经济一体化进程中的空间集聚与经济增长
摘要
经济系统在空间维度上的集聚和时间维度上的增长是经济发展过程中的两大基本特征,二者之间具有密切的联系。然而现有研究并未对空间集聚与经济增长的关系达成一致认识,此外,一些新的经验证据指出空间集聚与经济增长之间具有非线性关系,对此现有理论研究也没有给出让人满意的解释。另一方面,中国目前正处于重塑经济地理格局的关键时期,如何引导和规划区域经济版图才能实现动态效率与空间平等的兼顾具有重大意义,遗憾的是,现有研究对这一问题给出的回答也非常有限。本文的研究即以上述理论和现实背景为导向,构建新经济地理动态分析框架,尝试在同一框架内解释为什么在经济发展的过程中,空间集聚对经济增长的影响会发生改变,然后利用此框架对中国区域经济发展过程中面临的“动态效率与空间平等”的权衡问题展开讨论,最后引入中国城市层面的数据对提出的理论假说进行检验。
本文首先按照现象——影响——政策效果的路径,对关于中国经济集聚的经验进行了全面的总结和研究。研究认为关于空间集聚与地区差距之间的关系已经达成了比较多的共识：人们逐渐认识到空间集聚是一种普遍现象,转移支付虽然在短期能够对缓解地区差距起到一定效果,但是从长远来看,消除控制商品和要素跨区域流动的制度性壁垒,促进商品和要素市场一体化才是关键。另一方面,现有研究对空间集聚和经济增长相互关系的看法还存在较多分歧,这部分内容也构成了本文重点研究的对象。
针对空间集聚与经济增长之间关系存在的分歧,本文发展了一个综合三个维度区域壁垒的两区域动态模型,对以上分歧进行解释。研究发现区域一体化的程度对产业集聚和经济增长之间的关系有重要影响：当知识溢出水平比较低或者资本流动性较低时,产业集聚促进经济增长；当知识溢出水平比较高并且资本流动性也很高时,产业集聚不利于经济增长。更进一步的,鉴于产业集聚程度也由区域一体化程度内生决定,本文又分析了不同维度的区域一体化对经济系统的影响。此外作为本文理论模型的一个应用,我们利用本文的模型对中国当前所面临的空间平等与动态效率的权衡问题进行了分析。研究发现当知识溢出比较弱的时候,如果产业集聚对增长的促进作用足够强,那么欠发达地区居民也有可能因为集聚获利；当知识溢出比较强的时候,产业过度集中对增长的负面作用很大,甚至欠发达地区和发达地区居民福利都有可能因此而受损。
在两区域模型的基础上,结合中国区域经济发展中存在的国际化和对内开放特征,本文进一步建立了两国三地区的动态模型。研究发现对内开放始终有利于产业向本国集聚同时促进增长,对外开放对产业分布和经济增长的影响则依赖于母国规模、对内开放水平和国际化程度呈现不同的变化趋势。从对社会福利的影响来看,对内开放有利于母国各地区居民福利的提升,可以缩小地区差距,此外,如果此项政策对经济增长的促进作用足够强,外国居民也有可能因此而受益。对外开放在国际化的初期阶段有利于各地居民福利的提高,但当国际化达到较高水平而对内开放仍处于较低水平时,继续提升对外开放则有可能使各个地区居民都蒙受损失。
最后,本文采用2003-2011年中国286个地级城市的数据,通过构建两种不同的集聚指标,对空间集聚与经济增长的关系及其二者关系发生变化的原因进行了实证检验。研究证实空间集聚对中国城市经济增长具有非线性效应：以人均国内生产总值4.57万元为临界点,当经济发展水平处于临界点之下时,集聚促进增长；当经济发展水平处于临界点之上时,集聚不利于增长。在此基础上,本文进一步对空间集聚非线性效应产生的机制展开了研究,研究发现在经济发展的过程中,随着交通基础设施的改善、移动电话普及率提高以及科研人员占总人口比重增加,将会提升区域间知识溢出的水平,从而削弱集聚对增长的促进作用。
Spatial concentration and growth are the two features of economy, which are usually closely connected with each other. However, current studies have not yet reached a consensus on the relationship between them. In addition, the new evidence of their relationship, namely the non-linear relation, is also not explained with satisfactory. In China, it is now at a crucial phase of reshaping its economic geography. The question of how to guide and plan its regional economic geography influences not only the coordination of regional development, but also the sustainable growth of Chinese economy. However, few studies have touched upon the problem. Faced with the current situation, the present paper firstly established a dynamic framework on the basis of new economic geography, then tried to explain why the influence of spatial concentration on economic grow changes in economic development within the framework, then discussed the balancing problem of dynamic efficiency and spatial equality in China, and finally tested the proposed hypothesis by data of cities in China.
The paper first analyzed the experience of economic agglomeration in China by "phenomenon-influence-policy effect", and compared it with international experience. It is found that there were some shared opinions of the relationship between spatial concentration and regional disparity:it is gradually acknowledged that spatial concentration is quite common; though in the short-term transferred payment could relieve regional disparity, in the long-term, it is crucial to promote the integration of product and factor markets by eliminating the policy barriers of the interregional exchange of products and factors. Besides, since many different opinions of the relationship between spatial concentration and economic growth still exist, the paper also discussed the relation between the two.
For conflict between spatial agglomeration and economic growth, this paper develops a two-region dynamic model with regional barrier from three sources to explain the above differences. The study found that degree of regional integration has an important influence on relationship between industrial agglomeration and economic growth:When knowledge spillover or lower capital mobility is at a low level, industry agglomeration promotes economic growth; when knowledge spillover and capital flow are relatively higher, industrial agglomeration hinders economic growth. Further, given the degree of industrial agglomeration is also endogenously determined by regional integration, this paper analyzes the impact of varied regional integrations on economic systems. In addition, as an application of theoretical models, we use the model in this paper analyzing the balancing efforts between spatial equality and dynamic efficiency currently faced by China. The study found that knowledge spillovers are weak, the less developed areas benefit from agglomeration if industrial agglomeration strongly promotes the economic growth; otherwise welfare of the less developed areas decrease if industrial growth is excessively concentrated with considerable negative effects.
On the basis of two-region model, we further establish two-country three-region dynamic model, which characterizes coexists of internationalization and open-up of China's regional economy. The study found that open-up has always been in favor of promoting industrial agglomeration while encouraging growth. The impact of open-up on industrial distribution and economic growth depends on size of home country, open-up level and degree of internationalization. With influences on social welfare, open-up of a country enhances the welfare of all residents, reduces regional disparities. In addition, if the policy of open-up is strong enough, foreign residents also benefit from it. Opening in early stages of internationalization helps improve welfare in a country, but achieves negative effects on welfare when a higher level of internationalization and a lower level of open-up is coexisting.
Finally, the paper introduces an empirical model examining relationship between special agglomeration and economic growth based on census of286cities from2003-2911. The study suggests that spatial concentration of Chinese urban economy has a nonlinear effect:with45,700RMB per capita GDP as a critical point, special agglomeration promotes growth when per capita GDP is lower than the point; however agglomeration discourages growth when per capita GDP is higher than the point. The paper further examined nonlinear effects of spatial agglomeration mechanism and found that improvement of transportation infrastructure, mobile phones and proportion of researchers in total population enhances the level of inter-regional knowledge spillovers, and thus weakens the role of agglomeration in promote growth.
