淋洗和生物作用改良盐渍化土壤的机制研究
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摘要
次生盐渍化是农业生产的主要限制因子。本文以干旱半干旱灌区——甘肃秦王川引大灌区盐渍化土壤为背景,以当地6种不同耐盐植物为研究对象,模拟大田试验条件下的灌溉淋洗作用,用盆栽根袋法对根际、非根际土壤和植物进行动态取样,以期探讨灌区不同耐盐植物在其生长过程中根际土壤的化学变化过程及灌区植物对盐渍化土壤的改良机制。研究结果表明：
1,植物根际作用促进了土壤pH降低,在生长120天时新疆大叶苜蓿(Medicago Sativa var Xinjiangdaye)和中兰一号苜蓿(Medicago Sativa var Zhonglan No.1)根际土壤pH下降值略大于向日葵(Heilanthus annuus)、裸麦(Hordeum vulgare var nudum)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)、朝鲜碱茅(Puccinellia chinampoensis)4种植物；根际土壤的pH值与生长同期非根际土壤的相比因植物种的不同有所差异,新疆大叶苜蓿的根际酸化作用最强,在培养120天时,根际较非根际低0.13个单位。
2,土壤EC值随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势,在培养120天时EC值最小,与对照组相比6种植物组对EC的降低幅度较大,并且在6种植物中,培养120天时向日葵根际土壤EC下降最大,降为种前的23.55%,且6种耐盐植物对盐渍化土壤的改良效果按照向日葵>新疆大叶苜蓿>中兰一号苜蓿>霸王≈朝鲜碱茅>裸麦>对照的顺序递减；根际土壤的EC值与生长同期非根际土壤中的相比因植物种的不同有所差异,对照组、裸麦和向日葵根际土壤的EC与同一培养时间非根际土壤的相比差异不显著；霸王和新疆大叶苜蓿在生长过程中根际土壤的EC始终大于非根际土壤,并且差异均达到了显著水平(P<0.05)；中兰一号苜蓿和朝鲜碱茅在培养90天以后根际土壤的EC大于非根际土壤。而6种待测植物中霸王根际EC值在120天时与非根际间的差值达到了1.49个单位。
3, 6种待测植物和对照组土壤中的6种主要的可溶性阴阳离子随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势,且培养过程中6种可溶性阴阳盐离子含量与种前相比差异显著(P<0.05)；培养120天后对根际K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+和C1-降低幅度最显著的植物种为向日葵,对S042-降低幅度最显著的植物种为朝鲜碱茅；对照组根际与非根际6种主要阴阳离子差异不显著,K+在6种待测植物的根际土壤中均出现了亏缺,并且K+在根际土壤中的含量与同一培养时间非根际土壤中的相比差异显著(P<0.05),根际土中K+含量与同一培养时期非根际土壤中的相比差异最显著的植物种是裸麦；对其他5种主要的可溶性阴阳离子含量根际土壤与非根际相比差值因离子不同、植物种的不同而有所差异,即使是同一品种同种离子在不同的生长时期其根际与非根际的相对离子含量也会发生很大的变化,根际土中Ca2+、Na+Mg2+和C1-4种可溶性阴阳离子含量与同一培养时期非根际土壤中的相比差异最显著的是霸王,而S042-离子含量与同一培养时期非根际土壤中的相比差异最显著的是裸麦。植物种不同、培养时间的不同其根际离子组成的变化也很大。
4,植物体地上地下K+、Na、Ca2+和Mg2+这4种离子浓度的变化趋势因离子种类不同、植物种的不同或所取植物部位的不同有所差异,6种不同待测植物中除K+浓度外,其他3种离子的浓度均在霸王体内达到最高,向日葵体内K+浓度最高；而6种不同待测植物地上地下离子相对含量也因植物种不同、测定的离子指标不同或者所处植物的生长期不同而有所差异。
5,淋洗与生物措施配合使用对Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+3种离子的移除效果较单独采用淋洗好,而K+例外,配合措施对K+的移除效果较单独采用淋洗的相对变化因植物种和培养时间长短有所差异。综合措施对盐渍化土壤改良效果的贡献比例大小随着培养时间的增加时刻处于动态变化中,但在一定的范围内相对稳定。6种植物各培养阶段植物体吸收带走的Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的平均质量分别占其对应培养阶段综合作用所带走的土壤中Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+质量的0.46%(S.D=0.42%)、16.07%(S.D=10.89%)、0.63%(S.D=0.61%)和0.62%(S.D=0.40%)。各培养时期仅淋洗带走的Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的平均质量分别占其对应培养阶段综合作用所带走的土壤中Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+质量的60.09%(S.D=7.23%),81.98%(S.D=15.61%)、51.60%(S.D=9.23%)和77.00%(S.D=11.06%)。6种植物各培养时期根系作用机制带走的土壤中Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的平均质量分别占其对应生长时期综合作用所带走的土壤中Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+质量的39.45%(S.D=7.41%) 2.07%(S.D=22.44%)、47.78%(S.D=9.68%)和22.40%(S.D=11.24%)。盐渍化土壤所处地区的气候以及灌溉条件直接影响着生物脱盐效应较强的耐盐植物类型和品种作为生物修复材料的选择。
6,土壤pH和盐分离子的变化可能与以下3个因素紧密相关：(1),在该土壤上生长的植物种的差异；(2),取样点距离植物根系的远近；(3),取样时间处于植物生长周期的生长阶段。如果没有把这3个因素结合起来考虑而讨论生物改良措施对根际土壤pH和盐分的影响,其结论可能缺乏严谨性。
Secondary salinization of soil is a major limiting factor for agricultural sustainability development in irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. At present, the problem of soil salinity is further deteriorating in inland arid regions as the dry lands have become irrigated fields, which caused the substantial rise of groundwater table. The majority of comparative studies suggested that phytoremediation (plant-assisted approach) is more effective in the amelioration process in recent years. Rhizosphere is an important interface in substance exchange and energy transformation between plants and soil. Affected by physiological activities of plant roots, there is a marked difference in physichemistry properties between the rhizosphere soil and bulk soil. Based on a calcareous salt-affected soil in the irrigated region of Qingwangchuan, Gansu, a rhizobag experiment was conducted on six salt-tolerant plants to investigate dynamic changes of pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity) and salt ions in the rhizosphere, bulk soil and plant, and to compare the differences between them at the different plant growth stages. The results showed that:
