouse,dog and primate. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 36(Suppl.1).S163-S166.
95. Douglas, S. A., Sulpizio, A. C., Piercy, V., Sarau, H. M., Ames, R. S. ,Aiyar,N. V., et al. (2000b). Differential vasoconstrictor activity ofhuman urotensin-II in vascular tissue isolated from the rat, mouse, dog, pig, marmoset and cynomolgus monkey. Br J Pharmacol 131,1262- 1274.
96. Kuc, R. E., Maguire, J. J., & Davenport, A. P. (2001). Urotensin-II is apotent constrictor of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries with immunoreactive peptide localized to the atherosclerotic plaque. Br J .Pharmacol 134, 75P.
97. Behm, D. J., Doe, C. P. A., Johns, D. G., Maniscalco, K., Stankus, G.P.,Wibberley, A., et al. (2004). Urotensin II: a novel systemic hypertensive factor in the cat. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 369,274 - 280.
98. Gardiner, S. M., March, J. E., Kemp, P. A., Davenport, A. P., & Bennett,T.(2001). Depressor and regionally-selective vasodilator effects of human and rat urotensin II in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 132,1625-1629.
99. Lin, Y., Tsuchihashi, T., Matsumura, K., Abe, I., & Iida, M. (2003). Central cardiovascular action of urotensin II in conscious rats. J Hypertens 21, 159-165.
100. Bottrill, F. E., Douglas, S. A., Hiley, C. R., & White, R. (2000). Human urotensin-II is an endothelium-dependent vasodilator in rat small arteries.Br J Pharmacol 130, 1865 - 1870.
101. Stirrat, A., Gallagher, M., Douglas, S. A., Ohlstein, E. H., Berry, C.,Kirk, A., et al. (2001). Potent vasodilator responses to human urotensin-II inhuman pulmonary and abdominal resistance arteries. Am J Heart Circ Physiol 280, H925 - H928.
102. Heller, J., Schepke, M., Neef, M., Woitas, R., Rabe, C., & Sauerbruch,T. (2002). Increased urotensin II plasma levels in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. J Hepatol 37, 767 - 772.
103. Lim, M., Honisett, S., Sparkes, C. D., Komesaroff, P., Kompa, A., &Krum,H. (2004). Differential effect of urotensin II on vascular tone innormal subjects and patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 109,1212-1214.
104.Maggi, E., Marchesi, E., Ravetta, V., Martignoni, A., Finardi, G., &Bellomo,G. (1995). Presence of autoantibodies against oxidativelymodified low-density lipoprotein in essential hypertension: a biochemicalsignature of an enhanced in vivolow-density lipoprotein oxidation.J Hypertens 13,129- 138.
105. Le Mevel JC , Olson KR, Conklin D ,et al. Cardiovascular actions of trout urotensin II in the conscious trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. AmJ Physiol, 1996 , 271 :R1335 -1343.
106.Conlon JM, Yano K, Waugh D , et al. Distribution and molecular forms of urotensin II and its role in cardiovascular regulation in vertebrates. J Exp Zool , 1996 , 275 (2 -3) :226 - 238.
107. Coulouarn Y, Jegou S , Tostivint H , et al . Cloning, sequence analysis and tissue distribution of the mouse and rat urotensin II precursors. FEBS Lett, 1999 , 457(1) :28 -32.
108. Watson, A. M. D., Lambert, G. W., Smith, K. J., & May, C. N. (2003). Urotensin II acts centrally to increase epinephrine and ACTH releaseand cause potent inotropic and chronotropic actions. Hypertension 42,373- 379.
109. Lu, Y., Zou, C. J, Huang, D.W., & Tang, C. S. (2002). Cardiovascular effects of urotensin II in different brain areas. Peptides 23, 1631 - 1635.
110. Gibson A: Complex effects of Gillichthys urotensin II on rat aortic strips. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 91:205-12.
111. Song, W., Ashton, N., & Balment, R. J. (2002). A radioimmunoassay todetect urotensin II in the plasma of rat models of hypertension. J , Physiol 544P,S024.
112. Cheung, B. M. Y., Leung, R., Man, Y. B., & Wong, L. Y. F. (2004). Plasma concentration of urotensin II is raised in hypertension. J Hypertens 22,1341 - 1344.
113. Thompson, J. P., Watt, P., Sanghavi, S., Strupish, J. W., & Lambert, D.G. (2003). A comparison of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma urotensin IIconcentrations in normotensive and hypertensive patients undergoing urological surgery during spinal anesthesia: a pilot study. Anesth Analg ,97, 1501 - 1503.
114. Matsushita M., Shichiri M., Imai T., Iwashina,M., et al: Co-expression of urotensin II and its receptor (GPR14) in human cardiovascular and renal tissues. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 2185- 2190.
115. Bohm F, Pernow J: Urotensin Ⅱ evokes potent vasoconstriction in humans in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135: 25-27.