本文首先按照现象——影响——政策效果的路径,对关于中国经济集聚的经验进行了全面的总结和研究。研究认为关于空间集聚与地区差距之间的关系已经达成了比较多的共识：人们逐渐认识到空间集聚是一种普遍现象,转移支付虽然在短期能够对缓解地区差距起到一定效果,但是从长远来看,消除控制商品和要素跨区域流动的制度性壁垒,促进商品和要素市场一体化才是关键。另一方面,现有研究对空间集聚和经济增长相互关系的看法还存在较多分歧,这部分内容也构成了本文重点研究的对象。
针对空间集聚与经济增长之间关系存在的分歧,本文发展了一个综合三个维度区域壁垒的两区域动态模型,对以上分歧进行解释。研究发现区域一体化的程度对产业集聚和经济增长之间的关系有重要影响：当知识溢出水平比较低或者资本流动性较低时,产业集聚促进经济增长；当知识溢出水平比较高并且资本流动性也很高时,产业集聚不利于经济增长。更进一步的,鉴于产业集聚程度也由区域一体化程度内生决定,本文又分析了不同维度的区域一体化对经济系统的影响。此外作为本文理论模型的一个应用,我们利用本文的模型对中国当前所面临的空间平等与动态效率的权衡问题进行了分析。研究发现当知识溢出比较弱的时候,如果产业集聚对增长的促进作用足够强,那么欠发达地区居民也有可能因为集聚获利；当知识溢出比较强的时候,产业过度集中对增长的负面作用很大,甚至欠发达地区和发达地区居民福利都有可能因此而受损。
在两区域模型的基础上,结合中国区域经济发展中存在的国际化和对内开放特征,本文进一步建立了两国三地区的动态模型。研究发现对内开放始终有利于产业向本国集聚同时促进增长,对外开放对产业分布和经济增长的影响则依赖于母国规模、对内开放水平和国际化程度呈现不同的变化趋势。从对社会福利的影响来看,对内开放有利于母国各地区居民福利的提升,可以缩小地区差距,此外,如果此项政策对经济增长的促进作用足够强,外国居民也有可能因此而受益。对外开放在国际化的初期阶段有利于各地居民福利的提高,但当国际化达到较高水平而对内开放仍处于较低水平时,继续提升对外开放则有可能使各个地区居民都蒙受损失。
最后,本文采用2003-2011年中国286个地级城市的数据,通过构建两种不同的集聚指标,对空间集聚与经济增长的关系及其二者关系发生变化的原因进行了实证检验。研究证实空间集聚对中国城市经济增长具有非线性效应：以人均国内生产总值4.57万元为临界点,当经济发展水平处于临界点之下时,集聚促进增长；当经济发展水平处于临界点之上时,集聚不利于增长。在此基础上,本文进一步对空间集聚非线性效应产生的机制展开了研究,研究发现在经济发展的过程中,随着交通基础设施的改善、移动电话普及率提高以及科研人员占总人口比重增加,将会提升区域间知识溢出的水平,从而削弱集聚对增长的促进作用。
Spatial concentration and growth are the two features of economy, which are usually closely connected with each other. However, current studies have not yet reached a consensus on the relationship between them. In addition, the new evidence of their relationship, namely the non-linear relation, is also not explained with satisfactory. In China, it is now at a crucial phase of reshaping its economic geography. The question of how to guide and plan its regional economic geography influences not only the coordination of regional development, but also the sustainable growth of Chinese economy. However, few studies have touched upon the problem. Faced with the current situation, the present paper firstly established a dynamic framework on the basis of new economic geography, then tried to explain why the influence of spatial concentration on economic grow changes in economic development within the framework, then discussed the balancing problem of dynamic efficiency and spatial equality in China, and finally tested the proposed hypothesis by data of cities in China.
The paper first analyzed the experience of economic agglomeration in China by "phenomenon-influence-policy effect", and compared it with international experience. It is found that there were some shared opinions of the relationship between spatial concentration and regional disparity:it is gradually acknowledged that spatial concentration is quite common; though in the short-term transferred payment could relieve regional disparity, in the long-term, it is crucial to promote the integration of product and factor markets by eliminating the policy barriers of the interregional exchange of products and factors. Besides, since many different opinions of the relationship between spatial concentration and economic growth still exist, the paper also discussed the relation between the two.
For conflict between spatial agglomeration and economic growth, this paper develops a two-region dynamic model with regional barrier from three sources to explain the above differences. The study found that degree of regional integration has an important influence on relationship between industrial agglomeration and economic growth:When knowledge spillover or lower capital mobility is at a low level, industry agglomeration promotes economic growth; when knowledge spillover and capital flow are relatively higher, industrial agglomeration hinders economic growth. Further, given the degree of industrial agglomeration is also endogenously determined by regional integration, this paper analyzes the impact of varied regional integrations on economic systems. In addition, as an application of theoretical models, we use the model in this paper analyzing the balancing efforts between spatial equality and dynamic efficiency currently faced by China. The study found that knowledge spillovers are weak, the less developed areas benefit from agglomeration if industrial agglomeration strongly promotes the economic growth; otherwise welfare of the less developed areas decrease if industrial growth is excessively concentrated with considerable negative effects.
On the basis of two-region model, we further establish two-country three-region dynamic model, which characterizes coexists of internationalization and open-up of China's regional economy. The study found that open-up has always been in favor of promoting industrial agglomeration while encouraging growth. The impact of open-up on industrial distribution and economic growth depends on size of home country, open-up level and degree of internationalization. With influences on social welfare, open-up of a country enhances the welfare of all residents, reduces regional disparities. In addition, if the policy of open-up is strong enough, foreign residents also benefit from it. Opening in early stages of internationalization helps improve welfare in a country, but achieves negative effects on welfare when a higher level of internationalization and a lower level of open-up is coexisting.
Finally, the paper introduces an empirical model examining relationship between special agglomeration and economic growth based on census of286cities from2003-2911. The study suggests that spatial concentration of Chinese urban economy has a nonlinear effect:with45,700RMB per capita GDP as a critical point, special agglomeration promotes growth when per capita GDP is lower than the point; however agglomeration discourages growth when per capita GDP is higher than the point. The paper further examined nonlinear effects of spatial agglomeration mechanism and found that improvement of transportation infrastructure, mobile phones and proportion of researchers in total population enhances the level of inter-regional knowledge spillovers, and thus weakens the role of agglomeration in promote growth.
引文
[1]. Au, C. C. and Henderson, J. V. Are Chinese Cities Too Small? [J].Review of Economic Studies,2006,73(3):549-576.
[2]. Baldwin, Richard E. Agglomeration and Endogenous Capital[J].European Economic Review,1999,43(2):253-80.
[3]. Baldwin, R. E. and Forslid, R. The Core-Periphery Model and Endogenous Growth:Stabilizing and Destabilizing Integration [J].Economica,2000,67(267): 307-324.
