基于结构化视角的农民工返乡创业研究
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摘要
科学合理地引导和鼓励那些已经在市场经济大潮中开阔了视眼、积累了资金、掌握了生产技术、经营管理经验与一定市场信息的农民工返乡创业，对于协调城乡统筹发展、促进区域经济发展，解决“三农”、“留守儿童”等社会经济问题，落实科学发展观，具有十分重要的现实意义。作为一种崭新经济社会现象和研究主题，农民工返乡创业的研究涉及多门学科、多种理论和研究方法，相关研究尚处于起步阶段。
农民工返乡创业并不只是简单的返乡农民的行为选择过程，而是受到结构性因素制约的行动，农民工的流动与创业是社会发展过程中新的结构性要素。在这一过程中，农民工不断寻求新的发展性资源，改变了原有的发展轨迹，其直接效果是实现了自身的结构性变化。返乡农民工创业行动不仅受到他们对自身的资本认知、城市认知、乡村认知的影响，制度安排、而且社会支持也起了相当的“拉力”作用。农民工返乡创业有利于激发农村经济运行的活力，提高农村资源与剩余劳动力的利用效率，在以城带乡、以工促农中发挥积极作用。特别是对于中西部地区的农村来说，以劳务输出和返乡创业良性互动机制为目标，坚持“输出劳务，引回人才；输出劳动力，引回创业者”的思路，是“打工经济”转化为“创业经济”的路径。
返乡创业群体回到家乡创业，意味着农村投资主体增多，使农村经济的发展有了“内发性动力”，农村经济社会也由“导入式”向“内发式”发展，这种形式的创业必须纳入再结构化的视野。接下来的问题是，对于返乡农民工创业这一崭新的社会现象，其结构化特征是什么？如何对这一现象进行科学的阐释？面临哪些问题？解决问题的逻辑是什么？
农民工返乡创业作为一种崭新经济社会现象和研究主题，相关研究尚处于起步阶段，大多是一些一般化的、个别的、心得体会式的主观议论，没有形成对某一方面有关的事实与规律进行系统性解释，也没有提出相对具体的分析框架，缺乏理论上的提升和概括。多数研究只停留在解读的层面，尚未形成一定的解释机制。本文从结构化的视角，以社会学中的结构化分析为主线，尝试进行以下几个方面的研究：1）对返乡农民工创业的结构化特征进行描述，进一步明确问题；2）对返乡农民工创业的内在机理进行结构化阐释，以便为解决问题提供基础；3）从创业主体、社会和政府三个层面对返乡农民工创业的再结构化进行分析。站在创业者——返乡农民工的角度，构建了返乡农民工创业的风险分析框架；站在社会的角度，构建了基于社会网络的农民工返乡创业社会网络重构的机制；站在政府的层面树立了现有政策体系采及存在的问题，并给出了合理化建议。
论文的创新之处主要体现在以下三个方面：
①鉴于农民工返乡创业研究逻辑起点和研究基础的表层化，论文从创业主体、创业环境、创业过程和创业结果四个方面界定了农民工返乡创业的内涵和研究边界，构建了以动力机制、决策机制和保障机制为内容的农民工返乡创业的发生机制，搭建了返乡农民工创业过程的概念模型，完成对农民工创业过程的结构化刻画。
②本文分析了社会网络对返乡农民工创业的价值，指出社会网络的完整与畅通在一定程度上决定了农民工返乡创业的成败，并结合返乡创业农民工社会网络的特征，给出了农民工返乡创业的社会网络的构成要素，提出了基于自致和帮扶实现返乡农民工创业社会网络重构的对策建议。
③鉴于创业风险对返乡农民工创业成功的重要实践意义，本文基于模糊集和证据理论构造了农民工返乡创业风险评估模型，对农民工返乡创业风险等级进行量化评估。专家的评判既可减少风险因素量化的复杂性，较好地解决风险因素的不确定性，且运用证据理论综合的专家意见能更为客观地反映实际情况，保证评标结果的客观性。
本文研究的局限性
虽然在论文研究中提出了一些创新性的观点与方法，但是本文仍然存在一些需要改进的地方。这也就意味着，对农民工返乡创业现象的研究还远没有结束。但受篇幅、时间以及水平的限制，仍旧有许多问题没有充分展开论述，有的还没有进入本文的研究视野，但这并非意味着可以忽视这些问题的存在。下面就本文存在的局限性，以及未来深化和扩展这些问题，提出几个方面的思路和想法，供有兴趣者研究时加以参考。当然，这也将是以后进一步研究的方向。
局限一：本文从结构化的视角研究了返乡农民工创业的发生机制和再结构化问题，但是对创业主体的一些个性心理特征或行为缺乏较为深入的研究，从而未能对返乡农民工创业决策特点和本质进行深刻的揭示。
局限二：本文对返乡农民工创业的过程仅从结构化的角度，基于机会识别和利用构建了创业过程模型，而对创业过程中创业环境、创业主体、创业过程和结果之间的互动模式等相关内容缺乏深入分析。另外，创业者主体行为与社会结构之间的互动依存关系也是该研究主题的重要研究领域，但本文并未给予足够的关注。
To guide and encourage the Rural Migrant Workers who have wided their vision，accumulated founds，mastered manufacturing technique，the experiences，and marketinformation to establish a business is fundamental to coordinate the development ofurban and rural areas，to resolve the issues concerning agriculture, countryside andfarmers，and the problems of leftover children. As a new economic and socialphenomenon and research topics, the study of entrepreneurship by rural migrantworkers returned to hometown involved a variety of theories and research methods isstill in its infancy.
Entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown is not simplybehavior selection process of rural migrant workers returned to hometown, but is theaction restricted by structural factors. The flow of migrant workers and entrepreneurshipis new structural factors in the process of social development. In this process, themigrant workers have changed the trajectory of development due to seeking newdevelopment resources; the direct effect is to achieve its own structural changes.Entrepreneurial action of rural migrant workers returned to hometown influenced notonly by their own capital cognition, city cognition, rural cognition, but also influencedby institutional arrangements and social support. Entrepreneurship by rural migrantworkers returned to hometown