适于山地城市规划的近地层风环境研究
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摘要
伴随着社会经济发展，城市发展的目标逐渐由最初的追求经济效益最大化向营造高质量的城市环境转型，许多城市均以建设“宜居城市”为发展目标。然而大多现行设计规范和研究成果多适用于平原城市，对特殊地形地貌下的山地城市针对性不强，缺乏指导意义。
本文以山地城市为研究对象，以近地层风环境资料的获取、通风廊道规划方式的体现及城市风环境的评价三大主块为研究内容，以能为山地城市的规划设计提供有益的参考为研究目的，展开深入研究。具体内容如下：
①总结了由实测数据归纳得出的山地城市近地层风环境的5点特征：全年平均风速较低，介于1.3m/s~1.5m/s范围之间；静风率颇高，部分地区甚至达到41%；风速、风向空间分布不均匀，即使在相隔很近的地方亦存在不同的风速、风向分布；风向与周围地形密切相关，多与山脉延伸方向或峡谷方向一致；境内山谷风、河陆风等局地环流较为显著。分析了风玫瑰图在规划应用中存在的问题，通过实例提出风玫瑰图缺失情况下的风环境基础资料的获取方法，使规划依据更加合理可信。
②确立了本文研究所需的数字化技术。根据山地城市近地层风环境的特点，以搭建快速、可靠的模拟计算体系为目标，对影响模拟计算精度和速度的数值模拟方法进行了探讨。在模型基础中对比分析不同湍流模型及壁面函数类型，提出适合于大范围室外风环境模拟的Chen-Kim k ε湍流模型及适用于局地热力环流模拟的RNG k ε湍流模型和完全粗糙对数律壁面函数。介绍了GIS的特征、功能、类型及发展概况等。
③分析了数字高程模型的概念及获取方法等问题。在通过对多种模型数据格式分析的基础上，结合多种常用数字化技术，通过一种全新的数字建模集成方法，实现了网络地形文件与CFD（PHOENICS）实体模型之间的转化。该方法由网络地形数据直接进行建模，过程中对坐标点不进行任何的筛选或简化，可实现虚拟模型与实际地形最大程度的吻合。该集成方法的出现大大缩短城市尺度模拟周期，为模拟研究提供了一个方便快捷的途径。
④提出了在规划进展中不同阶段使用不同模拟方法的思路。针对城市尺度风环境模拟时重点考虑动力作用对其的影响，并对近地层风场模拟结果进行风速等级划分，便于不同风速区的地块建设，使规划师对城市整体风环境有了宏观把握。在计算机模拟时导入地形面文件，以地形曲面表面数据显示代替平面数据显示，解决困扰多年的风场结果随地形同步显示问题。针对山地城市典型局地环流（江风及山坡风）模拟时考虑热力作用与动力作用共同对其的影响，并得出一些具体结论供规划师参考：随着坡度的减小，顶端风速有所增加，江风渗入内陆的趋势增强，滨江地带近地层风速增大。渝中半岛与沙坪坝滨江地带建设模式相比，更利于引导江风深入内部；晴朗夜间的山坡风可显著影响山脚建筑群内部风环境，在坡度较缓的情况下建筑群内部近地层风速可达1.5m/s以上。高层建筑群对近地层风速有明显的促进作用，其更适合于全年风速较小的山地城市的建筑营造模式。
⑤阐述了通风廊道建设在现代城市中的必要性及可行性，并对山地城市通风廊道表现形式进行归纳总结，分别根据通风廊道在新城建设及旧区改造中的侧重点展开研究：新城通风廊道的规划设计侧重于大刀阔斧的建设，城市风廊的建设与城市“氧源地”建设相结合，发挥出最大的生态效益，并以具体的山地城市规划项目进行案例分析；建成区通风廊道的规划设计更加侧重于城市风廊的寻找，通过分析传统通风廊道确定的方法，给出迎风面积指数的概念，提出以建筑与地形共同作为影响因子的山地城市迎风面积指数λ f计算方法，作为判断山地城市主要通风廊道的重要指标。把传统的定性分析转化为定量分析，改变传统规划过程中凭借主观臆断确定风廊的方法，为规划师提供合理确定主要风廊的量化手段，便于“都市针灸”能快速准确的实施。最后归纳总结出通风廊道建设过程中应注意的关键原则，为规划设计提供参考。
⑥初步构建了城市风环境评价体系，以定性与定量相结合的方式对各子项进行评分，进而判断城市风环境的优劣情况。该评价体系的出现填补了该领域评价的空缺，与热环境、声环境和光环境共同组成完整的城市环境评价体系。
As the social and economic developing, the target of urban development has beenchanged gradually from chasing the maximizing economic efficiency to the high-qualityurban environment creating.Most cities has the goals of building "livable city".However, most of the current design specifications and research are suitable for theconstruction of Plain City, but not enough for the special topography of mountain city aswell as lacking of guidance.