1, Soil pH in six tested plant groups decreased with the extension of incubation days. There was significantly (P<0.05) lower pH in rhizosphere soil in Xinjiangdaye (Medicago Saliva. L.cv.Xinjiangdaye) and Zhonglan No.1 (Medicago Sativa var Zhonglan No.l) than in than the other four tested plants, such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus), common beancaper (Zygophyllum xanthoxylum), Alkaligrass (Puccinellia chinampoensis) and barley (Hordeum vulgare var nudum). The value of soil pH in the rhizosphere and bulk soil exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days.
2, Soil EC in six tested plants decreased with the extension of incubation days. EC in the rhizosphere and bulk soil exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days and different plants. EC was significantly higher in rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil for common beancaper and xinjiangdaye, but EC was no different between rhizosphere soil and bulk soil for sunflower, barley and control group. EC was significantly higher in rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil for zhonglan No.1 and Alkaligrass after a 90-day growth period.
3, Concentrations of six major salt ions in six tested plants significantly decreased with the extension of incubation days. K+ concentrations reduced significantly in the rhizosphere of six tested plants, The distribution of the other major five salt ions such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- in the rhizosphere and bulk soil exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days. Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+and Cl- concentrations increased mostly in the rhizosphere of common beancaper at the different growth stages. However, SO42- concentrations increased mostly in the rhizosphere of barley.
4, Concentrations salt ions such as K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in shoot and root of different plants exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days. K+ concentrations higher in sunflower than the other five tested plants, such as xinjiangdaye, zhonglan No.l, common beancaper, alkaligrass and barley at the different growth stages. However, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations increased mostly in common beancaper than the other five tested plants, such as xinjiangdaye, zhonglan No.1, sunflower, alkaligrass and barley at the different growth stages. The distribution of salt ions in shoot and root of different plants exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days.
5,The measure (complex measure)that combined leaching with phytoremediation was more efficient than using leaching singly for removing Na+、Ca2+ and Mg2+,but except for K+. As for the amending effect of complex measure, The average removing quality of Na+, Ca2* and Mg2+that salt-tolerant plants absorbed in different incubation days was the smallest, amounting 0.46% (S.D= 0.42%),0.63%(S.D=0.61%) and 0.62%(S.D=0.40%) of the total quality respectively, The average removing quality of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ that leaching measure singly in different incubation days was the largest, amounting 60.09%(S.D= 7.23%),51.60%(S.D=9.23%) and 77.00%(S.D=11.06%) of the total quality respectively, and the average removing quality of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ that leavened by root of different plants in different incubation days was in the middle, amounting 39.45%(S.D=7.41%),47.78%(S.D=9.68%) and 22.40%(S.D=11.24%)of the total quality respectively.So The average quality of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ that six salt-tolerant plants absorbed in different incubation days was inappreciable during growth periods.
