用户名: 密码: 验证码:
美国统一商法典—买卖编中的模糊限制语研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
美国统一商法典—买卖编作为美国统一商法典的典型代表,不仅是美国国内从事经济贸易活动的法律保障,而且随着美国成为全球经济最发达的国家,已经产生了世界性的影响。近年来,它所确定的重要规则,不仅在许多国际条约中得到体现,而且还成为各国制定法律的重要借鉴。例如,我国在制订《合同法》时,就借鉴了美国统一商法典—买卖编中的“预期违约”等相关制度。随着我国与美国之间经济往来的增加,许多美国企业与我国建立了经济贸易关系,这就决定了我们有必要全面了解美国统一商法典—买卖编的主要内容,而要了解它的内容,首先要立足于对其语言的学习。人们普遍认为,立法语言应该清楚、明白、准确。对于模糊语言,尤其是模糊限制语在立法语言中的使用情况,人们了解甚少。有关模糊语言在立法语言中的使用情况已开始有人做了一些相关研究,但总体来看,还不够具体、系统,或深度尚有欠缺。
     美国统一商法典—买卖编作为立法语言之一,是否能够完全彻底的排除模糊限制语的使用呢?回答是否定的。本文作者根据Prince et al.以及Channell等人对模糊限制语的分类,对美国统一商法典—买卖编中的模糊限制语作了详尽的语料分析,目的是想了解模糊限制语在其中的语言表现形式、分类、作用以及使用原因。分析结果表明,作为立法语言之一的美国商法典—买卖编中,不仅允许模糊限制语的使用,而且还依赖于它的使用体现表述的准确性。
     本文包括七个部分:
     第一部分简述了此研究的目的、意义、范围以及必要性。
     第二部分介绍了国内外关于此研究的研究现状。
     第三部分阐述了Prince et al.以及Channell等人对模糊限制语的分类,并对一些法律原理和基本概念进行了必要的说明。
     第四部分介绍了此项研究的目的、对象、内容、具体的研究步骤及方法和研究结果。
     第五部分针对第四部分的结果作了系统的分析,指出了在美国统一商法典—买卖编中模糊限制语的主要语言表现形式,作用以及使用原因。
     第六部分提出了本研究对法律英语教学以及立法和司法工作的启示。
     第七部分对全文作了总结,指出了模糊限制语在立法语言中存在的重要意义。同时,作者对教师如何在法律英语的讲授中使学习者意识到模糊限制语的重要作用,以及立法者和司法者掌握模糊限制语的重要意义,提出了一些建议,并指出了一些尚待解决的问题。
The Uniform Commercial Code-Sales, are not only the legal protection for business in America, but also have world influences in international business communications. Recently, most of the rules in it have been borrowed in international treaties, and in some countries' domestic laws. For example, the rule of "anticipatory repudiation" has been borrowed in Chinese Contracts Law.
    With the developing of business communications between China and America, it is necessary to learn American major business law -the Uniform Commercial Code-Sales firstly. To learn the Uniform Commercial Code-Sales, we should begin with the characteristics of the language in it. People believe that legislative language should hold clarity and precision. Some researches on vague words/hedges in legislative languages have already been carried out, however, the researches on it, especially the researchers on hedges in legislative language, are very limited, besides, the only few researches on it are neither complete nor concrete.
    As one of the legislative language-the Uniform Commercial Code-Sales, whether the hedges could be excluding from it? The answer is not. Based on a detailed corpus analysis of the hedges in the Uniform Commercial Code-Sales, the author attempts to further explore the major linguistic realizations, the aim of using them and categories of hedges in it. The thesis concludes that hedges could be used in the corpus, and appropriately using of hedges could improve the accuracy of the expressions in it. This thesis is divided into seven parts.
    Part One begins with the necessity, purposes and significance of the present study. Part Two describes the present situations of the studies on hedges and vagueness in law. Part Three introduces the rationale of the present study.
    Part Four describes the present study, which includes its purposes, subjects, contents, results and findings of the corpus analysis.
    Part Five concerns general discussions based on the results and findings from Part Four. Part Six is about the implications of the present study.
    Part Seven draws the conclusion of the present study. It also points out some limitations of the present study and puts forward some suggestions for further research in this field.