Taking the mountain town as the research object, including the follow three mainparts as the research contents: wind environment data acquisition in the near groundlayer, planning objectification on ventilated corridor and urban wind environmentevaluation. Providing the beneficial reference for mountain town in the planning anddesign as the research purposes. This article is launched an in-depth study. The mainresearch contents include as below:
Based on the measured data, five characteristics of wind environment in mountaincity near ground layer are summarized: annual average wind speed is low, whichbetween1.3m/s~1.5m/s. The static rate is quite high and some areas even up to41%.Wind speed and wind direction are uneven distribution, even located very close. Therehas a different wind speed and wind direction distribution. The wind direction is closelyrelated with the surrounding terrain and the same with mountain extension direction.The local circulation is very significant, such as mountain and valley winds. Theproblems of wind roses in the planning application is analysed and the method of windenvironment data acquisition when the environment lacking of wind roses is solved foran actual case. All of above can make the planning basis more reasonable and credible.
The digital technology required for this study is established. Base oncharacteristics of wind environment in mountain city near ground layer, in order to builda fast, reliable simulation system as the goal, the impact of simulation accuracy andspeed of numerical simulation are discussed. Through the comparative analysis ofdifferent types of turbulence model and wall function, the Chen-Kim turbulence modelis suitable for simulation on large-scale outdoor wind environment and the RNGturbulence model is suitable for the local thermal circulation simulation. And thendescribed the GIS characteristics, functions, types and development overview.
Analysized the concept and acquisition method of the digital elevation model (DEM). Based on the model data format and a variety of commonly used software, anew set of outdoor complex terrain rapid digital modeling method is used for realizingthe transformation between the network terrain file and CFD (PHOENICS) solid model.The model is generated directly by DEM data. From this method, virtual model and theactual terrain have the highest fit. Because of the integrated method, the time of urbanwind environment simulation cycle is saved in a large extent. This method provides aconvenient way to the research for urban wind environment.
A more reasonable idea for urban wind environment simulation is proposed. Thedifferent simulation schemes are carried out for different planning stages. We shouldconsider the impact of the dynamic action for wind environment in urban scale windenvironment. Wind velocity in near ground layer is divided by wind speed classificationwhich provides better guidance for block construction under different wind velocity. Inthis research, instead of the plane, the terrain curved surface file is put into computer forsimulation. The result display problem of complex terrain is solved perfectly. Theimpact of the thermal and dynamic action for wind environment must be considered intypical local circulations (river wind and slope wind) at mountain city. And somespecific conclusions are drawn for the designers. With the decreasing of the slope, thewind speed at the top increased. The trend of the river wind penetrating into inner cityenhanced and the near surface wind speed of riverside area increased. The constructionmode of Yuzhong Peninsula riverside area is better than Shapingba, where the riverwind can move into inner city more deeply. In clear night, slope-land thermalcirculation effects the building internal wind environment significantly. The near surfacelayer wind velocity even reach up to more than1.5m/s when the slope angle is small.The high-rise buildings play a significant role in promoting the near surface wind speed,which is more suitable for mountain city where full-year wind speed is small.
This research expounded the necessity and feasibility of the ventilation corridorsconstruction in the modern city. And give summarise of status quo of mountain cityventilation corridor. This paper expounded the different focus of the ventilation corridorconstruction between the new town construction and built-up areas transformation. Thenew town ventilation corridor planning and design focuses on a radical construction.Urban ventilation corridors construction must combine with the "oxygen resource"construction, which can make the greatest ecological benefits and perform an actualmountain town planning projects. Built-up area ventilation corridor planning and designshould give more focuses on seeking urban ventilation corridor. The concept of frontal area index is given by analyzing the traditional methods for determining ventilationcorridor. Building and terrain are proposed as the impact factors of frontal area indexcalculation method in mountain city. Use the frontal area index as an important indicatorto judge the main ventilation corridor. The traditional planning process by subjectivejudgment to determine the wind corridor is changd into quantitative analysis, whichfacilitate "urban acupuncture" fast and accurate implementation. Finally the keyprinciples are summarized on the process of ventilation corridor construction, whichshould provide a reference for the planning and design.