is conducive to stimulate the vitality of the ruraleconomy and improve the efficiency of utilization of rural resources and surplus labor.It also plays an active role in promoting rural areas and agriculture. especially for therural areas of central and western regions, insisting the idea that attracting the talentsand entrepreneurs instead of outputting labors is the path to have a positive interactionmechanism between labor output and entrepreneurship and transform the wageeconomy to entrepreneurial economy.
An increase in the number of investment entities in the context of entrepreneurshipby rural migrant workers returned to hometown makes the rural economy possess theindigenous power. The rural society and economy is transformation from introduceddevelopment to indigenous development, which must include the re-structured form ofentrepreneurial vision. But the next question is what structural features of this newsocial phenomenon of Entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown?How to explants this phenomenon scientifically? What problems it will be faced with? What is the logic to solve the problem?
Entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown as a neweconomic and social phenomenon and study issues, the related research is still in thestart-up periods. Existing researches are most generalized, individual, andexperience-subjective arguments, short of systematic explanation of fact and law, didnot raise any specific analytical framework because of the lack of theoreticalenhancement and generalization. Most studies just stay in the level of interpretation,have not yet formed a certain interpretation mechanism. Based structured perspective,this dissertation uses structured analysis of sociology structured analysis to study thefollowing questions:1) to further clarify the issues by describing the structural featuresof entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown;2) in order toprovide a basis to solve the problem based on structured explaining the internalmechanism of entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown;3) toanalysis re-structured of entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned tohometown from the levels of entrepreneurs, society and governments. Thus, thisdissertation builds the framework for risk analysis from the perspective of entrepreneurswhich are rural migrant workers returned to hometown. Based on the social network,the mechanism of social networks reconstruction of entrepreneurship by rural migrantworkers returned to hometown is constructed from a society perspective. It analysesexistence questions of the existing policy system for the government, and thecountermeasure is also given in the end.
The contributions are as follows:
①Given that the logical starting and basic research is superficial entrepreneurshipby rural migrant workers returned to hometown, this dissertation defined the emergemechanism of entrepreneurship of rural migrant workers consists of connotation andrange of study, constructed the impetus mechanism, decision mechanism, and safeguardmechanisms from four elements, that is entrepreneur, circumstances, course, and resultsof Establishing a business, a concept model of entrepreneurship of rural migrantworkers back to hometown was build，and the course of entrepreneurship was analyses.