116．格桑罗布，岑维浚，陈勇，庄兰萍等。藏族原发性高血压与血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性研究。中华内科杂志，2003，42(8)：575-576。
117．胡爱华，周文郁，刘怡雯，周宪梁等。中国汉族人血管紧张素转换酶基因I／D多态性与原发性高血压的关系。高血压杂志，1998。62(2)：163-165。
118．刘丽娟，佟伟军，张永红，冯华等。蒙古族ACE基因多态性与高血压关系的研究。中国公共卫生，2003，19：392-393．
119．单广良，王学超，邱长春，任崇文等。凉山彝族男性血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与高血压的关系。中华预防医学杂志，1999，33，(6)：346-347．
120. Morise T, Takeuchi Y, Takeda R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism and essential hypertension. Lancet. 1994; 343: 125.
121. Duru K, Farrow S, Wang JM, Lockette W, Kurtz T. Frequency of a deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin converting enzyme is increased in African-Americans with hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1994; 7: 759-762.
122. Higashimori K, Zhao Y, Higaki J, Kamitani A, Katsuya T, Nakura J, MikiT, Mikami H, Ogihara T. Association analysis of a polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension in the Japanese population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993; 191: 399-404.
123. Vassilikioti S, Doumas M, Douma S, Petidis K, Karagiannis A, Balaska K, Vyzantiadis A, Zamboulis C. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism is not related to essential hypertension in a 6reek population. Am J Hypertens. 1996; 9: 700-702.
124. Harrap SB, Davidson HR, Connor JM, Soubrier F, Corvol P, Fraser R, Foy CJ, Watt GC. The angiotensin Ⅰ converting enzyme gene and predisposition to high blood pressure. Hypertension. 1993; 21: 455-460.
125. Jeunemaitre X, Lifton RP, Hunt SC, Williams RR, Lalouel J-M: Absence of human linkage between the angiotensin converting enzyme locus and human essential hypertension. Nat Genet 1992; 1: 72-75.
126. Yoshida K, Ishigami T, et al: Association of essential hypertension in elderly Japanese with I/D polymorphism of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme(ACE) gene. J Hum Genet,2000; 45:294-298.
127. Jacob HJ, L indpainter K, L incoln SE, et al. Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat[J] Cell, 1991 ; 6 7:2- 13.
128. Fu-Tien Chiang, Zu-Ping Lai, Tser-Haul Chern, Chwn-Den Tseng , et al.Lack of Association of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene PolymorphismWith Essential Hypertension in aChinese Population, AJ H 1997,10:197-201
129. Ricardo M. Fuentes, Markus perolA, Aulikki Nissinen, and Jakko Tuomilehto. ACE gene and physical activity, blood pressure, and hypertension: a population study in Finland. J Appl Physiol2002, 92: 2508-2512.
130. Bloem LJ, Manatunga AK, Boatright E etal. Relation of race and apolymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene to enzyme. Levels.Hypertension, 1993;22:407.
131. Morris BJ, Zee RY, Ymg LH, Griffiths LR: Independent, marked associations of alleles of the insulin receptor and dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase-I genes with essentia! hypertension. Clin Sci 1993;85:189-195.
132. Takahashi K, Nakamura H, Kubota I, Takahashi N, Tomolke H. Association of ACE gene polymorphisms with coronaryartery disease in a northern area of Japan. Jpn Heart J1995;36:557 - 64.
133. Saha N, Talmud PJ, Tay JS, Humphries SE, Basair J. Lack of association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Gene deletion: insertion polymorphism with CAD in two Asian populations. Clin Genet 1996;50:121-5.
134. Barley J, Blackwood A, Miller M, Markandu ND, etal: Angiotensin converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism, blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean peoples. J Hum Hypertens 1996;10:31-35.
135. Gesang L, Liu G, Cen W, etal: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and its association with essential hypertension in a Tibetan population. Hypertens Res 2002; 25(3): 481-485.
136. Jian M, Cao X, Huang J, et al: Polymorphism of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene in the older Chinese: linked to ambulatory blood pressure levels and circadian blood pressure rhythm. Int J Cardiol 1996; 55: 33-40.
137. Guan Yaqun, Zhang Yuanming, Xia Yanping et al: Insertion /deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene associated with essential hypertension in Xingjiang Uigur nationality. Journal of Xi'an jiaotong university(medical sciences)2003;
138. Wang Xiao-feng, WANG Shi-zhen , LIN Ren-yong, CHENG Zu-heng: Relationship of I/D polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene with hypertension in Xinjiang Kazakh isolated group. Chin J Med Genet 2003; 20:253-255.(article in Chinese)
139.Wang W, Wise C, Baric T, Black ML, Bittles AH: The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang.. Hum Genet. 2003 Aug;113(3):244-52.
140. Xiaodong Xie, Xunlin Wang, Lizhe An: The Origin of the Dongxiang: A Study from the Perspective of DNA in Population Genetics. Ethno National Studies.2002;1:35-39. (article in Chinese).
141.Higaki J, Baba S, Katsuya T, et al : Deletion Allele of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Increases Risk of Essential Hypertension in Japanese Men :The SuitaStudy .Circulation. 2000; 101:2060-2065.
142. L Gesang, G Liu, W Cen, C Qiu, C Zhuoma, L Zhuang, D Ren, Z Pincuo, and Y Chan, Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and its association with essential hypertension in a Tibetan population. Hypertens Res, May 1, 2002; 25(3): 481-5.