[4]. Baldwin, Richard E., Philippe Martin and Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano. Global Income Divergence, Trade, and Industrialization:The Geography of Growth Take-Offs [J].Journal of Economic Growth,2001,6(1):5-37.
[5]. Baldwin, R. E.,Forslid, R.,Martin, P.,Ottaviano, G. and Robert-Nicoud, F. Economic Geography and Public Policy.,2003.
[6]. Baldwin, R. E. and P. Martin (2004). Chapter 60 Agglomeration and regional growth. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics. J. V. Henderson and T. Jacques-Francois, Elsevier. Volume 4:2671-2711.
[7]. Bautista-Arredondo, Sergio; Aditya Mane and Stefano M Bertozzi.Economic Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy Prescription Decisions in the Context of Rapid Scaling-up of Access to Treatment:Lessons from Mexico[J]. AIDS,2006,20(1), pp.101-09.
[8]. Basevi, Giorgio and Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano.The District and the Global Economy:Exportation Versus Foreign Location[J] Journal of Regional Science, 2002,42(1):107-26.
[9]. Behrens, K.,Gaigne, C.,Ottaviano, G. I. P. and Thisse, J.-F. Countries, Regions and Trade:On the Welfare Impacts of Economic Integration[J]. European Economic Review,2007,51(5):1277-1301.
[10]. Black, D. and Henderson, V. A Theory of Urban Growth [J].Journal of Political Economy,1999,107(2):252-284.
[11]. Bode, Eckhardt. The Spatial Pattern of Localized R&D Spillovers:An Empirical Investigation for Germany [J].Journal of Economic Geography,2004,4(1):43-64.
[12]. Braunerhjelm, P. and Borgman, B.2006. Agglomeration, Diversity and Regional Growth, Electronic Working Paper Series.
[13]. Braunerhjelm, P. and Borgman, B.Geographical Concentration, Entrepreneurship and Regional Growth:Evidence from Regional Data in Sweden[J].Regional Studies,2004,38(8):929-947.
[14]. Brulhart, Marius and Nicole A. Mathys. Sectoral Agglomeration Economies in a Panel of European Regions[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2008.,38(4), pp.348-62.
[15]. Briilhart, M. and F. SbergamiAgglomeration and growth:Cross-country evidence[J] Journal of Urban Economics,2009,65(1):48-63.
[16]. Cerina, F. and F. Mureddu. Agglomeration and growth with endogenous expenditure shares[J]. Journal of Regional Science,2008,52(2):324-360.
[17]. Ciccone, A. and Hall, R. E. Productivity and the Density of Economic Activity [J].The American Economic Review,1996,86(1):54-70.
[18]. Ciccone, A. Agglomeration effects in Europe. European Economic Review[J],2002,46(2):213-227.
[19]. Cingano, Federico and Fabiano Schivardi. Identifying the Sources of Local Productivity Growth. Journal of the European Economic Association[J].2004,2(4), pp.720-44.
[20]. Combes, P.-P.,Mayer, T. and Thisse, J.-F.^ 2008, Economic Geography:The Integration of Regions and Nations, Princeton Universit Press, Princeton and Oxford.
[21]. Demurger, S.,Gurgand, M.,Li, S. and Yue, X. Migrants as Second-Class Workers in Urban China? [J].A Decomposition Analysis, Journal of Comparative Economics,2009,37(4):610-628.
[22]. Davis, D. R. and Weinstein, D. E. Economic Geography and Regional Production Structure:An Empirical Investigation[J]. European Economic Review,,1999,43(2):379-407.
[23]. Davis, D. R. and Weinstein, D. E. Market Access, Economic Geography and Comparative Advantage:An Empirical Test[J]. Journal of International Economics,2003,59(1):1-23.
[24]. Dekle, Robert and Jonathan Eaton. Agglomeration and Land Rents:Evidence from the Prefectures[J] Journal of Urban Economics,1999,46(2), pp.200-14.
[25]. Devereux, Michael P.,Rachel Griffith and Helen Simpson. The Geographic Distribution of Production Activity in the Uk[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2004,34(5):533-564.
[26]. Dixit, A. K. and Stiglitz, J. E. Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity[J].The American Economic Review,1977,67(3):297-308.
[27]. Dupont, V. and Martin, P. Subsidies to Poor Regions and Inequalities:Some Unpleasant Arithmetic[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2006,6(2):223-240.
[28]. Duranton, G. and D. Puga. Nursery Cities [J].American Economic Review.2001,91:1454-1463.
[29]. Ellison, G. and Glaeser, E. L. Geographic Concentration in U.S. Manufacturing Industries:A Dartboard Approach[J]. The Journal of Political Economy, 1997,105(5):889-927.
[30]. European Commission,2004, Third report on economic and social cohesion:A New Partnership for Cohesion, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/cohesion3/co hesion3 en.htm.
[31]. Fujita, M. and Hu, D. Regional Disparity in China 1985-1994:The Effects of Globalization and Economic Liberalization [J].The Annals of Regional Science, 2001,35(1):3-37.
[32]. Fujita, M.,Krugman, P. and Venables, A. J.,1999, The Spatical Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade.
[33]. Fujita, M. and Mori, T. Frontiers of the New Economic Geography[J]. Papers in Regional Science,2005,84(3):377-405.
[34]. Fujita, M.,Mori, T.,Henderson, J. V. and Kanemoto, Y.2004. Chapter 65 Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities in Japan and China, In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, ed. J. V. Henderson and T. Jacques-Francois, 2911-2977. Elsevier.
[35]. Fujita, M. and Thisse, J.-F. Does Geographical Agglomeration Foster Economic Growth? And Who Gains and Loses from It? [J].The Japanese Economic Review, 2003,54(2):121-145.
[36]. Furusawa, T. and Konishi, H. Free Trade Networks[J]. Journal of International Economics,2007,72(2):310-335.
[37]. Ge. Y. Globalization and Industrial Agglomeration in China[J].World Development,2009,37(3):550-559.
[38]. Gill, I. S. and Kharas:, H.,2007, An East Asian Renaissance:Ideas for Economic Growth, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
[39]. Glaeser, E., H. D. Kallal, J. A. Sheinkman, and A. ShleiferGrowth in cities[J].Journal of Political Economy,1992,100(6):1126-1152
[40]. Grossman. G. M. and E. HelpmanQuality Ladders in the Theory of Growth[J].The Review of Economic Studies,1991 58(1):43-61.
[41]. Head, K. and Mayer, T.2004. Chapter 59 the Empirics of Agglomeration and Trade, In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, ed. J. V. Henderson and T. Jacques-Francois,2609-2669. Elsevier.
[42]. Head, K. and Mayer, T. Regional Wage and Employment Responses to Market Potential in the Eu[J[.Regional Science and Urban Economics,2006,36(5): 573-594.
[43]. Helsley, R. W. and Strange, W. C. Matching and Agglomeration Economies in a System of Cities [J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,1990,20(2): 189-212.
[44]. Henderson, J. V. The Sizes and Types of Cities[J].The American Economic Review,,1974,64(4):640-656.
