起伏地形大地电磁、时间域瞬变电磁二维数值模拟及直接反演法
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摘要
大地电磁法（MT）、瞬变电磁法（TEM）已广泛应用于地球物理勘探领域之中。起伏地形大地电磁数值模拟与反演成像、直接时间域瞬变电磁数值模拟与反演成像，是两个很有意义的研究课题，也一直是地球物理电磁法资料处理、解释的难点问题。对于前者而言，属于频率域电磁测深法，研究在频率域中、起伏地形条件下、各种地球物理模型对天然源大地电磁场的响应特征，以及对大地电磁法实测数据进行反演与成像解释；而对于后者，属于时间域电磁测深法，研究在时间域中、各种地球物理模型对人工源瞬变电磁场的响应特征，以及对瞬变电磁法实测数据进行反演与成像解释。这篇论文研究的正是这两个课题。
1.在大地电磁数值模拟方面，提出了在起伏地形条件下、三角单元剖分、电性参数分块连续变化、二维MT有限单元数值模拟方法。为了易于模拟野外复杂地形和地下任意形状地电体模型，有限元的单元网格被设计为三角单元；考虑到在野外实际中，地球介质的电性参数均是连续变化的情况，单元内的场值和电性参数被设计为双线性变化；推导出了在二维起伏地形条件下大地电磁法有限元数值模拟算法；根据单元节点的主场值和线性插值形函数之间的关系，计算出单元节点辅助场值；在二维起伏地形条件下，定义出TE、TM模式下的视电阻率和阻抗相位。通过对多个模型的计算与分析，其结果与解析法的均方误差小于1%，地形模拟与前人的计算结果相符，对倾斜界面异常体模拟，能有效的反映出其异常形态。
2.在Zohdy渐进迭代反演算法的基础上，提出了一种基于最小二乘意义下、既具有Zohdy比值法的特点、又具有Oldenburg差值法的特点、改进型的Zohdy-Oldenburg直接反演法，直接对模型参数进行修改和对比。并成功应用于二维MT的反演计算，提出了基于起伏地形条件下、带相位信息、二维MT改进型Zohdy-Oldenburg直接反演法。通过对模型数据、实测数据的计算与分析，表明该方法有较高的收敛速度快和拟合精度。比较常规的线性反演方法来说，计算速度至少可以提高10倍以上。
3.在时间域瞬变电磁数值模拟方面，在Oristaglio（1984）、Adhidjaja（1985）等前人工作基础上，给出了线源二维时间域瞬变电磁二次场的DuFort-Frankel有限差分数值模拟方法，有效避免了在总场求解法中场源附近的奇异问题，并对地-空边界电导率的处理、归一化感应电动势偏导数的计算、推进时间步的确定，提出了改进和完善技术；采取地-空边界二次场向上延拓和零值边界的处理技术，从而简化了计算方法；通过对均匀大地、水平层状大地模型的计算，二次场求解法与解析法的最大相对误差小于0.01%，计算速度比总场求解法提高了约3倍；通过模拟不同时刻瞬变电磁场在地下的分布形态，描绘出感应涡流向下向外的传播特征，以及与地下异常体相互作用的物理过程。应用到生产实际中，把正演模拟曲线与实测数据曲线相结合分析，可以很好地确定出异常体的水平位置。
4.根据全程瞬变电磁曲线的非单调性特点，提出了“分阶段搜索法”求解全区视电阻率；将全区视电阻率与TEM “烟圈”直接反演法有机相结合起来，提出了基于全区视电阻率的TEM “烟圈”直接反演法。根据瞬变电磁场在地下介质中感应涡流的扩散特征，直接对模型参数进行反演计算。通过对模型数据、实测数据的计算与分析，对50个测点的反演计算，计算时间不到10s，反演效果令人满意。
本文针对大地电磁法、瞬变电磁法的资料处理和解释中，模拟精度差、计算速度慢的实际问题为主要研究内容。在前人成就基础上，对正演数值模拟、反演成像方法做了深入研究。在正演数值模拟方面，采用了有限单元法、有限差分法的数值模拟方法。对MT野外复杂地形下、任意形状地电体模型的模拟，提出了电性参数分块连续变化二维MT有限单元数值模拟方法；对TEM总场法数值模拟中场源附近的奇异问题，提出了线源二维时间域TEM二次场有限差分数值模拟方法。在反演成像方面，提出了二维MT改进型Zohdy-Oldenburg直接反演法、基于全区视电阻率的TEM“烟圈”直接反演法。通过对理论模型、实测数据的计算表明，研究内容提高了模拟精度和计算速度，为地球物理电磁法的理论研究、资料处理和解释提供了帮助。
Magnetotelluric (MT) and Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) have been widelyused in geophysical exploration sphere nowadays.The numerical modeling/inverseimaging for topography magnetotelluric and direct time-domain transientelectromagnetic, are not only very interesting topics, but also difficult problems ingeophysical electromagnetic. For the former is within the frequency-domainelectromagnetic sounding method, and study on modeling for electromagneticresponse characteristics of various geophysical models under conditions offrequency-domain, topography, natural source, and inverse imaging forinteterpretation of measured data. For the latter is within the time-domainelectromagnetic sounding method, and research in modeling for electromagneticresponse characteristics of various geophysical models under conditions oftime-domain, artificial source, and inverse imaging for inteterpretation of measureddata. This thesis is precisely on these two issues.