143. Sapar ME, Cloarec BL, London GM, Arterial alternations in hypertension with a disproportionate increase in systolicover diastolic blood pressure [J]. J Hypertens, 1996, 14 (Supp12): s103-s109.
144．苏业璞，国雪，胡爱祥，等。血管紧张素原，血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与脑卒中相关性研究[J] 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志!2000．7．(2)105-110。
145．张进，吕善庆，孙晓江，等．血管紧张素!转换酶基因与急性脑血管病的相关性研究[J]中国老年学杂志．1997，17(3)137-139．
146．李世军，孙宁玲。原发性高血压代谢综合征与血管紧张素转换酶基因插入／缺失多态性关系的探讨，临床心血管病杂志，2004，20卷第3期，139-141．
147. Myriam Fornage,; Christopher I. Amos,; Sharon Kardia,; Charles F. Sing,; Stephen T. Turner, Eric Boerwinkle, Variation in the Region of the Angiotensin-ConvertingEnzyme Gene Influences Interindividual Differences in Blood Pressure Levels in Young White Males. Circulation. 1998; 97: 1773-1779.
148. Brigitte Sondermeijer, Andrew Kompa, Paul Komesaroff, Henry Krum. Effect of exogenous urotensin-Ⅱ on vascular tone in skin microcirculation of patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2005 Sep; 18(9 Pt 1): 1195-9.
149．曹军，张勇刚，齐永芬，石彦荣等．血浆尾加压素Ⅱ含量在几种疾病中的变化．放射免疫学，2001年第14卷，(4)：195-197．
150．张瑶辉：张靖溥；尾加压素Ⅱ与高血压病的相关性。中国全科医学。2003(8)17-19．
151. Santos RAS, Sithoese Silva AC, Maric C, et al. Angiotensin-(1-7)is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor Mas[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 2003, 100: 8258-8263.
152. Loudianos G, Lovicu M, Dessi V, etal, Abnormal RNA splicing resulting from consensus sequence splicing mutations of ATP7B. Hum Mutat, 2002, 20; 260-266.
2. Whelton PK: Epidemiology of hypertension. Lancet 1994; 344: 101-106.
3. Kaplan N: Clinical Hypertension. 7th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams &Wilkins; 1998.
4. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Oun Puu S, et aL. Global bur2den of cardiovascular diseases: part Ⅰ: general conside2rat ions, the ep idem io logic transit ion, risk facto rs, andimpact of urbanizat ion [J]. Circulat ion, 2001, 104(22): 2746-2753.
5. Lopez ADl Assessing the burden of mortality from cardiovasculardiseasesl World Health Stat Q, 1993, 46: 912-961.
6. American Heart Association. 1999 heart and stroke statistical update. Dallas: American Heart Association, 1999.
7．王天根，组群研究．<流行病学>第1版 北京医科大学出版社，1988：89
8．全国高血压抽样调查协作组 中国人群高血压患病率及其变化趋势 高血压杂志，1995，3(增刊)：72131
9．中国高血压防治指南起草委员会 中国高血压防治指南(试行本)高血压杂志，2000，8：94 102
10．杨成悌，李小平，李秀丽，余静，贾伍亮，姚超．兰州市七里河区高血压流行病学调查中华心血管病杂志2005年7月第33卷第7期
11．王增武，武阳丰，赵连成，李莹，杨军，周北凡．中国心血管病发病趋势预测及 21 世纪预防策略研究协作组 中国中年人群高血压患病率及知晓率、治疗率、控制率的演变趋势 中华流行病学杂志，2004，25(5)：407-411。
12．宛悦，王若涛，孔灵芝．中国高血压流行情况及防治策略．中国公共卫生 2000，16(7)：640-642。
13．朱靳良，毕璐璐，卫志华，傅华．高血压患病率及其危险因素调查．中国公共卫生．2002，18(8)：954-955。
14．全国高血压抽样调查协作组 中国各民族高血压患病情况调查高血压杂志，1995，3(增刊)：24-30。
15. Volker Ruppert, Bernhard Maischl: Genetics of Human Hypertension, Herz 2003; 28: 655-62.
16. Thalina L, Lindquist, et al. Influence of Lifestyle, Coping, and JobStress on Blood ressure in Men and Women, Hypertension 1997; (2991): 123—138.
17．龚辉，等．社区高血压防治策略．高血压杂志．1999：7(2)：156
18. The 1002Nyear conflict salt intake and cardiovascular disease, MJA Vol170, Feb, 1999; 174
19. M Gray Nicholls and A. Mark Richards. The salt delimma: some answers, many questions. MJA Vol 170 FEB. 1999: 178-179.
20. Trefor O. Morgan. Restriction of salt intake is needed to ameliorate the cardiovasculr disease epidemic, MJA 1999; (2): 176-178.
21．《高血压一级预防》工作组报告．中国慢性病预防与控制 1995：3(1)：37．
22．郝培良，等．饮酒、超重与高血压家族史交互作用的对比研究．中国慢性病预防与控制 1998：6(1)：42．
23. Staessen JA, Wang J, Bianchi G, Birkenhager WH. Essential hypertension [J]. Lancet, 2003, 361(9369): 1629-1641.
24．周林，张国元，万大方，等．高血压病的相关基因[J]．国外医学(心血管疾病分册)，1998，25(2)：84～87．
25. Dzau V. T issue renin- angio tensin system inmyiocardialhypent rophy and failure [J]. Arch Intern M ed , 1993, 153: 937～942.
