砌体结构抗震试验及弹塑性地震反应分析
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摘要
我国政府历来重视防震减灾工作，特别是对人民生命财产安全尤为重视。地震灾害应急救援和农村安居安学工程是防震减灾工作的重要内容。
基于卫星遥感、地理信息系统、三维仿真、震害预测等技术的地震现场灾情场景模拟技术可用于地震救灾的辅助决策、应急救援人员的虚拟演练、地震科普教育等方面，是提高我国防震减灾能力的一项重要手段。作为我国农村主要结构形式的砌体结构，其破坏是历次地震中造成大量人员伤害和财产损失的重要原因。砌体结构的抗震试验与震害分析是实现农村安居安学目标的必要途径，也是地震现场灾情场景模拟技术的重要理论依据。因此，进行砌体结构抗震试验与震害分析，并在此基础上开展地震现场灾情场景模拟技术研究，应是地震工程与工程力学界研究工作的重点，对我国防震减灾工作具有重要意义。
本文在前人大量工作的基础上，就砌体结构的典型震害、破坏机理、抗震措施、振动台试验、弹塑性地震反应分析、三维灾害模型的建立、灾情场景的实现技术等开展了研究，主要完成了以下工作：
1.详细介绍了汶川地震中北川县擂鼓镇的7栋典型砌体结构学校建筑的震损情况，并对其震害原因及构造措施进行了分析；通过将楼层综合抗震能力指数发展为抗倒能力指数的方式，对7栋砌体结构学校建筑的抗倒能力进行分析；为农村安居安学工程中砌体结构的抗震提出了建议；
2.详细介绍了西藏自治区农牧民安居工程抗震加固试验中已建-70m2户型房屋振动台试验的主要过程；对模型结构的破坏特征、动力特性以及测点反应进行了分析，并依据试验结果对原型结构的抗震能力进行评价；为西藏自治区农牧民安居工程中房屋的抗震加固、设计和施工提出建议；
3.应用有限元软件ABAQUS对振动台试验的模型结构进行了数值模拟，通过对比分析，验证了有限元模型和试验结果的可靠性；在此基础上，考虑到试验方提供的原型结构的材料高于实际强度，按实际材料强度建立了的原型结构的有限元模型，依据数值模拟结果，分析了原型结构的抗震性能；
4.总结了砌体结构的典型震害现象和破坏特征，对震害原因进行分析；结合实际震害，讨论了设防结构与非设防结构的震害差异；依据震害资料及专家经验，给出了砌体结构在不同地震破坏等级下，震害在不同楼层及各构件不同部位的分布规律；总结了汶川地震的震害特点及启示，提出了砌体结构的抗震措施及建议；
5.利用3Ds MAX、Photoshop、Auto CAD等软件制作了大量砌体结构三维模型，并创建不同破坏等级的模型数据库；以汶川地震中映秀镇漩口中学教师住宅楼为例，给出了创建三维完好模型以及不同破坏等级下的三维灾害模型的建模方法；
6.基于ArcGIS软件实行了地震现场的三维地形，在此基础上以福建省石狮市为例，实行了三维建筑模块灾前场景，并利用不同颜色表征建筑不同破坏等级的方式实行了任意地震影响场下，三维建筑模块灾害场景；通过模型替换，实行了三维建筑完好模型场景以及三维建筑破坏模型场景。
Our government has always attached great importance to protecting against andmitigating earthquake disasters, in particular, paid attention to people’s lives and propertysafety. The earthquake disaster emergency rescue and rural comfortable housing and schoolproject are important parts of the protecting against and mitigating earthquake disasters work.
Based on satellite remote sensing, geographic information systems,3D simulation,earthquake damage prediction techniques etc, the simulation technology of seismic disasterscene can be used for decision support of earthquake relief, the virtual training of theemergency rescue, earthquake science education. And it is an important means to improveChinese capacity of earthquake disaster prevention and reduction. As the main structure typeof rural buildings, the damage of masonry structure is an important cause for a large numberof personal injury and property loss in previous earthquakes. The seismic test and damageanalysis of masonry structure are necessary ways to realize comfortable housing and schooltarget, and are also important theoretical basis of the simulation technology of seismic disasterscene. Therefore, the seismic test and damage analysis of masonry structure and research ofsimulation technology of seismic disaster scene should be the focus of the academic study ofearthquake engineering and engineering mechanics. They have great significance to Chineseprotecting against and mitigating earthquake disasters work.