1. In the numerical modeling for magnetotelluric, the thesis puts forward anumerical modeling of finite element method (FEM) using topography, triangularelement grid, and continuous variation of electric parameters. To model arbitrarilyshaped two-dimensional topography and structures in field work, triangular elementgrid was used in FEM. In view of the fact of continuous variation of the subterraneanrock-mineral electric parameters, the electromagnetic field and some electricparameters of models are designed to bilinear variation within each triangularelement in our numeric modeling method, and which is developed for modelingtwo-dimensional MT under the field topography condition. Calculation of theauxiliary field and definition of the apparent resistivity, and the impedance phase are deduced according to the relationship between the main fields of the three nodes andthe linear shape function within each element. By calculating a continuous mediummodel and two topography models of other scholars set up to test our method, theresult of our method show a high accuracy (the mean square error is less than1%),and the results of modeling two topography models accord with other scholar’s, too.Through modeling for a slopeing interface abnormity body, we find that our methodcan model arbitrarily complicated terrain and geoelectric bodies preferably.
2. Based on the iterated asymptotic Zohdy method, a new direct inverse method,so-called the improved Zohdy-Oldenburg direct inverse method, is puted forward inthe sense of the least square method, which has characteristics of both Zohdy’s ratioand Oldenburg’s difference, can modify the parameters of the model throughcomparison. The method is successfully applied to two-dimensional inversion of MT,and proposed based on topography, with phase information, the two-dimensional MTimproved Zohdy-Oldenburg direct inverse method. Through calculation and analysison the model data and measured data, the method shows that the method has highconvergence speed and fitting accuracy. Compared with conventional linearedinversion method, the calculation speed of our method can be increased at least10times.