②In view of social net’s values on entrepreneurship by rural migrant workersreturned to hometown, and if the social net is complete and unobstructed of not isessential to success of entrepreneurship. The dissertation analyses features of ruralmigrant workers who want to establish or is establishing a business, and the keyelements of rural migrant workers’ social net. The countermeasures based on self-building and to aids from the government to restructure the rural migrant workers’social net is also given in the end.
③In light of the risk control is the vital to the success of entrepreneurship of ruralmigrant workers back to hometown, this dissertation built up the risk evaluation indexsystem, and the risk comprehensive evaluation model based on the D-S theory is given.The model can not only integrates the steps of risk elements estimation and evaluation,but also can reduce the Complexity of risk elements quantification by the judgment ofexperts, and the systemization the opinions of experts can reflect the actual situation ofrisk, so the objectiveness of the evaluation results is assured.
The limitations of this dissertation are as bellow:
Although some innovative ideas and methods presented in the dissertation, but thisarticle there are still some areas for improvement. This means that the study ofentrepreneurship of rural migrant workers back to hometown is far from over. But dueto the short space of time and the length of the dissertation, as well as restrictions on thelevel, there are still many issues not fully discusses and some have not yet entered thisresearch vision, but that does not mean you can ignore the existence of these problems.For limitations of this dissertation and the deepening and expansion of these problemsin the future, several ideas and thoughts are put forward for those interested to studyreference. Of course, this is also the direction of further research.
Limitations1: This dissertation studies the mechanism and re-structured problemsof entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown from a structuredperspective, but the lack of a more in-depth study of the psychological characteristics ofpersonality or behavior of entrepreneurs. Therefore, it doesn’t deep-going reveal thecharacteristics and the nature of entrepreneurship decision by rural migrant workersreturned to hometown.
Limitations2: Based on opportunity identification and utilization, this study buildsthe entrepreneurial process model of the entrepreneurial only from the view of thestructure of the process of entrepreneurship, but lacks of the elaborate analysis ofinteractive mode between entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneur, entrepreneurialprocess and entrepreneurial results.
In addition, the dependence of the interaction between the behavior and socialstructure of the entrepreneurs is also the research theme important area of research, butit has not been attracted.
农民工返乡创业并不只是简单的返乡农民的行为选择过程，而是受到结构性因素制约的行动，农民工的流动与创业是社会发展过程中新的结构性要素。在这一过程中，农民工不断寻求新的发展性资源，改变了原有的发展轨迹，其直接效果是实现了自身的结构性变化。返乡农民工创业行动不仅受到他们对自身的资本认知、城市认知、乡村认知的影响，制度安排、而且社会支持也起了相当的“拉力”作用。农民工返乡创业有利于激发农村经济运行的活力，提高农村资源与剩余劳动力的利用效率，在以城带乡、以工促农中发挥积极作用。特别是对于中西部地区的农村来说，以劳务输出和返乡创业良性互动机制为目标，坚持“输出劳务，引回人才；输出劳动力，引回创业者”的思路，是“打工经济”转化为“创业经济”的路径。
返乡创业群体回到家乡创业，意味着农村投资主体增多，使农村经济的发展有了“内发性动力”，农村经济社会也由“导入式”向“内发式”发展，这种形式的创业必须纳入再结构化的视野。接下来的问题是，对于返乡农民工创业这一崭新的社会现象，其结构化特征是什么？如何对这一现象进行科学的阐释？面临哪些问题？解决问题的逻辑是什么？