Based on the work of former researchers, some researches were carried out such as thetypical damage, failure mechanism, earthquake resistant measures, elastic-plastic seismicresponse analysis and shaking table test of masonry structure. More than that, the building of3D building model and implementation technology of disaster scenes was also studied in thispaper. The following researchs were mainly done:
Firstly, seven typical masonry school buildings in Wenchuan earthquake, located in LeiguTown of Beichuan County, were introduced detailedly and their damage reasons andconstructional measures were analysed. By developing floor seismic capacity index intocollapse resistant capacity index, the collapse resistant capacity of seven masonry schoolbuildings were analysed. Some suggestions were proposed for earthquake resistance ofmasonry structures in rural comfortable housing and school project.
Secondly, the main process of shaking table tests of a70m2masonry building wasintroduced detailedly, which was one part of serial shaking table tests of the seismic strengthening for comfortable housing project of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet. The damage,dynamic characteristics and measuring point reactions of the model structure were analyzed.Based on test results, the seismic capacity of prototype structures was evaluated. Somesuggestions were proposed for seismic reinforcement, design and construction of buildings incomfortable housing project of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet.
Thirdly, finite element software ABAQUS was used to simulate the shaking table test ofthe model structure. And the result reliability of finite element simulation and tests werevalidated by comparing analysis. On this basis, considering that the material strengths ofprototype structure provided by owner were higher than actual strengths, the finite elementmodels based on the actual material strength were created. According to the numericalsimulation results, the seismic performance of the prototype structure was analysed.
Fourthly, the typical damage phenomena and characteristics of masonry structures weresummarized and their reasons were analysised. Earthquake damage differences of the fortifiedstructure with non-fortified structure were discussed combined of actual damage. Based ondamage data and expertise, seismic damage distribution laws of masonry structure were givenin different floors and different parts of same floor under different earthquake damage level.The damage characteristics and the revelation of the Wenchuan earthquake were summarized,and earthquake resistant measures of the masonry structure and suggestions were proposed.
Fifthly, a large number of3D building models were created by3Ds MAX, Photoshop,Auto CAD and other software. And the damage model databases of different grades were alsocreated. The method to create intact and damage3D building models were given and theteacher residential building were taken to as an example, which located in Xuankou middleschool of Yingxiu town and damaged in Wenchuan earthquake.
Sixthly, based on GIS software, the3D topography of the earthquake scene was created.And then, taking Shishi city, Fujian province as an example, pre-disaster scene was created, inwhich the3D blocks were used to replace3D buildings. By using different colors to representdifferent damage levels, the3D building block disaster scenes were created in any seismicintensity field. The3D intact building model scenes were created and the damage scenes werealso created by model replacement.
基于卫星遥感、地理信息系统、三维仿真、震害预测等技术的地震现场灾情场景模拟技术可用于地震救灾的辅助决策、应急救援人员的虚拟演练、地震科普教育等方面，是提高我国防震减灾能力的一项重要手段。作为我国农村主要结构形式的砌体结构，其破坏是历次地震中造成大量人员伤害和财产损失的重要原因。砌体结构的抗震试验与震害分析是实现农村安居安学目标的必要途径，也是地震现场灾情场景模拟技术的重要理论依据。因此，进行砌体结构抗震试验与震害分析，并在此基础上开展地震现场灾情场景模拟技术研究，应是地震工程与工程力学界研究工作的重点，对我国防震减灾工作具有重要意义。
本文在前人大量工作的基础上，就砌体结构的典型震害、破坏机理、抗震措施、振动台试验、弹塑性地震反应分析、三维灾害模型的建立、灾情场景的实现技术等开展了研究，主要完成了以下工作：
1.详细介绍了汶川地震中北川县擂鼓镇的7栋典型砌体结构学校建筑的震损情况，并对其震害原因及构造措施进行了分析；通过将楼层综合抗震能力指数发展为抗倒能力指数的方式，对7栋砌体结构学校建筑的抗倒能力进行分析；为农村安居安学工程中砌体结构的抗震提出了建议；
2.详细介绍了西藏自治区农牧民安居工程抗震加固试验中已建-70m2户型房屋振动台试验的主要过程；对模型结构的破坏特征、动力特性以及测点反应进行了分析，并依据试验结果对原型结构的抗震能力进行评价；为西藏自治区农牧民安居工程中房屋的抗震加固、设计和施工提出建议；
3.应用有限元软件ABAQUS对振动台试验的模型结构进行了数值模拟，通过对比分析，验证了有限元模型和试验结果的可靠性；在此基础上，考虑到试验方提供的原型结构的材料高于实际强度，按实际材料强度建立了的原型结构的有限元模型，依据数值模拟结果，分析了原型结构的抗震性能；
4.总结了砌体结构的典型震害现象和破坏特征，对震害原因进行分析；结合实际震害，讨论了设防结构与非设防结构的震害差异；依据震害资料及专家经验，给出了砌体结构在不同地震破坏等级下，震害在不同楼层及各构件不同部位的分布规律；总结了汶川地震的震害特点及启示，提出了砌体结构的抗震措施及建议；
5.利用3Ds MAX、Photoshop、Auto CAD等软件制作了大量砌体结构三维模型，并创建不同破坏等级的模型数据库；以汶川地震中映秀镇漩口中学教师住宅楼为例，给出了创建三维完好模型以及不同破坏等级下的三维灾害模型的建模方法；
6.基于ArcGIS软件实行了地震现场的三维地形，在此基础上以福建省石狮市为例，实行了三维建筑模块灾前场景，并利用不同颜色表征建筑不同破坏等级的方式实行了任意地震影响场下，三维建筑模块灾害场景；通过模型替换，实行了三维建筑完好模型场景以及三维建筑破坏模型场景。
Our government has always attached great importance to protecting against andmitigating earthquake disasters, in particular, paid attention to people’s lives and propertysafety. The earthquake disaster emergency rescue and rural comfortable housing and schoolproject are important parts of the protecting against and mitigating earthquake disasters work.