引文
Andrw, Radford. 2000. Syntax: A Minimalist Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Bhatia, V. K. 1993. Analyzing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings. New York: Longman.
    Bhatia, V. K. 1994. Cognitive Structuring in Legislative Provisions. In Language and the Law, ed. J. Gibbons, 11-50. London: Longman.
    Bloor, T. & M. Bloor. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Brian, Bix. 1993. Law, Language and Legal Determinacy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Channell, J. 2000. Vague Language. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Cook, G. 1996. The Discourse of Advertising. London: TJ Press Ltd.
    Corley, J. M. & W. O'Barr. 1998. Just Words: Law, Language, and Power. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    Crystal, D. & Davy, D. 1969. Investigating English Style. London: Longman.
    Dijik, V. 1980. Text and Context. London: Longman.
    Dines, E. 1980. Variation in discourse-and 'stuff like that'. Language in Society 9:13-31.
    Ellis, M. & C. Johnson. 2002. Teaching Business English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreigh Language Education Press.
    Enkvist, N. E. & J. Spenser. 1964. Linguistics and Style. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Epstein, E. L. 1987. Language and Style. London: Nethuon & Co. Ltd.
    Frank, J. 1963. Law and the Modern World. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    Frederick, Schauer. 1993. Law and Language. New York: New York University Press.
    Gibbons, J. 1994. Language Constructing Law. In Language and the Law, ed. J. Gibbons, 3-10. London: Longman.
    Goodrich, P. 1987. Legal Discourse: Studies in Linquistics, Retoric and Legal Analysis. London: The Machmillan Press.
    Goodrich, P. 1989. Legal Discourse. London: The Machmillan Press.
    Goody, J. 1986. The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Hallidy, M. A. K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
    Hart, H. L. A. 1961. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    
    
    Hyland, K. 1998. Hedging in scientific research articles. Amsterdam: John Benfamins Publishing Company.
    Joos, Martin. 1967. The Five Clocks. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
    Kelsen, Hans. 1992. Introduction to the Problems of Legal Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Klinck, D. R. 1992. The Word of the Law: Approaches to Legal Discourse. Ottawa: Carlton University Press.
    Lakoff, G. 1972. Hedges: a Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
    Leech, G. N. 1983. Principles of Pragraatics. London: Longman.
    Linda, Claire, Burns.1991. Vagueness: An Investigation into Natural Languages and the Sorites Paradox. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Maley, Y. 1994. The Language of the Law. In Language and the Law, ed. J. Gibbons, 11-50. London: Longman.
    Martin, A. Elizabeth. 1983. Oxford Dictionary of Law. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Press.
    Mellinkoff, David. 1963. The Language of the Law. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
    O'Barr, W. M. 1982. Linguistic Evidenjce: Language, Power and Strategy in the Courtroom. New York: Academic Press.
    Pearce, D. C. 1974. Statutory Interpretation in Australia. Sydney: Butterworths.
    Peter, M. T. 1999. Legal Language. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    Raz, Joseph. 1979. The Authority of Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Richard, et al. 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. London: Longman Group.
    Rohwer, C. D. & G. D. Schaber. 1997. Contracts. Minnesota: West Group.
    Ronald, Dworkin. 1986. A Matter of Principle. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Ronald, Dworkin. 1996. Freedom's law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Simon, Domberger. 1998. The Contracting Organization: a Strategic Guide to Outsourcing. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Solan, L. M. 1993. The Language of Judges. London: The University of Chicago Press.
    Swales, J. 1990. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Thornborrow, J. & Wareing, S. 1998. Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and
    
    Literature. London: Taylor & Francis.
    Timothy, A. O. 2000. Vagueness in Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Timothy, W. 1994. Vagueness. London: Routledge.
    Tom, H. & A. Waters. 2002. English For Specific Purposes. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Verschueren, J. 2000. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
    Warner, A. 1968. A Short Guide to English Style. London: Oxford University Press.