3. In the numerical modeling for time-domain transient electromagnetic, toavoid oddity electromagnetic field response for the total-field solution effectively,the thesis puts forward a numerical modeling method on two-dimensionaltime-domain transient electromagnetic secondary-field for line source withDuFort-Frankel finite-difference. Based on study works of Oristaglio (1984) andAdhidjaja (1985), some improved and advanced technologies were designedincluding the treatment of earth-air boundary conductivity, the calculation of thenormalized partial derivative of the induced electromotive force (Emf), anddetermination of time step forward. Through adopting previous achievements onsecondary-field solution such as the technology of upward continuation from theearth-air interface field to air grid nodes and condition of zero-value boundary, themethod is not only more efficient but is also simpler than the total-field solution. Wecompute and analyze the homogeneous half-space model and the flat layered model,the results of our method show a high computation precision (the maximum relativeerror is less than0.01%between our method and analytical method),and the solutionspeed is roughly three times faster than total-field solution. Lastly, modeling andanalysis for a model which consists of a thin body embedded in a homogeneoushalf-space at different delay times, we depicted the physical downward and upward spread characteristics of the induced eddy current, and the physical interactionprocesses between electromagnetic field and the underground anomalous body.These geophysical abnormous characteristics can be applied actual production, andthe curve of forward modeling combined with the measured data curve analysis, canwell determine the level of abnormous body positions.
4. According to the cuve of the all-time transient electromagneticnon-monotonic character, this thesis puts forward a “phased search method” tocalculate the all-time apparent resistivity. And the all-time apparent resistivity iscombined rationally with the “Smoke ring” inverse method. A improved TEMinverse method is proposed to be called the all-time resistivity “Smoke ring”inversion. Trough calculation of the spread features about the transientelectromagnetic field induced eddy currents in the underground; the method canmodify the parameters of the model directly. Though calculation and analysis for themodel data and measured data, the results show that the mothod has a rapid speed(the50mesaured points of inversion, expended time is less than10s) andsatisfactory precision.
In the thesis, magnetotelluric method, transient electromagnetic method of dataprocessing and interpretation, modeling accuracy, calculate the actual problems ofslow as the main research. Based on the previous achievements, forward numericalmodeling and inverse imaging method will been done a thorough research. On theforward numerical modeling, this thesis used the finite element method and the finitedifference method for numerical modeling. Field of MT complex terrain, the body ofarbitrary shape to power the analog model proposed block electrical parameterschange continuously MT finite element two-dimensional numerical simulation; totalfield TEM method for numerical simulation of the singularity near the sourcemidfield issue, the line source two-dimensional time domain finite difference TEMsecondary field simulation method. On the inversion imaging, proposed atwo-dimensional MT improved Zohdy-Oldenburg direct inversion, based on theregion's apparent resistivity TEM "smoke ring" direct inversion method. Bytheoretical models, the calculations show that the measured data to study thecontents of the improved modeling accuracy and computational speed, as the theoryof electromagnetic geophysical research, data processing and interpretation hashelped.