26. DeMell we, DanserAH. A ngio tensin and the heart: onthe int racrine rininangio tensin [J]. Hypertension, 2000, 35 (6): 1183～1188.
27. Alhenc Gelas F, Richard J, Courbon D, etal. Distribution of plasma angiotensin- converting enzyme levels in healthy men: relationship to envirmental and hormonal parameters[J] Lab ClinMed, 1991, 117(1): 339-341.
28. Bor-Kucukatay M, Turgut S, Emmungil G, Turgut G, Kucukatay V. Increased Deformability of Red Blood Cells is Associated with a Deletion Polymorphism of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006 Feb; 208 (2): 147-55.
29. CambienF, PoirierO, LecerftL, etal. Deletionpolymorphism in the gene for angiotensin coverting enzyme is a potent risk factor for MI. Nature. 1992; 359: 641-644.
30. Soubrier F, Cambien F. rhe angiotensin coverting enzyme gene polymorphism: implication in hypertension and myocardial in farction. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1994; 3: 25
31. FomageM et al. Variation in the region of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene influences intefindividual differences in blood pressure levels in young white males. Circulation, 1998, 97: 1773-1779.
32. O'Donnell CJ, MD, Lindpaintner K, et al: Evidence for Association and Genetic Linkage of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Locus With Hypertension and Blood Pressure in Men but Not Women in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1998; 97: 1766-1772.
33．王涟，李锡明，施广飞．血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与原发性高血压的相关性．高血压杂志．1997，5(4)：272-274．
34. Triet L, Rigat B, Visvikes, et al. Evidence from combined segrega2tion and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin 1-con2verting enzyme (ACE) gene control plasma ACE levels [J]. Am J Hum Genet, 1992, 51: 197～205.
35. Harrap SB, Davidson R, Connor M, Soubrier F, Corvol P, Faster R, Foy CJ, Watt GC. The angiotensin Ⅰ converting enzyme gene and predisposition to high blood pressure. Hypertension. 1993 Apr; 21(4): 455-60.
36. Higashimori K, Zhao Y, Higaki J, Kamitani A, Katsuya T, Nakura J, MikiT, Mikami H, Ogihara T. Association analysis of a polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension in the Japanese population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993;191:399-404.
37. Schmidt S, van Hooft IM, Grobbee DE, Ganten D, Ritz E. Polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene is apparently not related to high blood pressure: Dutch Hypertension and Offspring Study. J Hypertens. 1993 Apr;11(4):345-8.
38. Ishigami T, Umemura S, Iwamoto T, Tamura K, Hibi K, Yamaguchi S, Nyuui N,Kimura K, Miyazaki N, Ishii M. Molecular variant of angiotensinogen gene is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1995 Feb15;91(4):951-4.
39.Zee RY, Lou YK, Griffiths LR, Morris BJ.Association of a polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Apr 15;184(1):9-15.
40. Morris BJ, Zee RY, Schrader AP. Different frequencies of angiotensin -converting enzyme genotypes in older hypertensive individuals. J Clin Invest. 1994 Sep;94(3):1085-9.
41. Zaman MM, Yoshiike N, Tanaka H. Dissecting the contradictory findings of angiotensin converting enzyme genetic polymorphism with blood pressure and hypertension. BangladeshMedResCouncBull, 2001, 27:90 95.
42. Pereira AC, MotaG FA,Cunha RS, etal. Angiotensinogen235T allele "dosage" is associated with blood pressure phenotypes. Hypertension, 2003, 41:25-30.
43. Donoghue M., Hsieh F., Baronas E., Godbout K., Gosselin M., Stagliano N. et al. (2000) A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related Carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ. Res. 87: El - E9.
44. Tipnis S. R., Hooper N. M., Hyde R., Karran E., Christie G. andTurner A.J. (2000) A human homolog of angiotensin-convertingenzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captoprilinsensitivecarboxypeptidase. J. Biol.Chem. 275: 33238-33243.
45. Crackower MA, Sarao R, Oudit GY, etal. Angiotensin converting enzyme2 is an essential regulator of heart function . Nature, 2002, 417:822-828.
46. Elased KM, Cunha TS,Gurley SB, etal. New Mass Spectrometric Assay for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Activity. Hypertension. 2006; 467-469.
47. Benjafield AV, Wang WY, MorrisBJ: No Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Gene (ACE2) Polymorphisms With Essential Hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2004; 17(7):624-628.
48.Turner AJ, Hooper NM;.The angiotensin converting enzyme gene family: genomicsandpharmacology[J]. TrendsPharmacolSci, 2002, 23:177- 183.
49. Zhang, H, WadaJ, HidaK, etal. Collectrin, acollectingductspecifictransmembran eglycoprotein, isanovelhomologofACE2andisdevelopmentallyregulatedinembry onickidneys[J].J Biol Chem, 2001, 276:17132- 17139.
50. Vickers C,, Hales P, KaushikV, etal. Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin converting enzyme related carboxy peptidase[J].J Biol Chem, 2002, 277:14838 -14843.