    Wright, Laura & Jonathon, Hope. 2000. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
    曹霞,2003,法律英语的语用特征,《山西财经大学学报(高等教育版)》第1期,41-43。
    陈炯,1998,《法律语言学概论》,陕西人民出版社。
    陈庆柏,1995,《涉外经济法律英语》,法律出版社。
    陈逸群,1999,《英汉——汉英双向法律词典》,中国政法大学出版社。
    陈治安,冉永平,1995,模糊限制词语及其语用分析,《四川外语学院学报》第1期,18-24。
    陈治安,文旭,1996,模糊语言学研究的回顾与展望,《外国语》第5期,29-34。
    董世忠,赵建,1997,《法律英语》,复旦大学出版社。
    杜厚文,1995,模糊语义定量分析,《语言教学与研究》第1期,64-81。
    杜金榜,2000,从目前的研究看法律语言学学科体系的构建,《现代外语》第1期,99-107。
    杜金榜,2001,从法律语言的模糊性到司法结果的确定性,《现代外语》第3期,305-310。
    何济生,姜晓蕙,1994,模糊限制语的语义特征及分类,《山东外语教学》第2期,6-9。
    何兆雄,2000,《新编语用学概要》,上海外语教育出版社。
    何自然,1988,《语用学概论》,湖南教育出版社。
    侯维瑞,1988,《英语语体》,上海外语教育出版社。
    胡庚申,汪敬钦,2002,英文法律语言的‘冗余’性表征及其汉译对策,《中国科技翻译》第3期,21-25。
    胡壮麟,1995,《当代语言理论与应用》,北京大学出版社。
    胡壮麟,刘润清,李延福,1988,《语言学教程》,北京大学出版社。
    黄国文,2001,《语篇分析的理论与实践——广告语篇研究》,上海外语教育出版社。
    姜焱,2000,语境与模糊语言,《辽宁大学学报》第3期,95-96。
    靳琰,曹进,1998,《美国黑人及美国黑人英语》,甘肃民族出版社。
    李福印,1994,交际中的模糊限制语,《外国语》第5期,36-41。
    
    
    李福印,1995,模糊限制语的社会语言学探讨,《外语研究》第4期,9-12。
    林承璋,1987,《英语词汇学引论》,武汉大学出版社。
    潘庆云,1997,《跨世纪的法律语言学》,华东理工大学出版社。
    庞继贤,1996,语言学在法律中的应用:司法语言学,《外国语》,第5期,45-48。
    邱实,1990,《法律语言》,中国展望出版社。
    苏号朋,2000,《美国商法》,中国法制出版社。
    苏远连,2002,英汉模糊限制语的分类和功能,《广州大学学报》,第4期,29-32。
    孙懿华,周广然,1997,《法律语言学》,中国政法大学出版社。
    孙志祥,2001,合同英译理解过程中的“合法”前提和“求信”标准,《中国翻译》第5期,52-55。
    王洁,1999,《法律语言研究》,广东教育出版社。
    王军,1998,《美国合同法》,中国政法大学出版社。
    王紫娟,1998,知识产权英语文本的特点及翻译问题,《外国语》第5期,45-49。
    吴玲娣,2000,《新编法律英语术语》,法律出版社。
    吴世雄,陈维振,2000,中国模糊语言学的理论研究述评,《福建师范大学学报》第2期,76-80。
    伍铁平,1999,《模糊语言学》,上海外语教育出版社。
    肖云枢,2001,法律英语模糊词语的运用及翻译,《中国科技翻译》第1期,5-8。
    肖云枢,2001,英汉法律术语的特点、词源及翻译,《中国科技翻译》第3期,44-47。
    杨慧玲,2001,科技论文中的模糊限制语,《四川外语学院学报》第1期,84-87。
    杨平,2001,英汉范围变动型模糊限制语对比研究,《解放军外国语学院学报》第6期,13-17。
    俞建村,2000,模糊语言在英语新闻中的运用,《上海大学学报》第2期,92-97。
    俞如珍,1993,简论词的模糊性、概括性和指性,《外国语》第2期,17-21。
    张乔,1998,《模糊语义学》,中国社会科学出版社。
    张新红,2000,汉语立法语篇的言语行为分析,《现代外语》第3期,283-296。
    张新红,2001,文本类型与法律文本,《现代外语》第2期,192-200。
    赵英玲,1999,英语科技语体中的模糊限制语,《外语与外语教学》第9期,15-17。

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700