[45]. Henderson, J.V., A. Kuncoro, and M. Turner.Industrial development in cities[J].Journal of Political Economy,1995,103(5):1067-1090.
[46]. Henderson, Vernon. The Urbanization Process and Economic Growth:The So-What Question[J] Journal of Economic Growth,2003,8(1):47-71.
[47]. Henderson, J. V. and Wang, H. G. Urbanization and City Growth:The Role of Institutions[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,2007,37(3):283-313.
[48]. Hirose, K. and Yamamoto K. Knowledge Spillovers, Location of Industry, and Endogenous Growth[J], The Annals of Regional Science,2007,41(1):17-30.
[49]. Jaffe, A. B., M. Trajtenberg, R. Henderson.Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1993,108(3):577-598.
[50]. Krugman, P.,1991b, Geography and Trade, MA:MIT Press.
[51]. Krugman, P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,,1991b,99(3):483-499.
[52]. Krugman, P. On the Number and Location of Cities, European Economic Review,37(2-3):293-298.
[53]. Krugman, P.,1980, Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade[J].The American Economic Review,1993,70(5):950-959.
[54]. Krugman and Elizondo,1996
[55]. Krugman, P. and Venables, A. J. Globalization and the Inequality of Nations[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics 1995,110(4):857-880.
[56]. Lu, Jiangyong and Zhigang Tao. Trends and Determinants of China's Industrial Agglomeration[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2009,65(2), pp.167-80.
[57]. Lucas, R. E. On the Mechanics of Economic Development J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,22(1):3-42.
[58]. Marshall, A.(1920), Principles of Economics, London:Macmillan(8th ed.)
[59]. Martin, P. and C. A. Rogers.Industrial location and public infrastructure[J]. Journal of International Economics,1995,39(3-4):335-351.
[60]. Martin, P. Public Policies, Regional Inequalities and Growth[J].Journal of Public Economics,1999,73(1):85-105.
[61]. Martin, P. and I.P. Ottaviano, G. Growing Locations:Industry Location in a Model of Endogenous Growth[J].European Economic Review,1999,43(2): 281-302.
[62]. Martin, P. and Ottaviano, G. I. P. Growth and Agglomeration[J]. International Economic Review,2001,42(4):947-968.
[63]. Maurel, F. and B. Sedillot.A Measure of the Geographic Concentration in French Manufacturing Industries[J].Regional Science andUrban Economics,1991,29 (5):575-604.
[64]. Ministerie van Economische Zaken,2004, Pieken in de Delta, http://archief.brainport.nl/Brainport_C01/Default.asp?CustID=354&ComID=1& ModID=940&ItemID=403&SessionID=-1&bottest=
[65]. Ottaviano, G.,Tabuchi, T. and Thisse, J.-F. Agglomeration and Trade Revisited[J].International Economic Review,2002,43(2):409-435.
[66]. Ottaviano, G. I. P. and D. PinelliMarket potential and productivity:Evidence from Finnish regions[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,2006,36(5): 636-657.
[67]. Pfluger, M. A Simple, Analytically Solvable, Chamberlinian Agglomeration Model [J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,2004,34(5):565-573.
[68]. Picard, P. M. and Zeng, D.-Z. Agricultural Sector and Industrial Agglomeration[J].Journal of Development Economics,2005,77(1):75-106.
[69]. Puga, Diego. The Rise and Fall of Regional Inequalities[J]. European Economic Review,1999,43(2:303-34.
[70]. Romer, P. M.Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth[J].Journal of Political Economy,1986,94(5):1002-1037.
[71]. Romer,P. M. Endogenous Technological Change[J] Journal of Political Economy,1990,98(s5):S71.
[72]. S.Brakman,H.Garretsen,Joeri, G.,Albert van der, H. and Marc, S.2005. New Economic Geography, Empirics, and Regional Policy, CPB, The Hague (2005).
[73]. Sala-I-Martin, Xavier, Gernot Doppelhofer and Ronald I. Miller. Determinants of Long-Term Growth:A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (Bace) Approach[J].American Economic Review,2004,94(4):813-835.
[74]. Samuel son, P. The transfer problem and transport costs, II:analysis of effects of trade impediments[J]. Economic Journal,1954,64(254):264-289.
[75]. Song, H., Thisse, J.-F. & Zhu, X.,2010, Urbanization and/or Rural Industrialization in China, working paper.
[76]. Tabuchi, T.,Thisse, J.-F. and Zeng, D.-Z. On the Number and Size of Cities[J].J Econ Geogr,2005,5(4):423-448.
[77]. Temple, Jonathan. The New Growth Evidence[J] Journal of Economic Literature, 1999,37(1):112-56.
[78]. Wan, G., M. Lu and Z. Chen.Globalization and Regional Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from within China[J].Review of Income and Wealth,2007, 53(1):35-59.
[79]. Williamson, Jeffrey G. Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development:A Description of the Patterns[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change,1965,13(4):1-84.
[80]. World Bank,2009, World Development Report 2000, New York:Oxford University Press.
[81]. Ying, L. G.Measuring the Spillover Effects:Some Chinese Evidence[J].Papers in Regional Science,2000,79(1):75-89.
[82]. Ying, L. G.Understanding China's Recent Growth Experience:A Spatial Econometric Perspective[J].The Annals of Regional Science,2003,37(4): 613-628.
[83]. Young, A. The Razor's Edge:Distortions and Incremental Reform in the People's Republic of China[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2000,115(4): 1091-1135.
[84]. Zeng, Dao-Zhi. Redispersion Is Different from Dispersion:Spatial Economy of Multiple Industries[J]. The Annals of Regional Science,2006,40(2), pp.229-47.
[85]. Zeng, D.-Z. and Zhao, L. Globalization, Interregional and International Inequalities[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2010,67(3):352-361.
[86]. Zeng, Dao-Zhi and Xiwei Zhu. Tourism and Industrial Agglomeration[J]. Japanese Economic Review,2011,62(4), pp.537-61.
[87]. Zeng, D.-Z and Zhu, X.,2013. Shoulder-to-Shoulder Innovation in a Globalizing World. Mimeo
[88].鲍莹.2012.我国城市规模效率的实证研究.硕士学位论文.
[89].保罗·克鲁格曼,地理和贸易,北京：北京大学出版社,中国人民大学出版社,2000.
[90].陈计旺.影响东部地区产业转移的主要因素分析[J].生产力研究2007,(5)：99-101
[91].陈建军.中国现阶段产业区域转移的实证研究——结合浙江105家企业的问卷调查报告的分析[J].管理世界,2002(6)：64-74
[92].陈秀山,徐瑛.中国制造业空间结构变动及其对区域分工的影响[J].经济研究,2008(10)：104-116
[93].陈秀山,徐瑛.中国区域差距影响因素的实证研究[J].中国社会科学,2004(5)：117-129
[94].常修泽.中国建立社会主义市场经济体制进程的基本判断及思考[J].改革,2002(4)：5-16
[95].邓慧慧.贸易自由化、要素分布和制造业集聚[J].经济研究,2009(11)：118-129
[96].范子英.中国的财政转移支付制度：目标、效果及遗留问题[J].南方经济,2011(6)：67-80
[97].范剑勇.市场一体化、地区专业化与产业集聚趋势——兼谈对地区差距的影响[J].中国社会科学,2004(6)：39-51
[98].范剑勇.产业集聚与地区间劳动生产率差异[J].经济研究,2006(11)：.72-81.