1.在大地电磁数值模拟方面，提出了在起伏地形条件下、三角单元剖分、电性参数分块连续变化、二维MT有限单元数值模拟方法。为了易于模拟野外复杂地形和地下任意形状地电体模型，有限元的单元网格被设计为三角单元；考虑到在野外实际中，地球介质的电性参数均是连续变化的情况，单元内的场值和电性参数被设计为双线性变化；推导出了在二维起伏地形条件下大地电磁法有限元数值模拟算法；根据单元节点的主场值和线性插值形函数之间的关系，计算出单元节点辅助场值；在二维起伏地形条件下，定义出TE、TM模式下的视电阻率和阻抗相位。通过对多个模型的计算与分析，其结果与解析法的均方误差小于1%，地形模拟与前人的计算结果相符，对倾斜界面异常体模拟，能有效的反映出其异常形态。
2.在Zohdy渐进迭代反演算法的基础上，提出了一种基于最小二乘意义下、既具有Zohdy比值法的特点、又具有Oldenburg差值法的特点、改进型的Zohdy-Oldenburg直接反演法，直接对模型参数进行修改和对比。并成功应用于二维MT的反演计算，提出了基于起伏地形条件下、带相位信息、二维MT改进型Zohdy-Oldenburg直接反演法。通过对模型数据、实测数据的计算与分析，表明该方法有较高的收敛速度快和拟合精度。比较常规的线性反演方法来说，计算速度至少可以提高10倍以上。
3.在时间域瞬变电磁数值模拟方面，在Oristaglio（1984）、Adhidjaja（1985）等前人工作基础上，给出了线源二维时间域瞬变电磁二次场的DuFort-Frankel有限差分数值模拟方法，有效避免了在总场求解法中场源附近的奇异问题，并对地-空边界电导率的处理、归一化感应电动势偏导数的计算、推进时间步的确定，提出了改进和完善技术；采取地-空边界二次场向上延拓和零值边界的处理技术，从而简化了计算方法；通过对均匀大地、水平层状大地模型的计算，二次场求解法与解析法的最大相对误差小于0.01%，计算速度比总场求解法提高了约3倍；通过模拟不同时刻瞬变电磁场在地下的分布形态，描绘出感应涡流向下向外的传播特征，以及与地下异常体相互作用的物理过程。应用到生产实际中，把正演模拟曲线与实测数据曲线相结合分析，可以很好地确定出异常体的水平位置。
4.根据全程瞬变电磁曲线的非单调性特点，提出了“分阶段搜索法”求解全区视电阻率；将全区视电阻率与TEM “烟圈”直接反演法有机相结合起来，提出了基于全区视电阻率的TEM “烟圈”直接反演法。根据瞬变电磁场在地下介质中感应涡流的扩散特征，直接对模型参数进行反演计算。通过对模型数据、实测数据的计算与分析，对50个测点的反演计算，计算时间不到10s，反演效果令人满意。
本文针对大地电磁法、瞬变电磁法的资料处理和解释中，模拟精度差、计算速度慢的实际问题为主要研究内容。在前人成就基础上，对正演数值模拟、反演成像方法做了深入研究。在正演数值模拟方面，采用了有限单元法、有限差分法的数值模拟方法。对MT野外复杂地形下、任意形状地电体模型的模拟，提出了电性参数分块连续变化二维MT有限单元数值模拟方法；对TEM总场法数值模拟中场源附近的奇异问题，提出了线源二维时间域TEM二次场有限差分数值模拟方法。在反演成像方面，提出了二维MT改进型Zohdy-Oldenburg直接反演法、基于全区视电阻率的TEM“烟圈”直接反演法。通过对理论模型、实测数据的计算表明，研究内容提高了模拟精度和计算速度，为地球物理电磁法的理论研究、资料处理和解释提供了帮助。
Magnetotelluric (MT) and Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) have been widelyused in geophysical exploration sphere nowadays.The numerical modeling/inverseimaging for topography magnetotelluric and direct time-domain transientelectromagnetic, are not only very interesting topics, but also difficult problems ingeophysical electromagnetic. For the former is within the frequency-domainelectromagnetic sounding method, and study on modeling for electromagneticresponse characteristics of various geophysical models under conditions offrequency-domain, topography, natural source, and inverse imaging forinteterpretation of measured data. For the latter is within the time-domainelectromagnetic sounding method, and research in modeling for electromagneticresponse characteristics of various geophysical models under conditions oftime-domain, artificial source, and inverse imaging for inteterpretation of measureddata. This thesis is precisely on these two issues.
1. In the numerical modeling for magnetotelluric, the thesis puts forward anumerical modeling of finite element method (FEM) using topography, triangularelement grid, and continuous variation of electric parameters. To model arbitrarilyshaped two-dimensional topography and structures in field work, triangular elementgrid was used in FEM. In view of the fact of continuous variation of the subterraneanrock-mineral electric parameters, the electromagnetic field and some electricparameters of models are designed to bilinear variation within each triangularelement in our numeric modeling method, and which is developed for modelingtwo-dimensional MT under the field topography condition. Calculation of theauxiliary field and definition of the apparent resistivity, and the impedance phase are deduced according to the relationship between the main fields of the three nodes andthe linear shape function within each element. By calculating a continuous mediummodel and two topography models of other scholars set up to test our method, theresult of our method show a high accuracy (the mean square error is less than1%),and the results of modeling two topography models accord with other scholar’s, too.Through modeling for a slopeing interface abnormity body, we find that our methodcan model arbitrarily complicated terrain and geoelectric bodies preferably.