农民工返乡创业作为一种崭新经济社会现象和研究主题，相关研究尚处于起步阶段，大多是一些一般化的、个别的、心得体会式的主观议论，没有形成对某一方面有关的事实与规律进行系统性解释，也没有提出相对具体的分析框架，缺乏理论上的提升和概括。多数研究只停留在解读的层面，尚未形成一定的解释机制。本文从结构化的视角，以社会学中的结构化分析为主线，尝试进行以下几个方面的研究：1）对返乡农民工创业的结构化特征进行描述，进一步明确问题；2）对返乡农民工创业的内在机理进行结构化阐释，以便为解决问题提供基础；3）从创业主体、社会和政府三个层面对返乡农民工创业的再结构化进行分析。站在创业者——返乡农民工的角度，构建了返乡农民工创业的风险分析框架；站在社会的角度，构建了基于社会网络的农民工返乡创业社会网络重构的机制；站在政府的层面树立了现有政策体系采及存在的问题，并给出了合理化建议。
论文的创新之处主要体现在以下三个方面：
①鉴于农民工返乡创业研究逻辑起点和研究基础的表层化，论文从创业主体、创业环境、创业过程和创业结果四个方面界定了农民工返乡创业的内涵和研究边界，构建了以动力机制、决策机制和保障机制为内容的农民工返乡创业的发生机制，搭建了返乡农民工创业过程的概念模型，完成对农民工创业过程的结构化刻画。
②本文分析了社会网络对返乡农民工创业的价值，指出社会网络的完整与畅通在一定程度上决定了农民工返乡创业的成败，并结合返乡创业农民工社会网络的特征，给出了农民工返乡创业的社会网络的构成要素，提出了基于自致和帮扶实现返乡农民工创业社会网络重构的对策建议。
③鉴于创业风险对返乡农民工创业成功的重要实践意义，本文基于模糊集和证据理论构造了农民工返乡创业风险评估模型，对农民工返乡创业风险等级进行量化评估。专家的评判既可减少风险因素量化的复杂性，较好地解决风险因素的不确定性，且运用证据理论综合的专家意见能更为客观地反映实际情况，保证评标结果的客观性。
本文研究的局限性
虽然在论文研究中提出了一些创新性的观点与方法，但是本文仍然存在一些需要改进的地方。这也就意味着，对农民工返乡创业现象的研究还远没有结束。但受篇幅、时间以及水平的限制，仍旧有许多问题没有充分展开论述，有的还没有进入本文的研究视野，但这并非意味着可以忽视这些问题的存在。下面就本文存在的局限性，以及未来深化和扩展这些问题，提出几个方面的思路和想法，供有兴趣者研究时加以参考。当然，这也将是以后进一步研究的方向。
局限一：本文从结构化的视角研究了返乡农民工创业的发生机制和再结构化问题，但是对创业主体的一些个性心理特征或行为缺乏较为深入的研究，从而未能对返乡农民工创业决策特点和本质进行深刻的揭示。
局限二：本文对返乡农民工创业的过程仅从结构化的角度，基于机会识别和利用构建了创业过程模型，而对创业过程中创业环境、创业主体、创业过程和结果之间的互动模式等相关内容缺乏深入分析。另外，创业者主体行为与社会结构之间的互动依存关系也是该研究主题的重要研究领域，但本文并未给予足够的关注。
To guide and encourage the Rural Migrant Workers who have wided their vision，accumulated founds，mastered manufacturing technique，the experiences，and marketinformation to establish a business is fundamental to coordinate the development ofurban and rural areas，to resolve the issues concerning agriculture, countryside andfarmers，and the problems of leftover children. As a new economic and socialphenomenon and research topics, the study of entrepreneurship by rural migrantworkers returned to hometown involved a variety of theories and research methods isstill in its infancy.
Entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown is not simplybehavior selection process of rural migrant workers returned to hometown, but is theaction restricted by structural factors. The flow of migrant workers and entrepreneurshipis new structural factors in the process of social development. In this process, themigrant workers have changed the trajectory of development due to seeking newdevelopment resources; the direct effect is to achieve its own structural changes.Entrepreneurial action of rural migrant workers returned to hometown influenced notonly by their own capital cognition, city cognition, rural cognition, but also influencedby institutional arrangements and social support. Entrepreneurship by rural migrantworkers returned to hometown is conducive to stimulate the vitality of the ruraleconomy and improve the efficiency of utilization of rural resources and surplus labor.It also plays an active role in promoting rural areas and agriculture. especially for therural areas of central and western regions, insisting the idea that attracting the talentsand entrepreneurs instead of outputting labors is the path to have a positive interactionmechanism between labor output and entrepreneurship and transform the wageeconomy to entrepreneurial economy.
An increase in the number of investment entities in the context of entrepreneurshipby rural migrant workers returned to hometown makes the rural economy possess theindigenous power. The rural society and economy is transformation from introduceddevelopment to indigenous development, which must include the re-structured form ofentrepreneurial vision. But the next question is what structural features of this newsocial phenomenon of Entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown?How to explants this phenomenon scientifically? What problems it will be faced with? What is the logic to solve the problem?
Entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown as a neweconomic and social phenomenon and study issues, the related research is still in thestart-up periods. Existing researches are most generalized, individual, andexperience-subjective arguments, short of systematic explanation of fact and law, didnot raise any specific analytical framework because of the lack of theoreticalenhancement and generalization. Most studies just stay in the level of interpretation,have not yet formed a certain interpretation mechanism. Based structured perspective,this dissertation uses structured analysis of sociology structured analysis to study thefollowing questions:1) to further clarify the issues by describing the structural featuresof entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown;2) in order toprovide a basis to solve the problem based on structured explaining the internalmechanism of entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown;3) toanalysis re-structured of entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned tohometown from the levels of entrepreneurs, society and governments. Thus, thisdissertation builds the framework for risk analysis from the perspective of entrepreneurswhich are rural migrant workers returned to hometown. Based on the social network,the mechanism of social networks reconstruction of entrepreneurship by rural migrantworkers returned to hometown is constructed from a society perspective. It analysesexistence questions of the existing policy system for the government, and thecountermeasure is also given in the end.
The contributions are as follows:
①Given that the logical starting and basic research is superficial entrepreneurshipby rural migrant workers returned to hometown, this dissertation defined the emergemechanism of entrepreneurship of rural migrant workers consists of connotation andrange of study, constructed the impetus mechanism, decision mechanism, and safeguardmechanisms from four elements, that is entrepreneur, circumstances, course, and resultsof Establishing a business, a concept model of entrepreneurship of rural migrantworkers back to hometown was build，and the course of entrepreneurship was analyses.
②In view of social net’s values on entrepreneurship by rural migrant workersreturned to hometown, and if the social net is complete and unobstructed of not isessential to success of entrepreneurship. The dissertation analyses features of ruralmigrant workers who want to establish or is establishing a business, and the keyelements of rural migrant workers’ social net. The countermeasures based on self-building and to aids from the government to restructure the rural migrant workers’social net is also given in the end.
③In light of the risk control is the vital to the success of entrepreneurship of ruralmigrant workers back to hometown, this dissertation built up the risk evaluation indexsystem, and the risk comprehensive evaluation model based on the D-S theory is given.The model can not only integrates the steps of risk elements estimation and evaluation,but also can reduce the Complexity of risk elements quantification by the judgment ofexperts, and the systemization the opinions of experts can reflect the actual situation ofrisk, so the objectiveness of the evaluation results is assured.
The limitations of this dissertation are as bellow:
Although some innovative ideas and methods presented in the dissertation, but thisarticle there are still some areas for improvement. This means that the study ofentrepreneurship of rural migrant workers back to hometown is far from over. But dueto the short space of time and the length of the dissertation, as well as restrictions on thelevel, there are still many issues not fully discusses and some have not yet entered thisresearch vision, but that does not mean you can ignore the existence of these problems.For limitations of this dissertation and the deepening and expansion of these problemsin the future, several ideas and thoughts are put forward for those interested to studyreference. Of course, this is also the direction of further research.
Limitations1: This dissertation studies the mechanism and re-structured problemsof entrepreneurship by rural migrant workers returned to hometown from a structuredperspective, but the lack of a more in-depth study of the psychological characteristics ofpersonality or behavior of entrepreneurs. Therefore, it doesn’t deep-going reveal thecharacteristics and the nature of entrepreneurship decision by rural migrant workersreturned to hometown.
Limitations2: Based on opportunity identification and utilization, this study buildsthe entrepreneurial process model of the entrepreneurial only from the view of thestructure of the process of entrepreneurship, but lacks of the elaborate analysis ofinteractive mode between entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneur, entrepreneurialprocess and entrepreneurial results.
In addition, the dependence of the interaction between the behavior and socialstructure of the entrepreneurs is also the research theme important area of research, butit has not been attracted.
引文
安东尼·吉登斯.2003.社会学方法的新规则[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社.
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风笑天.2001.社会学研究方法[M].北京,中国人民大学出版社
韩长赋.2007.中国农民工的发展与终结[M].北京,中国人民大学出版社.
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