[99].范剑勇和李方文.中国制造业空间集聚的影响：一个综述[J].南方经,2011(6)：53-66页
[100].范剑勇和谢强强.地区间产业分布的本地市场效应及其对区域协调发展的启示[J].经济研究,2010(04)：107-119.
[101].范剑勇和尹为醇,2009, 产业集聚、劳动力流动与区域经济协调发展,复旦大学世界经济研究所工作论文。
[102].管卫华,林振山,顾朝林.中国区域经济发展差异及其原因的多尺度分析[J].经济研究,2006(7)：117-125
[103].国家统计局.中国城市统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社,2001-2012。
[104].国家统计局.中国统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社,1978-2012。
[105].国家统计局.中国工业统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社,1978-2009。
[106].黄玖立和李坤望.对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局[J].经济学季刊,2006,(3)：733-760
[107].贺灿飞、潘峰华和孙蕾.中国制造业的地理集聚与形成机制[J].地理学报,2007(12)：1253-1264.
[108].贺灿飞和谢秀珍.中国制造业地理集中与省区专业化[J].地理学报,2006(02)：212-222.
[109].贺灿飞和潘峰华.中国制造业地理集聚的成因与趋势[J].南方经济,2011(06)：38-52.
[110].李斌,陈开军.对外贸易与地区经济差距变动[J].世界经济,2007(5)：25-32
[111].李国平和范红忠.生产集中、人口分布与地区经济差异[J].经济研究,2003(11)：79-86
[112].李娅,伏润民.为什么东部产业不向西部转移：基于空间经济理论的解释[J].世界经济,2010(8)：59-71
[113].梁琦.空间经济学：过去、现在与未来——兼评空间经济学：城市、区域与国际贸易[J].经济学(季刊),2005(3)：1067-1086
[114].刘生龙,王亚华,胡鞍钢.西部大开发成效与中国区域经济收敛[J].经济研究,2009(9)：94-105页。
[115].刘贵清.日本城市群产业空间演化对中国城市群发展的借鉴[J].当代经济研究,2006(5),第40-43页。
[116].陆铭和陈钊.在集聚中走向平衡：城乡和区域协调发展的‘第三条道路[J].世界经济,2008(8)：57-61
[117].陆铭和陈钊.为什么土地和户籍制度需要联动改革——基于中国城市和区 域发展的理论和实证研究[J].学术月刊,2009,41(9)：78-84
[118].陆铭和陈钊.分割市场的经济增长——为什么经济开放可能加剧地方保护?[J].经济研究,2009(3)：42-52。
[119].陆铭.土地跨区域配置： 中国经济新的增长动力[J].世界经济,2001(1)：107-125.
[120].陆军,汪文姝和宋吉涛.纽约、东京与伦敦的人口规模演变[J].城市问题,2010(9)：84-90
[121].罗勇,曹丽莉.中国制造业集聚程度变动趋势实证研究[J].经济研究,2005,(8)：106-115
[122].路江涌,陶志刚.中国制造业区域聚集及国际比较[.J].经济研究,2006(3)：103-114
[123].路江涌和陶志刚.我国制造业区域集聚程度决定因素的研究[].经济学(季刊),2007,25(03)：801-16.
[124].金祥荣,茹玉骢,吴宏.制度、企业生产效率与中国地区间出口差异[J].管理世界,2008(11)：65-77
[125].金祥荣,陶永亮和朱希伟.基础设施、产业集聚与区域协调[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2012,42(2)：148-160.
[126].宋华盛,何力力,朱希伟.二重开放、产业集聚与区域协调[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2010(5)：104-115
[127].藤田昌久,保罗·克鲁格曼和安东尼·J·维纳布尔斯,梁琦主译,空间经济学——城市、区域与国际贸易,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2005。
[128].万广华、陆铭和陈钊.全球化与地区间收入差距：来自中国的证据[J].中国社会科学,2005(3)：17-26
[129].王美艳.轨时期的工资差异：工资歧视的计量分析[J].数量经济和技术经济研究,2003(5)：94-98
[130].王小鲁,樊纲.中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J].经济研究,2004(10)：24-36
[131].魏后凯,孙承平.我国西部大开发战略实施效果评价[J].开发研究,2004(3)：21-25
[132].魏埙,蔡继明和刘骏民等编著.2001.现代西方经济学教程(第二版).天津：南开大学出版社.
[133].阿尔弗雷德·韦伯, 工业区位论,北京：商务印书馆,1997.
[134].吴玉鸣.县域经济增长集聚与差异：空间计量经济实证分析[J].世界经济文汇,2007(2)：37-57
[135].吴玉鸣,徐建华.中国区域经济增长集聚的空间统计分析[J].地理科学,2004(6)：654-659
[136].徐盈之,彭欢欢和刘修岩.威廉姆森假说：空间集聚与区域经济增长——基于中国省域数据门槛回归的实证研究[J].经济理论与经济管理2011(4)：95-101
[137].许召元和李善同.近年来中国地区差距的变化趋势[J].经济研究,2006(7)：106-116
[138].许政、陈钊和陆铭.中国城市体系的中心-外围模式——地理与经济增长的实证研究[J].世界经济,2010(7)：144-160
[139].杨扬,余壮雄和舒元经济集聚与城市经济增长——来自中国城市的经验证据[J].当代经济科学,2010(9)：113-118.
[140].殷广卫.2009.新经济地理学视角下的产业集聚机制研究——兼论近十多年我国区域差异的成因.博士学位论文.
[141].姚先国、赖普清.中国劳资关系的城乡户籍差异[J].经济研究,2004(7)：82-90
[142].章元,刘修岩.聚集经济与经济增长：来自中国的经验证据[J].世界经济,2008(3)：60-70。
[143].张良和吕斌.日本首都圈规划的主要进程及其历史经验[J].城市发展研究,2009)12期)：5-11
[144].赵伟.中国区域经济开放：多层次多视点的考察[J].社会科学战线,2006(6)：57-63。
[145].赵伟,张萃.市场一体化与中国制造业区域集聚变化趋势研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2009(2)：18-32
[146].赵婷,2012,产业集聚与地区生产率增进：理论分析及中国经验实证,博士学位论文。
[147].朱希伟.偏好、技术与工业化[J].经济研究,2004(11)：96-106。
[148].朱希伟,2012,理性的空间：集聚、分割与协调,浙江大学出版社。
[149].朱希伟,金祥荣,罗德明,2005.国内市场分割与中国的出口贸易扩张,经济研究,第12期,第68-76页。
[150].朱希伟和陶永亮.经济集聚和区域协调,世界经济文汇第3期：1-25。
[151].朱希伟和曾道智.2009.旅游资源、工业集聚与资源诅咒.,世界经济：65-72
[2]. Baldwin, Richard E. Agglomeration and Endogenous Capital[J].European Economic Review,1999,43(2):253-80.
