既有预应力混凝土梁桥剩余承载力评估方法研究
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摘要
随着使用时间的延长,既有预应力混凝土桥梁在各种因素作用下会逐渐老化,如何对既有桥梁的承载力进行快速、准确的评估,为桥梁的加固、改造提供依据,是当前学术界和工程界十分关注的问题。本文以《公路桥涵设计通用规范》(JTG D60-2004)和《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》(JTGD62-2004)为主要依据,分别对承载能力极限状态下和正常使用极限状态下预应力混凝土梁桥剩余承载力评估方法进行了系统研究,主要结论与成果如下：
(1)混凝土结构损伤和预应力损失是导致预应力混凝土梁桥承载力衰变的主要原因。本文较为系统地论述了混凝土碳化、氯离子侵蚀、钢筋锈蚀、碱-集料反应、冻融破坏、混凝土开裂等的机理和对承载力的影响,并介绍了既有结构预应力损失的检测方法、有效预应力与剩余承载力之间的关系及基于振动测试的承载力评估方法。
(2)将预应力混凝土桥梁结构抗力作为随机过程,并假定其截口随机变量服从对数正态分布,其均值和标准差由泰勒级数和误差传递公式得出,从而建立起既有预应力混凝土桥梁抗力随机过程计算模型。
(3)将结构几何参数作为随机变量,将材料性能参数如混凝土强度、普通钢筋和预应力筋的强度及钢筋与混凝土之间的协同工作系数作为随机过程,参考《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》,推导出了承载能力极限状态下的既有预应力混凝土T型梁桥时变抗弯承载力和时变抗剪承载力计算模型。
(4)既有桥梁所承受的荷载主要为桥梁自身恒载、汽车荷载和人群荷载,由于施工误差、使用过程中磨损的影响,一般将恒载作为正态分布随机变量处理;汽车荷载随时间、空间的变异性很大,一般采用随机过程进行模拟。本文详细分析了汽车荷载及其最大值概率分布,在此基础上建立了汽车荷载效应时变模型；采用平稳二项随机过程对人群荷载进行分析,得到了评估基准期内既有桥梁人群荷载效应概率模型。
(5)由于抗力的衰减和目标使用期的变化,对既有预应力桥梁进行评估时,必须考虑目标可靠指标的时变性,本文推导出了抗力和荷载均为正态分布情况下的时变可靠指标计算方法。在已知既有结构抗力、恒载及活载的时变概率模型的基础上,建立了既有预应力混凝土桥梁承载能力极限状态下的可靠性评估模型,并利用该评估模型对某服役30年的预应力混凝土T型梁桥剩余承载力和寿命进行了预测,取得了较好效果。
(6)正常使用极限状态下预应力混凝土桥梁承载力评估的关键是得到结构有效预应力,本文根据动力测试理论,采用非线性有限元法分析预应力混凝土结构的固有频率,用支持向量机对有效预应力与固有频率之间的映射关系进行仿真模拟,得到有效预应力的支持向量机表达式。将既有预应力桥梁动载试验所得频率样本输入到训练好的支持向量机中,识别出实际预应力混凝土结构梁的有效预应力,并将其代入抗裂承载力计算公式,从而实现对预应力混凝土桥梁抗裂承载力的评估。本文提出的基于支持向量机回归和有限元模态分析的预应力梁桥抗裂承载力评估方法,为结构动力评估提供了一个新途径。
Compared with the reinforced concrete bridges, the research on the methods of remaining capacity assessment of existing prestressed concrete bridges is not mature,it is a problems that has to be settled urgently in bridge engineering.
For prestressed concrete bridge, concrete structural damage and prestress loss were the main reasons that led carrying capacity decay. In order to provide a theoretical basis for residual capacity assessment of prestressed bridge, this paper will introduce prestress loss to the evolution of bridge bearing capacity theory, and analysis the failure mechanism and damage to bearing capacity of concrete carbonation, chloride penetration, steel corrosion, alkali-aggregate reaction, freeze-thaw damage, concrete cracking, prestress loss and other factors in detail. Reference to" General specification for highway bridges and culverts"(JTG D60-2004 ), this paper will research the bearing capacity assessment methods of the existing prestressed concrete beam bridge under ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state respectively,main content as follows:
(1)Concrete structure damage and prestress loss were the main reasons leading to bearing capacity decay of concrete girder bridge.The mechanism of concrete carbonation, chloride penetration, steel corrosion, alkali-aggregate reaction, freeze-thaw damage, concrete cracking and the influence on bearing capacity were systematically discussed in this paper. The detection of the prestress loss, relationship between effective prestress and the remaining capacity and bearing capacity assessme-nt based on vibration testing method were also introduced in detail.