51. Tschope C,, Schultheiss HP, Walther T. Multiple interactions between the renin angiotensin and the kallikrenkininsystems:role of ACE in hibition and AT1 receptor blockade[J]. J CardiovascPharmacol,2002,39:478-487.
52. Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, et al. Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE2, anovel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme FEBSL Lett, 2002,532, 107-110.
53. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, etal. Angiotensin converting enzyme2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature, 2003,426(6965)450-454.
54.Strawn WB, Richmond RS, AnnTallant E, et al.Renin angiotensin system expression in rat bone marrow haematopoietic and stromal cells.Br Jematol, 2004, 1269(1):120-127.
55. Gallager PE, Chappell MC, Bernish WB,et al. ACE2expression in brain: angiotensin II down regulates ACE2 in astrocytes . Hypertension, 2003, 42:389.
56. RenY, GarvinJL, CarreteroOA. Vasodilatoractionofangiotensin(1-7)onisolated rabbitafferentarterioles [J].Hypertension, 2002, 39:799-802.
57. Lemos VS, Cortes SF, Silva DM, etal. Angiotensin1-7 is involved in the endothelium dependent modulation of phenylephrine induced contraction in the aorta of mRen2 transgenic rats[J].BrJPharmacol, 2002, 135:1743-1748.
58. Benter IF, Ferrario CM,et al. Antihypertensive actions of angiotensin(1-7) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol, 1995,269(38):H313-H319.
59. Freeman EJ,Chisolm G, et al. Angiotensin(1-7) inhibits vascular smooth muscle. Hypertension, 1999,34(part2):950-957.
60. Campbell DJ, K ladis A, Dancan AM, et al. Effect of converting enzyme in hibitor and bradykin in peptides[J].Hypertension, 1994,28:439-449.
61.Chappell MC,Pirro NT, Sykes A, et al. Metabolism of angiotensin(l-7) by angiotensin converting enzyme[J]. Hypertension, 1998,31(2):323-326.
62.Heerbert L, Jackman MG, Massad MS, et al. Angiotensin1-9 and 1-7 realease in human heart:role of cathepsin A[J]. Hypertension, 2002, 39;976-981.
63. Ferrario CM, Chappell MC, Dean RH, et al.No velangiotensin peptides regulate blood pressure, endothelial function and natriuresis[J]. J Am Soc Mephrol, 1998, 9:1716-1720.
64. Anton J, Robert H. Angiotensin peptides:ready torefine the angiotensin system[J]. Journal of Hypertension,2003,21:1269-1271.
65.Stegbauer J,Vonend O, Oberhauser V, et al. Effects of angiotensin(1-7) and other bioactive components of the rennin in angiotensin systemon vascular resistance and no radrenal in release in rat kidney[J]. Journal of Hypertension, 2003,21(7):1391-1399.
66. Lyer SN, Chappell MC, Averill DB, et al. Vaso depressor actions of angiotensin (1-7)unmasked during combined treatment with lisinopril and losartan [J].Hypertension, 1998,14:799-805.
67.Komatsu T,Suzuki Y, Imai J, et al.Molecular cloning, mRNA expression and chromosomal localization of mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme related carboxypeptidase(Mace2)[J]. DNA. Sen. 2002. 13. 217-220
68.Kloner RA, Jennings RB. consequences of brief ischemia: stunning,preconditioning and their clinical implications. Circulation, 2001, 104,2981-2989.
69.Yagil Y, Yagil C. ACE2 modulates blood pressure in the mammalian organism . Hypertension,2003, 41:871-875.
70 .Zisman LS ,Meixell GE, Bristow MR, et al. Angiotensin(1-7) formation in the intact human heart in vivo dependence on angiotensin II asbsubstrate.Circulation, 2003, 108:1679-1681.
71. Zisman LS ,Keller RS, Weaver B, et al, Increased angiotensin (1-7) forming activity in failing human heart ventricles:evidence for up regulation of the angiotensin converting enzyme homologue ACE2 . Circulation, 2003, 108;1707-1712.
72. Huang L, Sexton DJ, Skogerson K, et al. Novel peptide inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme2. J Biol Chem, 2003, 278(18):15532-15540.
73. Boeh M, Nabel EG.. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 a new cardiac regulator. N Engl J Med.2002, 347(22):1795-1797.
74. Brosnihan KB , Neves LA, Goyner T, etal. Enhanced renal immunocytochemical expression ofAng-(1-7) and ACE2 in pregnancy. [J] Hypertension, 2003,42:749-753.
75. Ye M, Wysocki J, Naaz P, et al. Increased ACE2 and decreased ACE protein in renal tubules from diabetic mice. Hypertension, 2004, 43(5):1120-1125.
76.Tikellis C, Johnston CI, Forbes JM,et al. Characterization of renal angiotensin converting enzyme2 in diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension, 2003,41(3):392-397.
77. Wong SK, Li W, Moore MJ, et al.A 193-amino acid fragment of the SARS coronavirus S protein efficiently binds angiotensin converting enzyme 2[J] J Biol Chem ,2004,314,(1):235
78. Douglas GC, O' Bryan MK, Hedger MP, et al.The novel angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)homolog, ACE2, is slectively expressed by adult Endocrinology, leydig cells of the testis. Endocrinology, 2004, 145(10): 4703-4711.