2. Based on the iterated asymptotic Zohdy method, a new direct inverse method,so-called the improved Zohdy-Oldenburg direct inverse method, is puted forward inthe sense of the least square method, which has characteristics of both Zohdy’s ratioand Oldenburg’s difference, can modify the parameters of the model throughcomparison. The method is successfully applied to two-dimensional inversion of MT,and proposed based on topography, with phase information, the two-dimensional MTimproved Zohdy-Oldenburg direct inverse method. Through calculation and analysison the model data and measured data, the method shows that the method has highconvergence speed and fitting accuracy. Compared with conventional linearedinversion method, the calculation speed of our method can be increased at least10times.
3. In the numerical modeling for time-domain transient electromagnetic, toavoid oddity electromagnetic field response for the total-field solution effectively,the thesis puts forward a numerical modeling method on two-dimensionaltime-domain transient electromagnetic secondary-field for line source withDuFort-Frankel finite-difference. Based on study works of Oristaglio (1984) andAdhidjaja (1985), some improved and advanced technologies were designedincluding the treatment of earth-air boundary conductivity, the calculation of thenormalized partial derivative of the induced electromotive force (Emf), anddetermination of time step forward. Through adopting previous achievements onsecondary-field solution such as the technology of upward continuation from theearth-air interface field to air grid nodes and condition of zero-value boundary, themethod is not only more efficient but is also simpler than the total-field solution. Wecompute and analyze the homogeneous half-space model and the flat layered model,the results of our method show a high computation precision (the maximum relativeerror is less than0.01%between our method and analytical method),and the solutionspeed is roughly three times faster than total-field solution. Lastly, modeling andanalysis for a model which consists of a thin body embedded in a homogeneoushalf-space at different delay times, we depicted the physical downward and upward spread characteristics of the induced eddy current, and the physical interactionprocesses between electromagnetic field and the underground anomalous body.These geophysical abnormous characteristics can be applied actual production, andthe curve of forward modeling combined with the measured data curve analysis, canwell determine the level of abnormous body positions.
4. According to the cuve of the all-time transient electromagneticnon-monotonic character, this thesis puts forward a “phased search method” tocalculate the all-time apparent resistivity. And the all-time apparent resistivity iscombined rationally with the “Smoke ring” inverse method. A improved TEMinverse method is proposed to be called the all-time resistivity “Smoke ring”inversion. Trough calculation of the spread features about the transientelectromagnetic field induced eddy currents in the underground; the method canmodify the parameters of the model directly. Though calculation and analysis for themodel data and measured data, the results show that the mothod has a rapid speed(the50mesaured points of inversion, expended time is less than10s) andsatisfactory precision.
In the thesis, magnetotelluric method, transient electromagnetic method of dataprocessing and interpretation, modeling accuracy, calculate the actual problems ofslow as the main research. Based on the previous achievements, forward numericalmodeling and inverse imaging method will been done a thorough research. On theforward numerical modeling, this thesis used the finite element method and the finitedifference method for numerical modeling. Field of MT complex terrain, the body ofarbitrary shape to power the analog model proposed block electrical parameterschange continuously MT finite element two-dimensional numerical simulation; totalfield TEM method for numerical simulation of the singularity near the sourcemidfield issue, the line source two-dimensional time domain finite difference TEMsecondary field simulation method. On the inversion imaging, proposed atwo-dimensional MT improved Zohdy-Oldenburg direct inversion, based on theregion's apparent resistivity TEM "smoke ring" direct inversion method. Bytheoretical models, the calculations show that the measured data to study thecontents of the improved modeling accuracy and computational speed, as the theoryof electromagnetic geophysical research, data processing and interpretation hashelped.
引文
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