(2)The resistance of prestressed concrete bridge structure was seem as a random process, and its section random variable was assumed to be lognormal distribution, and its mean and standard deviation was obetained from the Taylor series and the error transfer formula, thereby, the stochastic process computational model of the existing prestress concrete beam bridges resistance was established.
(3)The geometric parameters was seem as random variables, and the material properties such as concrete strength, general strength of reinforced and prestressed concrete, coordination coefficient between steel and concrete was seem as random process.Referring to "reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete highway bridge design code ", the time-dependent bending capacity model and time-dependent shear capacity model of prestressed concrete T-beam bridge under ultimate limit state were derived.
(4)The main loads of the existing bridges were dead load, auto load and crowd load because of construction error and the impact of wear and tear during use, dead load was seem as normal random variables; becase of great variation with time and space, auto load was generally seem as random process.The auto load and maximum probability distribution were analysed and Time-dependent model of vehicle load effect was established in this paper. The crowed load was analysed by stationary binomial random process, the probability model of the bridge crowed load effect was established in the assessment base period.
(5)Because of the resistance decay and the varying of the using period,the varing of target reliability index with time must be taken into consideration.The methods of time-dependent reliability index calculation when the resistance and load was both normal distribution was derived in this paper. On the basis of structural resistance,dead load and live load time-dependent probabilistic model, the reliability evaluation model of existing prestressed concrete bridge under ultimate limit stat was Established.The assessment mode was used to assess a thirty years old prestressed concrete beam bridge and predict its remaining life, good results were achieved.
(6)The key of bearing capacity assessment of prestress concrete bridges under the serviceability limit state was to get the effective prestress.The correlation ship between the natural frequency and pre-stress has been proved by the theory of structural dynamics and model test.According to the theory of dynamic testing, the natural frequency of the prestress concrete bridges was analysed by Nonlinear finite element method, the Mapping relationship between effective prestress and natural frequency were simulated by Support Vector Machine, and then,the effective prestress expressions of Support Vector Machines was established.The frequency samples got from prestress dynamic tests was inputed to the trained support vector machine,and effective prestress of the actual prestressed conctete was identified. Substituted into the bearing capacity calculating formula, it can be used to assess the cracking capacity of prestressed concrete bridges under the serviceability limit state.
(1)混凝土结构损伤和预应力损失是导致预应力混凝土梁桥承载力衰变的主要原因。本文较为系统地论述了混凝土碳化、氯离子侵蚀、钢筋锈蚀、碱-集料反应、冻融破坏、混凝土开裂等的机理和对承载力的影响,并介绍了既有结构预应力损失的检测方法、有效预应力与剩余承载力之间的关系及基于振动测试的承载力评估方法。
(2)将预应力混凝土桥梁结构抗力作为随机过程,并假定其截口随机变量服从对数正态分布,其均值和标准差由泰勒级数和误差传递公式得出,从而建立起既有预应力混凝土桥梁抗力随机过程计算模型。
(3)将结构几何参数作为随机变量,将材料性能参数如混凝土强度、普通钢筋和预应力筋的强度及钢筋与混凝土之间的协同工作系数作为随机过程,参考《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》,推导出了承载能力极限状态下的既有预应力混凝土T型梁桥时变抗弯承载力和时变抗剪承载力计算模型。
(4)既有桥梁所承受的荷载主要为桥梁自身恒载、汽车荷载和人群荷载,由于施工误差、使用过程中磨损的影响,一般将恒载作为正态分布随机变量处理;汽车荷载随时间、空间的变异性很大,一般采用随机过程进行模拟。本文详细分析了汽车荷载及其最大值概率分布,在此基础上建立了汽车荷载效应时变模型；采用平稳二项随机过程对人群荷载进行分析,得到了评估基准期内既有桥梁人群荷载效应概率模型。
(5)由于抗力的衰减和目标使用期的变化,对既有预应力桥梁进行评估时,必须考虑目标可靠指标的时变性,本文推导出了抗力和荷载均为正态分布情况下的时变可靠指标计算方法。在已知既有结构抗力、恒载及活载的时变概率模型的基础上,建立了既有预应力混凝土桥梁承载能力极限状态下的可靠性评估模型,并利用该评估模型对某服役30年的预应力混凝土T型梁桥剩余承载力和寿命进行了预测,取得了较好效果。
(6)正常使用极限状态下预应力混凝土桥梁承载力评估的关键是得到结构有效预应力,本文根据动力测试理论,采用非线性有限元法分析预应力混凝土结构的固有频率,用支持向量机对有效预应力与固有频率之间的映射关系进行仿真模拟,得到有效预应力的支持向量机表达式。将既有预应力桥梁动载试验所得频率样本输入到训练好的支持向量机中,识别出实际预应力混凝土结构梁的有效预应力,并将其代入抗裂承载力计算公式,从而实现对预应力混凝土桥梁抗裂承载力的评估。本文提出的基于支持向量机回归和有限元模态分析的预应力梁桥抗裂承载力评估方法,为结构动力评估提供了一个新途径。
Compared with the reinforced concrete bridges, the research on the methods of remaining capacity assessment of existing prestressed concrete bridges is not mature,it is a problems that has to be settled urgently in bridge engineering.