[3]. Baldwin, R. E. and Forslid, R. The Core-Periphery Model and Endogenous Growth:Stabilizing and Destabilizing Integration [J].Economica,2000,67(267): 307-324.
[4]. Baldwin, Richard E., Philippe Martin and Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano. Global Income Divergence, Trade, and Industrialization:The Geography of Growth Take-Offs [J].Journal of Economic Growth,2001,6(1):5-37.
[5]. Baldwin, R. E.,Forslid, R.,Martin, P.,Ottaviano, G. and Robert-Nicoud, F. Economic Geography and Public Policy.,2003.
[6]. Baldwin, R. E. and P. Martin (2004). Chapter 60 Agglomeration and regional growth. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics. J. V. Henderson and T. Jacques-Francois, Elsevier. Volume 4:2671-2711.
[7]. Bautista-Arredondo, Sergio; Aditya Mane and Stefano M Bertozzi.Economic Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy Prescription Decisions in the Context of Rapid Scaling-up of Access to Treatment:Lessons from Mexico[J]. AIDS,2006,20(1), pp.101-09.
[8]. Basevi, Giorgio and Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano.The District and the Global Economy:Exportation Versus Foreign Location[J] Journal of Regional Science, 2002,42(1):107-26.
[9]. Behrens, K.,Gaigne, C.,Ottaviano, G. I. P. and Thisse, J.-F. Countries, Regions and Trade:On the Welfare Impacts of Economic Integration[J]. European Economic Review,2007,51(5):1277-1301.
[10]. Black, D. and Henderson, V. A Theory of Urban Growth [J].Journal of Political Economy,1999,107(2):252-284.
[11]. Bode, Eckhardt. The Spatial Pattern of Localized R&D Spillovers:An Empirical Investigation for Germany [J].Journal of Economic Geography,2004,4(1):43-64.
[12]. Braunerhjelm, P. and Borgman, B.2006. Agglomeration, Diversity and Regional Growth, Electronic Working Paper Series.
[13]. Braunerhjelm, P. and Borgman, B.Geographical Concentration, Entrepreneurship and Regional Growth:Evidence from Regional Data in Sweden[J].Regional Studies,2004,38(8):929-947.
[14]. Brulhart, Marius and Nicole A. Mathys. Sectoral Agglomeration Economies in a Panel of European Regions[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2008.,38(4), pp.348-62.
[15]. Briilhart, M. and F. SbergamiAgglomeration and growth:Cross-country evidence[J] Journal of Urban Economics,2009,65(1):48-63.
[16]. Cerina, F. and F. Mureddu. Agglomeration and growth with endogenous expenditure shares[J]. Journal of Regional Science,2008,52(2):324-360.
[17]. Ciccone, A. and Hall, R. E. Productivity and the Density of Economic Activity [J].The American Economic Review,1996,86(1):54-70.
[18]. Ciccone, A. Agglomeration effects in Europe. European Economic Review[J],2002,46(2):213-227.
[19]. Cingano, Federico and Fabiano Schivardi. Identifying the Sources of Local Productivity Growth. Journal of the European Economic Association[J].2004,2(4), pp.720-44.
[20]. Combes, P.-P.,Mayer, T. and Thisse, J.-F.^ 2008, Economic Geography:The Integration of Regions and Nations, Princeton Universit Press, Princeton and Oxford.
[21]. Demurger, S.,Gurgand, M.,Li, S. and Yue, X. Migrants as Second-Class Workers in Urban China? [J].A Decomposition Analysis, Journal of Comparative Economics,2009,37(4):610-628.
[22]. Davis, D. R. and Weinstein, D. E. Economic Geography and Regional Production Structure:An Empirical Investigation[J]. European Economic Review,,1999,43(2):379-407.
[23]. Davis, D. R. and Weinstein, D. E. Market Access, Economic Geography and Comparative Advantage:An Empirical Test[J]. Journal of International Economics,2003,59(1):1-23.
[24]. Dekle, Robert and Jonathan Eaton. Agglomeration and Land Rents:Evidence from the Prefectures[J] Journal of Urban Economics,1999,46(2), pp.200-14.
[25]. Devereux, Michael P.,Rachel Griffith and Helen Simpson. The Geographic Distribution of Production Activity in the Uk[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2004,34(5):533-564.
[26]. Dixit, A. K. and Stiglitz, J. E. Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity[J].The American Economic Review,1977,67(3):297-308.
[27]. Dupont, V. and Martin, P. Subsidies to Poor Regions and Inequalities:Some Unpleasant Arithmetic[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2006,6(2):223-240.
[28]. Duranton, G. and D. Puga. Nursery Cities [J].American Economic Review.2001,91:1454-1463.
[29]. Ellison, G. and Glaeser, E. L. Geographic Concentration in U.S. Manufacturing Industries:A Dartboard Approach[J]. The Journal of Political Economy, 1997,105(5):889-927.
[30]. European Commission,2004, Third report on economic and social cohesion:A New Partnership for Cohesion, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/cohesion3/co hesion3 en.htm.
[31]. Fujita, M. and Hu, D. Regional Disparity in China 1985-1994:The Effects of Globalization and Economic Liberalization [J].The Annals of Regional Science, 2001,35(1):3-37.
[32]. Fujita, M.,Krugman, P. and Venables, A. J.,1999, The Spatical Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade.
[33]. Fujita, M. and Mori, T. Frontiers of the New Economic Geography[J]. Papers in Regional Science,2005,84(3):377-405.
[34]. Fujita, M.,Mori, T.,Henderson, J. V. and Kanemoto, Y.2004. Chapter 65 Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities in Japan and China, In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, ed. J. V. Henderson and T. Jacques-Francois, 2911-2977. Elsevier.
[35]. Fujita, M. and Thisse, J.-F. Does Geographical Agglomeration Foster Economic Growth? And Who Gains and Loses from It? [J].The Japanese Economic Review, 2003,54(2):121-145.
[36]. Furusawa, T. and Konishi, H. Free Trade Networks[J]. Journal of International Economics,2007,72(2):310-335.
[37]. Ge. Y. Globalization and Industrial Agglomeration in China[J].World Development,2009,37(3):550-559.
[38]. Gill, I. S. and Kharas:, H.,2007, An East Asian Renaissance:Ideas for Economic Growth, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
[39]. Glaeser, E., H. D. Kallal, J. A. Sheinkman, and A. ShleiferGrowth in cities[J].Journal of Political Economy,1992,100(6):1126-1152
[40]. Grossman. G. M. and E. HelpmanQuality Ladders in the Theory of Growth[J].The Review of Economic Studies,1991 58(1):43-61.
[41]. Head, K. and Mayer, T.2004. Chapter 59 the Empirics of Agglomeration and Trade, In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, ed. J. V. Henderson and T. Jacques-Francois,2609-2669. Elsevier.
[42]. Head, K. and Mayer, T. Regional Wage and Employment Responses to Market Potential in the Eu[J[.Regional Science and Urban Economics,2006,36(5): 573-594.
[43]. Helsley, R. W. and Strange, W. C. Matching and Agglomeration Economies in a System of Cities [J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,1990,20(2): 189-212.
[44]. Henderson, J. V. The Sizes and Types of Cities[J].The American Economic Review,,1974,64(4):640-656.