Urban wind environment evaluation system is constructed with a combination ofqualitative and quantitative analysis for each subkey, and then the effect of urban windenvironment can be judged. Urban wind environment evaluation system fills thevacancies of the environment field, which forms a complete urban environmentevaluation system with thermal, acoustic and light environment evaluation system.
本文以山地城市为研究对象，以近地层风环境资料的获取、通风廊道规划方式的体现及城市风环境的评价三大主块为研究内容，以能为山地城市的规划设计提供有益的参考为研究目的，展开深入研究。具体内容如下：
①总结了由实测数据归纳得出的山地城市近地层风环境的5点特征：全年平均风速较低，介于1.3m/s~1.5m/s范围之间；静风率颇高，部分地区甚至达到41%；风速、风向空间分布不均匀，即使在相隔很近的地方亦存在不同的风速、风向分布；风向与周围地形密切相关，多与山脉延伸方向或峡谷方向一致；境内山谷风、河陆风等局地环流较为显著。分析了风玫瑰图在规划应用中存在的问题，通过实例提出风玫瑰图缺失情况下的风环境基础资料的获取方法，使规划依据更加合理可信。
②确立了本文研究所需的数字化技术。根据山地城市近地层风环境的特点，以搭建快速、可靠的模拟计算体系为目标，对影响模拟计算精度和速度的数值模拟方法进行了探讨。在模型基础中对比分析不同湍流模型及壁面函数类型，提出适合于大范围室外风环境模拟的Chen-Kim k ε湍流模型及适用于局地热力环流模拟的RNG k ε湍流模型和完全粗糙对数律壁面函数。介绍了GIS的特征、功能、类型及发展概况等。
③分析了数字高程模型的概念及获取方法等问题。在通过对多种模型数据格式分析的基础上，结合多种常用数字化技术，通过一种全新的数字建模集成方法，实现了网络地形文件与CFD（PHOENICS）实体模型之间的转化。该方法由网络地形数据直接进行建模，过程中对坐标点不进行任何的筛选或简化，可实现虚拟模型与实际地形最大程度的吻合。该集成方法的出现大大缩短城市尺度模拟周期，为模拟研究提供了一个方便快捷的途径。
④提出了在规划进展中不同阶段使用不同模拟方法的思路。针对城市尺度风环境模拟时重点考虑动力作用对其的影响，并对近地层风场模拟结果进行风速等级划分，便于不同风速区的地块建设，使规划师对城市整体风环境有了宏观把握。在计算机模拟时导入地形面文件，以地形曲面表面数据显示代替平面数据显示，解决困扰多年的风场结果随地形同步显示问题。针对山地城市典型局地环流（江风及山坡风）模拟时考虑热力作用与动力作用共同对其的影响，并得出一些具体结论供规划师参考：随着坡度的减小，顶端风速有所增加，江风渗入内陆的趋势增强，滨江地带近地层风速增大。渝中半岛与沙坪坝滨江地带建设模式相比，更利于引导江风深入内部；晴朗夜间的山坡风可显著影响山脚建筑群内部风环境，在坡度较缓的情况下建筑群内部近地层风速可达1.5m/s以上。高层建筑群对近地层风速有明显的促进作用，其更适合于全年风速较小的山地城市的建筑营造模式。
⑤阐述了通风廊道建设在现代城市中的必要性及可行性，并对山地城市通风廊道表现形式进行归纳总结，分别根据通风廊道在新城建设及旧区改造中的侧重点展开研究：新城通风廊道的规划设计侧重于大刀阔斧的建设，城市风廊的建设与城市“氧源地”建设相结合，发挥出最大的生态效益，并以具体的山地城市规划项目进行案例分析；建成区通风廊道的规划设计更加侧重于城市风廊的寻找，通过分析传统通风廊道确定的方法，给出迎风面积指数的概念，提出以建筑与地形共同作为影响因子的山地城市迎风面积指数λ f计算方法，作为判断山地城市主要通风廊道的重要指标。把传统的定性分析转化为定量分析，改变传统规划过程中凭借主观臆断确定风廊的方法，为规划师提供合理确定主要风廊的量化手段，便于“都市针灸”能快速准确的实施。最后归纳总结出通风廊道建设过程中应注意的关键原则，为规划设计提供参考。
⑥初步构建了城市风环境评价体系，以定性与定量相结合的方式对各子项进行评分，进而判断城市风环境的优劣情况。该评价体系的出现填补了该领域评价的空缺，与热环境、声环境和光环境共同组成完整的城市环境评价体系。
As the social and economic developing, the target of urban development has beenchanged gradually from chasing the maximizing economic efficiency to the high-qualityurban environment creating.Most cities has the goals of building "livable city".However, most of the current design specifications and research are suitable for theconstruction of Plain City, but not enough for the special topography of mountain city aswell as lacking of guidance.