For prestressed concrete bridge, concrete structural damage and prestress loss were the main reasons that led carrying capacity decay. In order to provide a theoretical basis for residual capacity assessment of prestressed bridge, this paper will introduce prestress loss to the evolution of bridge bearing capacity theory, and analysis the failure mechanism and damage to bearing capacity of concrete carbonation, chloride penetration, steel corrosion, alkali-aggregate reaction, freeze-thaw damage, concrete cracking, prestress loss and other factors in detail. Reference to" General specification for highway bridges and culverts"(JTG D60-2004 ), this paper will research the bearing capacity assessment methods of the existing prestressed concrete beam bridge under ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state respectively,main content as follows:
(1)Concrete structure damage and prestress loss were the main reasons leading to bearing capacity decay of concrete girder bridge.The mechanism of concrete carbonation, chloride penetration, steel corrosion, alkali-aggregate reaction, freeze-thaw damage, concrete cracking and the influence on bearing capacity were systematically discussed in this paper. The detection of the prestress loss, relationship between effective prestress and the remaining capacity and bearing capacity assessme-nt based on vibration testing method were also introduced in detail.
(2)The resistance of prestressed concrete bridge structure was seem as a random process, and its section random variable was assumed to be lognormal distribution, and its mean and standard deviation was obetained from the Taylor series and the error transfer formula, thereby, the stochastic process computational model of the existing prestress concrete beam bridges resistance was established.
(3)The geometric parameters was seem as random variables, and the material properties such as concrete strength, general strength of reinforced and prestressed concrete, coordination coefficient between steel and concrete was seem as random process.Referring to "reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete highway bridge design code ", the time-dependent bending capacity model and time-dependent shear capacity model of prestressed concrete T-beam bridge under ultimate limit state were derived.
(4)The main loads of the existing bridges were dead load, auto load and crowd load because of construction error and the impact of wear and tear during use, dead load was seem as normal random variables; becase of great variation with time and space, auto load was generally seem as random process.The auto load and maximum probability distribution were analysed and Time-dependent model of vehicle load effect was established in this paper. The crowed load was analysed by stationary binomial random process, the probability model of the bridge crowed load effect was established in the assessment base period.
(5)Because of the resistance decay and the varying of the using period,the varing of target reliability index with time must be taken into consideration.The methods of time-dependent reliability index calculation when the resistance and load was both normal distribution was derived in this paper. On the basis of structural resistance,dead load and live load time-dependent probabilistic model, the reliability evaluation model of existing prestressed concrete bridge under ultimate limit stat was Established.The assessment mode was used to assess a thirty years old prestressed concrete beam bridge and predict its remaining life, good results were achieved.
(6)The key of bearing capacity assessment of prestress concrete bridges under the serviceability limit state was to get the effective prestress.The correlation ship between the natural frequency and pre-stress has been proved by the theory of structural dynamics and model test.According to the theory of dynamic testing, the natural frequency of the prestress concrete bridges was analysed by Nonlinear finite element method, the Mapping relationship between effective prestress and natural frequency were simulated by Support Vector Machine, and then,the effective prestress expressions of Support Vector Machines was established.The frequency samples got from prestress dynamic tests was inputed to the trained support vector machine,and effective prestress of the actual prestressed conctete was identified. Substituted into the bearing capacity calculating formula, it can be used to assess the cracking capacity of prestressed concrete bridges under the serviceability limit state.
引文
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