79.Danilczyk U. Eriksson U: Physiological roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Cell. Mol. Life Sci 2004; 61 : 2714-2719.
80. Turner AJ: Exploring the structure and function of zinc metallopeptidases:old enzymes and new discoveries. Biochem. Soc Trans 2003;31: 723-727.
81.Oudit, G. Y. et al: The role of ACE2 in cardiovascular physiology. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2003;13: 93-101.
82. Conlon JM , Yano K, Waugh D , et al. Distribution and molecular forms of urotensin II andits role in cardiovascular regulation in vertebrates. J Exp Zool,1996,275:226～238.
83. Ames, R. S., Sarau, H. M., Chambers, J. K., Willette, R. N., Aiyar, N.V., Romanic, A. M., et al. (1999). Human urotensin II is a potentvasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14. Nature 401,282-286.
84. Coulouarn Y, Lihrmann I , Jegou S , et allCloning of the cDNA encoding the urotensin II precursor in frog and human reveals intense expression of the urotensin II gene in motoneurons of the spinal cord1 Proc Natl AcadSci, 1998,95:15803-15808.
85. Ohsako S, Ishida I, Ichikawa T, et al. Cloning and sequence analysis ofcDNAs encoding precursors of urotensin II 2α and 2γ1 J Neurosci, 1986 ,6 :27302-27351.
86. Douglas SA, Ohlstein EH : Human urotensin-II, the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified to date,as a therapeutic target for the management of cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2000;10:229-237
87. Marchese, A., Heiber, M., Nguyen, T., Heng, H. H. Q., Saldivia, V. R., Cheng,R., et al. (1995). Cloning and chromosomal mapping of three genes, GPR9,GPR10, and GPR14, encoding receptors related to interleukin 8, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin receptors. Genomics 29,335-344.
88. Pearson, D., Shively, J. E., Clark, B. R., Geschwind, I. I., Barkli,M.,Nishioka, R. S., et al. (1980). Urotensin II: a somatostatin-like peptide in the caudal neurosecretory system of fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,77,5021-5024.
89. Medakovic, M., Chan, D. K., & Lederis, K. (1975). Pharmacological effects of urotensins: I. Regional vascular effects of urotensin I and II in the rat. Pharmacology 13, 409 - 418.
90. Itoh, H., Itoh, Y., Rivier, J., & Lederis, K. (1987). Contraction of major artery segments of rat by fish neuropeptide urotensin II. Am J Physiol252,R361 - R366.
91. Itoh, H., McMaster, D., & Lederis, K. (1988). Functional receptors for fish neuropeptide urotensin II in major rat arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 149, 61-66.
92. Gibson, A., Conyers, S., & Bern, H. A. (1988). The influence of urotensin II on calcium flux in rat aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol 40, 893-895.
93. Ames RS, Sarau HM , Chambers J K, et al. Human urotensin2 II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14. Nature,1999,401:282～286.
94. Douglas, S. A., Ashton, D. J., Sauermelch, C. F., Coatney, R. W., Ohlstein,D. H., Ruffolo, M. R., et al. (2000a). Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoactive peptide: harmacological characterization in the rat, mouse,dog and primate. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 36(Suppl.1).S163-S166.
95. Douglas, S. A., Sulpizio, A. C., Piercy, V., Sarau, H. M., Ames, R. S. ,Aiyar,N. V., et al. (2000b). Differential vasoconstrictor activity ofhuman urotensin-II in vascular tissue isolated from the rat, mouse, dog, pig, marmoset and cynomolgus monkey. Br J Pharmacol 131,1262- 1274.
96. Kuc, R. E., Maguire, J. J., & Davenport, A. P. (2001). Urotensin-II is apotent constrictor of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries with immunoreactive peptide localized to the atherosclerotic plaque. Br J .Pharmacol 134, 75P.
97. Behm, D. J., Doe, C. P. A., Johns, D. G., Maniscalco, K., Stankus, G.P.,Wibberley, A., et al. (2004). Urotensin II: a novel systemic hypertensive factor in the cat. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 369,274 - 280.
98. Gardiner, S. M., March, J. E., Kemp, P. A., Davenport, A. P., & Bennett,T.(2001). Depressor and regionally-selective vasodilator effects of human and rat urotensin II in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 132,1625-1629.
99. Lin, Y., Tsuchihashi, T., Matsumura, K., Abe, I., & Iida, M. (2003). Central cardiovascular action of urotensin II in conscious rats. J Hypertens 21, 159-165.
100. Bottrill, F. E., Douglas, S. A., Hiley, C. R., & White, R. (2000). Human urotensin-II is an endothelium-dependent vasodilator in rat small arteries.Br J Pharmacol 130, 1865 - 1870.
101. Stirrat, A., Gallagher, M., Douglas, S. A., Ohlstein, E. H., Berry, C.,Kirk, A., et al. (2001). Potent vasodilator responses to human urotensin-II inhuman pulmonary and abdominal resistance arteries. Am J Heart Circ Physiol 280, H925 - H928.