Taking the mountain town as the research object, including the follow three mainparts as the research contents: wind environment data acquisition in the near groundlayer, planning objectification on ventilated corridor and urban wind environmentevaluation. Providing the beneficial reference for mountain town in the planning anddesign as the research purposes. This article is launched an in-depth study. The mainresearch contents include as below:
Based on the measured data, five characteristics of wind environment in mountaincity near ground layer are summarized: annual average wind speed is low, whichbetween1.3m/s~1.5m/s. The static rate is quite high and some areas even up to41%.Wind speed and wind direction are uneven distribution, even located very close. Therehas a different wind speed and wind direction distribution. The wind direction is closelyrelated with the surrounding terrain and the same with mountain extension direction.The local circulation is very significant, such as mountain and valley winds. Theproblems of wind roses in the planning application is analysed and the method of windenvironment data acquisition when the environment lacking of wind roses is solved foran actual case. All of above can make the planning basis more reasonable and credible.
The digital technology required for this study is established. Base oncharacteristics of wind environment in mountain city near ground layer, in order to builda fast, reliable simulation system as the goal, the impact of simulation accuracy andspeed of numerical simulation are discussed. Through the comparative analysis ofdifferent types of turbulence model and wall function, the Chen-Kim turbulence modelis suitable for simulation on large-scale outdoor wind environment and the RNGturbulence model is suitable for the local thermal circulation simulation. And thendescribed the GIS characteristics, functions, types and development overview.
Analysized the concept and acquisition method of the digital elevation model (DEM). Based on the model data format and a variety of commonly used software, anew set of outdoor complex terrain rapid digital modeling method is used for realizingthe transformation between the network terrain file and CFD (PHOENICS) solid model.The model is generated directly by DEM data. From this method, virtual model and theactual terrain have the highest fit. Because of the integrated method, the time of urbanwind environment simulation cycle is saved in a large extent. This method provides aconvenient way to the research for urban wind environment.
A more reasonable idea for urban wind environment simulation is proposed. Thedifferent simulation schemes are carried out for different planning stages. We shouldconsider the impact of the dynamic action for wind environment in urban scale windenvironment. Wind velocity in near ground layer is divided by wind speed classificationwhich provides better guidance for block construction under different wind velocity. Inthis research, instead of the plane, the terrain curved surface file is put into computer forsimulation. The result display problem of complex terrain is solved perfectly. Theimpact of the thermal and dynamic action for wind environment must be considered intypical local circulations (river wind and slope wind) at mountain city. And somespecific conclusions are drawn for the designers. With the decreasing of the slope, thewind speed at the top increased. The trend of the river wind penetrating into inner cityenhanced and the near surface wind speed of riverside area increased. The constructionmode of Yuzhong Peninsula riverside area is better than Shapingba, where the riverwind can move into inner city more deeply. In clear night, slope-land thermalcirculation effects the building internal wind environment significantly. The near surfacelayer wind velocity even reach up to more than1.5m/s when the slope angle is small.The high-rise buildings play a significant role in promoting the near surface wind speed,which is more suitable for mountain city where full-year wind speed is small.
This research expounded the necessity and feasibility of the ventilation corridorsconstruction in the modern city. And give summarise of status quo of mountain cityventilation corridor. This paper expounded the different focus of the ventilation corridorconstruction between the new town construction and built-up areas transformation. Thenew town ventilation corridor planning and design focuses on a radical construction.Urban ventilation corridors construction must combine with the "oxygen resource"construction, which can make the greatest ecological benefits and perform an actualmountain town planning projects. Built-up area ventilation corridor planning and designshould give more focuses on seeking urban ventilation corridor. The concept of frontal area index is given by analyzing the traditional methods for determining ventilationcorridor. Building and terrain are proposed as the impact factors of frontal area indexcalculation method in mountain city. Use the frontal area index as an important indicatorto judge the main ventilation corridor. The traditional planning process by subjectivejudgment to determine the wind corridor is changd into quantitative analysis, whichfacilitate "urban acupuncture" fast and accurate implementation. Finally the keyprinciples are summarized on the process of ventilation corridor construction, whichshould provide a reference for the planning and design.
Urban wind environment evaluation system is constructed with a combination ofqualitative and quantitative analysis for each subkey, and then the effect of urban windenvironment can be judged. Urban wind environment evaluation system fills thevacancies of the environment field, which forms a complete urban environmentevaluation system with thermal, acoustic and light environment evaluation system.
引文
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