Based on satellite remote sensing, geographic information systems,3D simulation,earthquake damage prediction techniques etc, the simulation technology of seismic disasterscene can be used for decision support of earthquake relief, the virtual training of theemergency rescue, earthquake science education. And it is an important means to improveChinese capacity of earthquake disaster prevention and reduction. As the main structure typeof rural buildings, the damage of masonry structure is an important cause for a large numberof personal injury and property loss in previous earthquakes. The seismic test and damageanalysis of masonry structure are necessary ways to realize comfortable housing and schooltarget, and are also important theoretical basis of the simulation technology of seismic disasterscene. Therefore, the seismic test and damage analysis of masonry structure and research ofsimulation technology of seismic disaster scene should be the focus of the academic study ofearthquake engineering and engineering mechanics. They have great significance to Chineseprotecting against and mitigating earthquake disasters work.
Based on the work of former researchers, some researches were carried out such as thetypical damage, failure mechanism, earthquake resistant measures, elastic-plastic seismicresponse analysis and shaking table test of masonry structure. More than that, the building of3D building model and implementation technology of disaster scenes was also studied in thispaper. The following researchs were mainly done:
Firstly, seven typical masonry school buildings in Wenchuan earthquake, located in LeiguTown of Beichuan County, were introduced detailedly and their damage reasons andconstructional measures were analysed. By developing floor seismic capacity index intocollapse resistant capacity index, the collapse resistant capacity of seven masonry schoolbuildings were analysed. Some suggestions were proposed for earthquake resistance ofmasonry structures in rural comfortable housing and school project.
Secondly, the main process of shaking table tests of a70m2masonry building wasintroduced detailedly, which was one part of serial shaking table tests of the seismic strengthening for comfortable housing project of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet. The damage,dynamic characteristics and measuring point reactions of the model structure were analyzed.Based on test results, the seismic capacity of prototype structures was evaluated. Somesuggestions were proposed for seismic reinforcement, design and construction of buildings incomfortable housing project of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet.
Thirdly, finite element software ABAQUS was used to simulate the shaking table test ofthe model structure. And the result reliability of finite element simulation and tests werevalidated by comparing analysis. On this basis, considering that the material strengths ofprototype structure provided by owner were higher than actual strengths, the finite elementmodels based on the actual material strength were created. According to the numericalsimulation results, the seismic performance of the prototype structure was analysed.
Fourthly, the typical damage phenomena and characteristics of masonry structures weresummarized and their reasons were analysised. Earthquake damage differences of the fortifiedstructure with non-fortified structure were discussed combined of actual damage. Based ondamage data and expertise, seismic damage distribution laws of masonry structure were givenin different floors and different parts of same floor under different earthquake damage level.The damage characteristics and the revelation of the Wenchuan earthquake were summarized,and earthquake resistant measures of the masonry structure and suggestions were proposed.
Fifthly, a large number of3D building models were created by3Ds MAX, Photoshop,Auto CAD and other software. And the damage model databases of different grades were alsocreated. The method to create intact and damage3D building models were given and theteacher residential building were taken to as an example, which located in Xuankou middleschool of Yingxiu town and damaged in Wenchuan earthquake.
Sixthly, based on GIS software, the3D topography of the earthquake scene was created.And then, taking Shishi city, Fujian province as an example, pre-disaster scene was created, inwhich the3D blocks were used to replace3D buildings. By using different colors to representdifferent damage levels, the3D building block disaster scenes were created in any seismicintensity field. The3D intact building model scenes were created and the damage scenes werealso created by model replacement.
引文
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