[45]. Henderson, J.V., A. Kuncoro, and M. Turner.Industrial development in cities[J].Journal of Political Economy,1995,103(5):1067-1090.
[46]. Henderson, Vernon. The Urbanization Process and Economic Growth:The So-What Question[J] Journal of Economic Growth,2003,8(1):47-71.
[47]. Henderson, J. V. and Wang, H. G. Urbanization and City Growth:The Role of Institutions[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,2007,37(3):283-313.
[48]. Hirose, K. and Yamamoto K. Knowledge Spillovers, Location of Industry, and Endogenous Growth[J], The Annals of Regional Science,2007,41(1):17-30.
[49]. Jaffe, A. B., M. Trajtenberg, R. Henderson.Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1993,108(3):577-598.
[50]. Krugman, P.,1991b, Geography and Trade, MA:MIT Press.
[51]. Krugman, P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,,1991b,99(3):483-499.
[52]. Krugman, P. On the Number and Location of Cities, European Economic Review,37(2-3):293-298.
[53]. Krugman, P.,1980, Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade[J].The American Economic Review,1993,70(5):950-959.
[54]. Krugman and Elizondo,1996
[55]. Krugman, P. and Venables, A. J. Globalization and the Inequality of Nations[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics 1995,110(4):857-880.
[56]. Lu, Jiangyong and Zhigang Tao. Trends and Determinants of China's Industrial Agglomeration[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2009,65(2), pp.167-80.
[57]. Lucas, R. E. On the Mechanics of Economic Development J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,22(1):3-42.
[58]. Marshall, A.(1920), Principles of Economics, London:Macmillan(8th ed.)
[59]. Martin, P. and C. A. Rogers.Industrial location and public infrastructure[J]. Journal of International Economics,1995,39(3-4):335-351.
[60]. Martin, P. Public Policies, Regional Inequalities and Growth[J].Journal of Public Economics,1999,73(1):85-105.
[61]. Martin, P. and I.P. Ottaviano, G. Growing Locations:Industry Location in a Model of Endogenous Growth[J].European Economic Review,1999,43(2): 281-302.
[62]. Martin, P. and Ottaviano, G. I. P. Growth and Agglomeration[J]. International Economic Review,2001,42(4):947-968.
[63]. Maurel, F. and B. Sedillot.A Measure of the Geographic Concentration in French Manufacturing Industries[J].Regional Science andUrban Economics,1991,29 (5):575-604.
[64]. Ministerie van Economische Zaken,2004, Pieken in de Delta, http://archief.brainport.nl/Brainport_C01/Default.asp?CustID=354&ComID=1& ModID=940&ItemID=403&SessionID=-1&bottest=
[65]. Ottaviano, G.,Tabuchi, T. and Thisse, J.-F. Agglomeration and Trade Revisited[J].International Economic Review,2002,43(2):409-435.
[66]. Ottaviano, G. I. P. and D. PinelliMarket potential and productivity:Evidence from Finnish regions[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,2006,36(5): 636-657.
[67]. Pfluger, M. A Simple, Analytically Solvable, Chamberlinian Agglomeration Model [J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,2004,34(5):565-573.
[68]. Picard, P. M. and Zeng, D.-Z. Agricultural Sector and Industrial Agglomeration[J].Journal of Development Economics,2005,77(1):75-106.
[69]. Puga, Diego. The Rise and Fall of Regional Inequalities[J]. European Economic Review,1999,43(2:303-34.
[70]. Romer, P. M.Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth[J].Journal of Political Economy,1986,94(5):1002-1037.
[71]. Romer,P. M. Endogenous Technological Change[J] Journal of Political Economy,1990,98(s5):S71.
[72]. S.Brakman,H.Garretsen,Joeri, G.,Albert van der, H. and Marc, S.2005. New Economic Geography, Empirics, and Regional Policy, CPB, The Hague (2005).
[73]. Sala-I-Martin, Xavier, Gernot Doppelhofer and Ronald I. Miller. Determinants of Long-Term Growth:A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (Bace) Approach[J].American Economic Review,2004,94(4):813-835.
[74]. Samuel son, P. The transfer problem and transport costs, II:analysis of effects of trade impediments[J]. Economic Journal,1954,64(254):264-289.
[75]. Song, H., Thisse, J.-F. & Zhu, X.,2010, Urbanization and/or Rural Industrialization in China, working paper.
[76]. Tabuchi, T.,Thisse, J.-F. and Zeng, D.-Z. On the Number and Size of Cities[J].J Econ Geogr,2005,5(4):423-448.
[77]. Temple, Jonathan. The New Growth Evidence[J] Journal of Economic Literature, 1999,37(1):112-56.
[78]. Wan, G., M. Lu and Z. Chen.Globalization and Regional Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from within China[J].Review of Income and Wealth,2007, 53(1):35-59.
[79]. Williamson, Jeffrey G. Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development:A Description of the Patterns[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change,1965,13(4):1-84.
[80]. World Bank,2009, World Development Report 2000, New York:Oxford University Press.
[81]. Ying, L. G.Measuring the Spillover Effects:Some Chinese Evidence[J].Papers in Regional Science,2000,79(1):75-89.
[82]. Ying, L. G.Understanding China's Recent Growth Experience:A Spatial Econometric Perspective[J].The Annals of Regional Science,2003,37(4): 613-628.
[83]. Young, A. The Razor's Edge:Distortions and Incremental Reform in the People's Republic of China[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2000,115(4): 1091-1135.
[84]. Zeng, Dao-Zhi. Redispersion Is Different from Dispersion:Spatial Economy of Multiple Industries[J]. The Annals of Regional Science,2006,40(2), pp.229-47.
[85]. Zeng, D.-Z. and Zhao, L. Globalization, Interregional and International Inequalities[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2010,67(3):352-361.
[86]. Zeng, Dao-Zhi and Xiwei Zhu. Tourism and Industrial Agglomeration[J]. Japanese Economic Review,2011,62(4), pp.537-61.
[87]. Zeng, D.-Z and Zhu, X.,2013. Shoulder-to-Shoulder Innovation in a Globalizing World. Mimeo
[88].鲍莹.2012.我国城市规模效率的实证研究.硕士学位论文.
[89].保罗·克鲁格曼,地理和贸易,北京：北京大学出版社,中国人民大学出版社,2000.
[90].陈计旺.影响东部地区产业转移的主要因素分析[J].生产力研究2007,(5)：99-101
[91].陈建军.中国现阶段产业区域转移的实证研究——结合浙江105家企业的问卷调查报告的分析[J].管理世界,2002(6)：64-74
[92].陈秀山,徐瑛.中国制造业空间结构变动及其对区域分工的影响[J].经济研究,2008(10)：104-116
[93].陈秀山,徐瑛.中国区域差距影响因素的实证研究[J].中国社会科学,2004(5)：117-129
[94].常修泽.中国建立社会主义市场经济体制进程的基本判断及思考[J].改革,2002(4)：5-16
[95].邓慧慧.贸易自由化、要素分布和制造业集聚[J].经济研究,2009(11)：118-129
[96].范子英.中国的财政转移支付制度：目标、效果及遗留问题[J].南方经济,2011(6)：67-80
[97].范剑勇.市场一体化、地区专业化与产业集聚趋势——兼谈对地区差距的影响[J].中国社会科学,2004(6)：39-51
[98].范剑勇.产业集聚与地区间劳动生产率差异[J].经济研究,2006(11)：.72-81.