6, We should consider three key coupling factors:the distance between sampling site and plant rhizosphere, different plant species and different plant growth stages.when pH and salt contents in the saline soil were measured.
1,植物根际作用促进了土壤pH降低,在生长120天时新疆大叶苜蓿(Medicago Sativa var Xinjiangdaye)和中兰一号苜蓿(Medicago Sativa var Zhonglan No.1)根际土壤pH下降值略大于向日葵(Heilanthus annuus)、裸麦(Hordeum vulgare var nudum)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)、朝鲜碱茅(Puccinellia chinampoensis)4种植物；根际土壤的pH值与生长同期非根际土壤的相比因植物种的不同有所差异,新疆大叶苜蓿的根际酸化作用最强,在培养120天时,根际较非根际低0.13个单位。
2,土壤EC值随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势,在培养120天时EC值最小,与对照组相比6种植物组对EC的降低幅度较大,并且在6种植物中,培养120天时向日葵根际土壤EC下降最大,降为种前的23.55%,且6种耐盐植物对盐渍化土壤的改良效果按照向日葵>新疆大叶苜蓿>中兰一号苜蓿>霸王≈朝鲜碱茅>裸麦>对照的顺序递减；根际土壤的EC值与生长同期非根际土壤中的相比因植物种的不同有所差异,对照组、裸麦和向日葵根际土壤的EC与同一培养时间非根际土壤的相比差异不显著；霸王和新疆大叶苜蓿在生长过程中根际土壤的EC始终大于非根际土壤,并且差异均达到了显著水平(P<0.05)；中兰一号苜蓿和朝鲜碱茅在培养90天以后根际土壤的EC大于非根际土壤。而6种待测植物中霸王根际EC值在120天时与非根际间的差值达到了1.49个单位。
3, 6种待测植物和对照组土壤中的6种主要的可溶性阴阳离子随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势,且培养过程中6种可溶性阴阳盐离子含量与种前相比差异显著(P<0.05)；培养120天后对根际K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+和C1-降低幅度最显著的植物种为向日葵,对S042-降低幅度最显著的植物种为朝鲜碱茅；对照组根际与非根际6种主要阴阳离子差异不显著,K+在6种待测植物的根际土壤中均出现了亏缺,并且K+在根际土壤中的含量与同一培养时间非根际土壤中的相比差异显著(P<0.05),根际土中K+含量与同一培养时期非根际土壤中的相比差异最显著的植物种是裸麦；对其他5种主要的可溶性阴阳离子含量根际土壤与非根际相比差值因离子不同、植物种的不同而有所差异,即使是同一品种同种离子在不同的生长时期其根际与非根际的相对离子含量也会发生很大的变化,根际土中Ca2+、Na+Mg2+和C1-4种可溶性阴阳离子含量与同一培养时期非根际土壤中的相比差异最显著的是霸王,而S042-离子含量与同一培养时期非根际土壤中的相比差异最显著的是裸麦。植物种不同、培养时间的不同其根际离子组成的变化也很大。
4,植物体地上地下K+、Na、Ca2+和Mg2+这4种离子浓度的变化趋势因离子种类不同、植物种的不同或所取植物部位的不同有所差异,6种不同待测植物中除K+浓度外,其他3种离子的浓度均在霸王体内达到最高,向日葵体内K+浓度最高；而6种不同待测植物地上地下离子相对含量也因植物种不同、测定的离子指标不同或者所处植物的生长期不同而有所差异。
5,淋洗与生物措施配合使用对Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+3种离子的移除效果较单独采用淋洗好,而K+例外,配合措施对K+的移除效果较单独采用淋洗的相对变化因植物种和培养时间长短有所差异。综合措施对盐渍化土壤改良效果的贡献比例大小随着培养时间的增加时刻处于动态变化中,但在一定的范围内相对稳定。6种植物各培养阶段植物体吸收带走的Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的平均质量分别占其对应培养阶段综合作用所带走的土壤中Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+质量的0.46%(S.D=0.42%)、16.07%(S.D=10.89%)、0.63%(S.D=0.61%)和0.62%(S.D=0.40%)。各培养时期仅淋洗带走的Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的平均质量分别占其对应培养阶段综合作用所带走的土壤中Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+质量的60.09%(S.D=7.23%),81.98%(S.D=15.61%)、51.60%(S.D=9.23%)和77.00%(S.D=11.06%)。6种植物各培养时期根系作用机制带走的土壤中Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的平均质量分别占其对应生长时期综合作用所带走的土壤中Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+质量的39.45%(S.D=7.41%) 2.07%(S.D=22.44%)、47.78%(S.D=9.68%)和22.40%(S.D=11.24%)。盐渍化土壤所处地区的气候以及灌溉条件直接影响着生物脱盐效应较强的耐盐植物类型和品种作为生物修复材料的选择。
6,土壤pH和盐分离子的变化可能与以下3个因素紧密相关：(1),在该土壤上生长的植物种的差异；(2),取样点距离植物根系的远近；(3),取样时间处于植物生长周期的生长阶段。如果没有把这3个因素结合起来考虑而讨论生物改良措施对根际土壤pH和盐分的影响,其结论可能缺乏严谨性。
Secondary salinization of soil is a major limiting factor for agricultural sustainability development in irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. At present, the problem of soil salinity is further deteriorating in inland arid regions as the dry lands have become irrigated fields, which caused the substantial rise of groundwater table. The majority of comparative studies suggested that phytoremediation (plant-assisted approach) is more effective in the amelioration process in recent years. Rhizosphere is an important interface in substance exchange and energy transformation between plants and soil. Affected by physiological activities of plant roots, there is a marked difference in physichemistry properties between the rhizosphere soil and bulk soil. Based on a calcareous salt-affected soil in the irrigated region of Qingwangchuan, Gansu, a rhizobag experiment was conducted on six salt-tolerant plants to investigate dynamic changes of pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity) and salt ions in the rhizosphere, bulk soil and plant, and to compare the differences between them at the different plant growth stages. The results showed that:
1, Soil pH in six tested plant groups decreased with the extension of incubation days. There was significantly (P<0.05) lower pH in rhizosphere soil in Xinjiangdaye (Medicago Saliva. L.cv.Xinjiangdaye) and Zhonglan No.1 (Medicago Sativa var Zhonglan No.l) than in than the other four tested plants, such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus), common beancaper (Zygophyllum xanthoxylum), Alkaligrass (Puccinellia chinampoensis) and barley (Hordeum vulgare var nudum). The value of soil pH in the rhizosphere and bulk soil exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days.
2, Soil EC in six tested plants decreased with the extension of incubation days. EC in the rhizosphere and bulk soil exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days and different plants. EC was significantly higher in rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil for common beancaper and xinjiangdaye, but EC was no different between rhizosphere soil and bulk soil for sunflower, barley and control group. EC was significantly higher in rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil for zhonglan No.1 and Alkaligrass after a 90-day growth period.
3, Concentrations of six major salt ions in six tested plants significantly decreased with the extension of incubation days. K+ concentrations reduced significantly in the rhizosphere of six tested plants, The distribution of the other major five salt ions such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- in the rhizosphere and bulk soil exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days. Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+and Cl- concentrations increased mostly in the rhizosphere of common beancaper at the different growth stages. However, SO42- concentrations increased mostly in the rhizosphere of barley.
4, Concentrations salt ions such as K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in shoot and root of different plants exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days. K+ concentrations higher in sunflower than the other five tested plants, such as xinjiangdaye, zhonglan No.l, common beancaper, alkaligrass and barley at the different growth stages. However, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations increased mostly in common beancaper than the other five tested plants, such as xinjiangdaye, zhonglan No.1, sunflower, alkaligrass and barley at the different growth stages. The distribution of salt ions in shoot and root of different plants exhibited a trend of dynamic changes in different incubation days.
5,The measure (complex measure)that combined leaching with phytoremediation was more efficient than using leaching singly for removing Na+、Ca2+ and Mg2+,but except for K+. As for the amending effect of complex measure, The average removing quality of Na+, Ca2* and Mg2+that salt-tolerant plants absorbed in different incubation days was the smallest, amounting 0.46% (S.D= 0.42%),0.63%(S.D=0.61%) and 0.62%(S.D=0.40%) of the total quality respectively, The average removing quality of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ that leaching measure singly in different incubation days was the largest, amounting 60.09%(S.D= 7.23%),51.60%(S.D=9.23%) and 77.00%(S.D=11.06%) of the total quality respectively, and the average removing quality of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ that leavened by root of different plants in different incubation days was in the middle, amounting 39.45%(S.D=7.41%),47.78%(S.D=9.68%) and 22.40%(S.D=11.24%)of the total quality respectively.So The average quality of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ that six salt-tolerant plants absorbed in different incubation days was inappreciable during growth periods.
6, We should consider three key coupling factors:the distance between sampling site and plant rhizosphere, different plant species and different plant growth stages.when pH and salt contents in the saline soil were measured.
引文
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