102. Heller, J., Schepke, M., Neef, M., Woitas, R., Rabe, C., & Sauerbruch,T. (2002). Increased urotensin II plasma levels in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. J Hepatol 37, 767 - 772.
103. Lim, M., Honisett, S., Sparkes, C. D., Komesaroff, P., Kompa, A., &Krum,H. (2004). Differential effect of urotensin II on vascular tone innormal subjects and patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 109,1212-1214.
104.Maggi, E., Marchesi, E., Ravetta, V., Martignoni, A., Finardi, G., &Bellomo,G. (1995). Presence of autoantibodies against oxidativelymodified low-density lipoprotein in essential hypertension: a biochemicalsignature of an enhanced in vivolow-density lipoprotein oxidation.J Hypertens 13,129- 138.
105. Le Mevel JC , Olson KR, Conklin D ,et al. Cardiovascular actions of trout urotensin II in the conscious trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. AmJ Physiol, 1996 , 271 :R1335 -1343.
106.Conlon JM, Yano K, Waugh D , et al. Distribution and molecular forms of urotensin II and its role in cardiovascular regulation in vertebrates. J Exp Zool , 1996 , 275 (2 -3) :226 - 238.
107. Coulouarn Y, Jegou S , Tostivint H , et al . Cloning, sequence analysis and tissue distribution of the mouse and rat urotensin II precursors. FEBS Lett, 1999 , 457(1) :28 -32.
108. Watson, A. M. D., Lambert, G. W., Smith, K. J., & May, C. N. (2003). Urotensin II acts centrally to increase epinephrine and ACTH releaseand cause potent inotropic and chronotropic actions. Hypertension 42,373- 379.
109. Lu, Y., Zou, C. J, Huang, D.W., & Tang, C. S. (2002). Cardiovascular effects of urotensin II in different brain areas. Peptides 23, 1631 - 1635.
110. Gibson A: Complex effects of Gillichthys urotensin II on rat aortic strips. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 91:205-12.
111. Song, W., Ashton, N., & Balment, R. J. (2002). A radioimmunoassay todetect urotensin II in the plasma of rat models of hypertension. J , Physiol 544P,S024.
112. Cheung, B. M. Y., Leung, R., Man, Y. B., & Wong, L. Y. F. (2004). Plasma concentration of urotensin II is raised in hypertension. J Hypertens 22,1341 - 1344.
113. Thompson, J. P., Watt, P., Sanghavi, S., Strupish, J. W., & Lambert, D.G. (2003). A comparison of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma urotensin IIconcentrations in normotensive and hypertensive patients undergoing urological surgery during spinal anesthesia: a pilot study. Anesth Analg ,97, 1501 - 1503.
114. Matsushita M., Shichiri M., Imai T., Iwashina,M., et al: Co-expression of urotensin II and its receptor (GPR14) in human cardiovascular and renal tissues. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 2185- 2190.
115. Bohm F, Pernow J: Urotensin Ⅱ evokes potent vasoconstriction in humans in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135: 25-27.
116．格桑罗布，岑维浚，陈勇，庄兰萍等。藏族原发性高血压与血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性研究。中华内科杂志，2003，42(8)：575-576。
117．胡爱华，周文郁，刘怡雯，周宪梁等。中国汉族人血管紧张素转换酶基因I／D多态性与原发性高血压的关系。高血压杂志，1998。62(2)：163-165。
118．刘丽娟，佟伟军，张永红，冯华等。蒙古族ACE基因多态性与高血压关系的研究。中国公共卫生，2003，19：392-393．
119．单广良，王学超，邱长春，任崇文等。凉山彝族男性血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与高血压的关系。中华预防医学杂志，1999，33，(6)：346-347．
120. Morise T, Takeuchi Y, Takeda R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism and essential hypertension. Lancet. 1994; 343: 125.
121. Duru K, Farrow S, Wang JM, Lockette W, Kurtz T. Frequency of a deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin converting enzyme is increased in African-Americans with hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1994; 7: 759-762.
122. Higashimori K, Zhao Y, Higaki J, Kamitani A, Katsuya T, Nakura J, MikiT, Mikami H, Ogihara T. Association analysis of a polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension in the Japanese population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993; 191: 399-404.
123. Vassilikioti S, Doumas M, Douma S, Petidis K, Karagiannis A, Balaska K, Vyzantiadis A, Zamboulis C. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism is not related to essential hypertension in a 6reek population. Am J Hypertens. 1996; 9: 700-702.
124. Harrap SB, Davidson HR, Connor JM, Soubrier F, Corvol P, Fraser R, Foy CJ, Watt GC. The angiotensin Ⅰ converting enzyme gene and predisposition to high blood pressure. Hypertension. 1993; 21: 455-460.
125. Jeunemaitre X, Lifton RP, Hunt SC, Williams RR, Lalouel J-M: Absence of human linkage between the angiotensin converting enzyme locus and human essential hypertension. Nat Genet 1992; 1: 72-75.
126. Yoshida K, Ishigami T, et al: Association of essential hypertension in elderly Japanese with I/D polymorphism of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme(ACE) gene. J Hum Genet,2000; 45:294-298.
127. Jacob HJ, L indpainter K, L incoln SE, et al. Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat[J] Cell, 1991 ; 6 7:2- 13.