[99].范剑勇和李方文.中国制造业空间集聚的影响：一个综述[J].南方经,2011(6)：53-66页
[100].范剑勇和谢强强.地区间产业分布的本地市场效应及其对区域协调发展的启示[J].经济研究,2010(04)：107-119.
[101].范剑勇和尹为醇,2009, 产业集聚、劳动力流动与区域经济协调发展,复旦大学世界经济研究所工作论文。
[102].管卫华,林振山,顾朝林.中国区域经济发展差异及其原因的多尺度分析[J].经济研究,2006(7)：117-125
[103].国家统计局.中国城市统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社,2001-2012。
[104].国家统计局.中国统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社,1978-2012。
[105].国家统计局.中国工业统计年鉴.北京：中国统计出版社,1978-2009。
[106].黄玖立和李坤望.对外贸易、地方保护和中国的产业布局[J].经济学季刊,2006,(3)：733-760
[107].贺灿飞、潘峰华和孙蕾.中国制造业的地理集聚与形成机制[J].地理学报,2007(12)：1253-1264.
[108].贺灿飞和谢秀珍.中国制造业地理集中与省区专业化[J].地理学报,2006(02)：212-222.
[109].贺灿飞和潘峰华.中国制造业地理集聚的成因与趋势[J].南方经济,2011(06)：38-52.
[110].李斌,陈开军.对外贸易与地区经济差距变动[J].世界经济,2007(5)：25-32
[111].李国平和范红忠.生产集中、人口分布与地区经济差异[J].经济研究,2003(11)：79-86
[112].李娅,伏润民.为什么东部产业不向西部转移：基于空间经济理论的解释[J].世界经济,2010(8)：59-71
[113].梁琦.空间经济学：过去、现在与未来——兼评空间经济学：城市、区域与国际贸易[J].经济学(季刊),2005(3)：1067-1086
[114].刘生龙,王亚华,胡鞍钢.西部大开发成效与中国区域经济收敛[J].经济研究,2009(9)：94-105页。
[115].刘贵清.日本城市群产业空间演化对中国城市群发展的借鉴[J].当代经济研究,2006(5),第40-43页。
[116].陆铭和陈钊.在集聚中走向平衡：城乡和区域协调发展的‘第三条道路[J].世界经济,2008(8)：57-61
[117].陆铭和陈钊.为什么土地和户籍制度需要联动改革——基于中国城市和区 域发展的理论和实证研究[J].学术月刊,2009,41(9)：78-84
[118].陆铭和陈钊.分割市场的经济增长——为什么经济开放可能加剧地方保护?[J].经济研究,2009(3)：42-52。
[119].陆铭.土地跨区域配置： 中国经济新的增长动力[J].世界经济,2001(1)：107-125.
[120].陆军,汪文姝和宋吉涛.纽约、东京与伦敦的人口规模演变[J].城市问题,2010(9)：84-90
[121].罗勇,曹丽莉.中国制造业集聚程度变动趋势实证研究[J].经济研究,2005,(8)：106-115
[122].路江涌,陶志刚.中国制造业区域聚集及国际比较[.J].经济研究,2006(3)：103-114
[123].路江涌和陶志刚.我国制造业区域集聚程度决定因素的研究[].经济学(季刊),2007,25(03)：801-16.
[124].金祥荣,茹玉骢,吴宏.制度、企业生产效率与中国地区间出口差异[J].管理世界,2008(11)：65-77
[125].金祥荣,陶永亮和朱希伟.基础设施、产业集聚与区域协调[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2012,42(2)：148-160.
[126].宋华盛,何力力,朱希伟.二重开放、产业集聚与区域协调[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2010(5)：104-115
[127].藤田昌久,保罗·克鲁格曼和安东尼·J·维纳布尔斯,梁琦主译,空间经济学——城市、区域与国际贸易,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2005。
[128].万广华、陆铭和陈钊.全球化与地区间收入差距：来自中国的证据[J].中国社会科学,2005(3)：17-26
[129].王美艳.轨时期的工资差异：工资歧视的计量分析[J].数量经济和技术经济研究,2003(5)：94-98
[130].王小鲁,樊纲.中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J].经济研究,2004(10)：24-36
[131].魏后凯,孙承平.我国西部大开发战略实施效果评价[J].开发研究,2004(3)：21-25
[132].魏埙,蔡继明和刘骏民等编著.2001.现代西方经济学教程(第二版).天津：南开大学出版社.
[133].阿尔弗雷德·韦伯, 工业区位论,北京：商务印书馆,1997.
[134].吴玉鸣.县域经济增长集聚与差异：空间计量经济实证分析[J].世界经济文汇,2007(2)：37-57
[135].吴玉鸣,徐建华.中国区域经济增长集聚的空间统计分析[J].地理科学,2004(6)：654-659
[136].徐盈之,彭欢欢和刘修岩.威廉姆森假说：空间集聚与区域经济增长——基于中国省域数据门槛回归的实证研究[J].经济理论与经济管理2011(4)：95-101
[137].许召元和李善同.近年来中国地区差距的变化趋势[J].经济研究,2006(7)：106-116
[138].许政、陈钊和陆铭.中国城市体系的中心-外围模式——地理与经济增长的实证研究[J].世界经济,2010(7)：144-160
[139].杨扬,余壮雄和舒元经济集聚与城市经济增长——来自中国城市的经验证据[J].当代经济科学,2010(9)：113-118.
[140].殷广卫.2009.新经济地理学视角下的产业集聚机制研究——兼论近十多年我国区域差异的成因.博士学位论文.
[141].姚先国、赖普清.中国劳资关系的城乡户籍差异[J].经济研究,2004(7)：82-90
[142].章元,刘修岩.聚集经济与经济增长：来自中国的经验证据[J].世界经济,2008(3)：60-70。
[143].张良和吕斌.日本首都圈规划的主要进程及其历史经验[J].城市发展研究,2009)12期)：5-11
[144].赵伟.中国区域经济开放：多层次多视点的考察[J].社会科学战线,2006(6)：57-63。
[145].赵伟,张萃.市场一体化与中国制造业区域集聚变化趋势研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2009(2)：18-32
[146].赵婷,2012,产业集聚与地区生产率增进：理论分析及中国经验实证,博士学位论文。
[147].朱希伟.偏好、技术与工业化[J].经济研究,2004(11)：96-106。
[148].朱希伟,2012,理性的空间：集聚、分割与协调,浙江大学出版社。
[149].朱希伟,金祥荣,罗德明,2005.国内市场分割与中国的出口贸易扩张,经济研究,第12期,第68-76页。
[150].朱希伟和陶永亮.经济集聚和区域协调,世界经济文汇第3期：1-25。
[151].朱希伟和曾道智.2009.旅游资源、工业集聚与资源诅咒.,世界经济：65-72