128. Fu-Tien Chiang, Zu-Ping Lai, Tser-Haul Chern, Chwn-Den Tseng , et al.Lack of Association of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene PolymorphismWith Essential Hypertension in aChinese Population, AJ H 1997,10:197-201
129. Ricardo M. Fuentes, Markus perolA, Aulikki Nissinen, and Jakko Tuomilehto. ACE gene and physical activity, blood pressure, and hypertension: a population study in Finland. J Appl Physiol2002, 92: 2508-2512.
130. Bloem LJ, Manatunga AK, Boatright E etal. Relation of race and apolymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene to enzyme. Levels.Hypertension, 1993;22:407.
131. Morris BJ, Zee RY, Ymg LH, Griffiths LR: Independent, marked associations of alleles of the insulin receptor and dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase-I genes with essentia! hypertension. Clin Sci 1993;85:189-195.
132. Takahashi K, Nakamura H, Kubota I, Takahashi N, Tomolke H. Association of ACE gene polymorphisms with coronaryartery disease in a northern area of Japan. Jpn Heart J1995;36:557 - 64.
133. Saha N, Talmud PJ, Tay JS, Humphries SE, Basair J. Lack of association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Gene deletion: insertion polymorphism with CAD in two Asian populations. Clin Genet 1996;50:121-5.
134. Barley J, Blackwood A, Miller M, Markandu ND, etal: Angiotensin converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism, blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean peoples. J Hum Hypertens 1996;10:31-35.
135. Gesang L, Liu G, Cen W, etal: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and its association with essential hypertension in a Tibetan population. Hypertens Res 2002; 25(3): 481-485.
136. Jian M, Cao X, Huang J, et al: Polymorphism of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene in the older Chinese: linked to ambulatory blood pressure levels and circadian blood pressure rhythm. Int J Cardiol 1996; 55: 33-40.
137. Guan Yaqun, Zhang Yuanming, Xia Yanping et al: Insertion /deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene associated with essential hypertension in Xingjiang Uigur nationality. Journal of Xi'an jiaotong university(medical sciences)2003;
138. Wang Xiao-feng, WANG Shi-zhen , LIN Ren-yong, CHENG Zu-heng: Relationship of I/D polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene with hypertension in Xinjiang Kazakh isolated group. Chin J Med Genet 2003; 20:253-255.(article in Chinese)
139.Wang W, Wise C, Baric T, Black ML, Bittles AH: The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang.. Hum Genet. 2003 Aug;113(3):244-52.
140. Xiaodong Xie, Xunlin Wang, Lizhe An: The Origin of the Dongxiang: A Study from the Perspective of DNA in Population Genetics. Ethno National Studies.2002;1:35-39. (article in Chinese).
141.Higaki J, Baba S, Katsuya T, et al : Deletion Allele of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Increases Risk of Essential Hypertension in Japanese Men :The SuitaStudy .Circulation. 2000; 101:2060-2065.
142. L Gesang, G Liu, W Cen, C Qiu, C Zhuoma, L Zhuang, D Ren, Z Pincuo, and Y Chan, Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and its association with essential hypertension in a Tibetan population. Hypertens Res, May 1, 2002; 25(3): 481-5.
143. Sapar ME, Cloarec BL, London GM, Arterial alternations in hypertension with a disproportionate increase in systolicover diastolic blood pressure [J]. J Hypertens, 1996, 14 (Supp12): s103-s109.
144．苏业璞，国雪，胡爱祥，等。血管紧张素原，血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与脑卒中相关性研究[J] 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志!2000．7．(2)105-110。
145．张进，吕善庆，孙晓江，等．血管紧张素!转换酶基因与急性脑血管病的相关性研究[J]中国老年学杂志．1997，17(3)137-139．
146．李世军，孙宁玲。原发性高血压代谢综合征与血管紧张素转换酶基因插入／缺失多态性关系的探讨，临床心血管病杂志，2004，20卷第3期，139-141．
147. Myriam Fornage,; Christopher I. Amos,; Sharon Kardia,; Charles F. Sing,; Stephen T. Turner, Eric Boerwinkle, Variation in the Region of the Angiotensin-ConvertingEnzyme Gene Influences Interindividual Differences in Blood Pressure Levels in Young White Males. Circulation. 1998; 97: 1773-1779.
148. Brigitte Sondermeijer, Andrew Kompa, Paul Komesaroff, Henry Krum. Effect of exogenous urotensin-Ⅱ on vascular tone in skin microcirculation of patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2005 Sep; 18(9 Pt 1): 1195-9.
149．曹军，张勇刚，齐永芬，石彦荣等．血浆尾加压素Ⅱ含量在几种疾病中的变化．放射免疫学，2001年第14卷，(4)：195-197．
150．张瑶辉：张靖溥；尾加压素Ⅱ与高血压病的相关性。中国全科医学。2003(8)17-19．
151. Santos RAS, Sithoese Silva AC, Maric C, et al. Angiotensin-(1-7)is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor Mas[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 2003, 100: 8258-8263.
152. Loudianos G, Lovicu M, Dessi V, etal, Abnormal RNA splicing resulting from consensus sequence splicing mutations of ATP7B. Hum Mutat, 2002, 20; 260-266.