鳗鲡养殖循环水处理系统中细菌群落结构及动态变化
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摘要
循环水养殖系统(Water Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, RAS)是一种将同一养殖体系中的水资源经过养殖系统内部净化处理之后循环利用的一种养殖模式。它具有封闭循环利用养殖水、降低用水量、养殖生产不受地域气候限制、高密度、资源利用率高、对环境污染小、病害少等优点,是实现水产养殖业可持续发展的重要途径。养殖水中有机物的降解是该模式的关键所在。细菌是养殖环境中高效的有机物分解者。养殖环境中的细菌具有极大的物种多样性和代谢途径多样性,是环境状况的重要调节者,在物质循环和能量流动中起着重要的作用。本文以鳗鲡养殖循环水处理系统为研究对象,对该系统中各处理环节细菌群落结构及动态变化进行了研究,为检测鳗鲡养殖循环水处理系统的效果、改进循环水处理系统的设计,进而推广应用提供理论指导。
分别于2009年4月15日,7月15日,9月15日,12月15日从循环水处理系统中养殖池、沉淀池、生物膜池、砂滤池和紫外消毒池采集水样,并从生物膜池和滤池中采集附着生物样品,用平板菌落计数法和16S rRNA基因克隆文库分析法研究了各样品中细菌的数量和附着样品中细菌的组成。研究结果如下:
1)四季各处理环节水体中细菌数量变化
尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳两种填料对细菌有良好的吸附和过滤功能。其中秋季表现最好,经过系统处理后水体中细菌浓度从养殖池的2.98×108个/L降低到出水系统的6.57×107个/L;冬季表现较差,水体中细菌浓度从养殖池的1.27×107个/L降低到系统出水的9.80×106个/L;其它两个季节介于秋、冬季之间。
2)尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳上细菌数量的季节变化
尼龙丝挂网的附着细菌浓度在秋季达到最高为9.20×109个/g,其次为夏季1.16×109个/g,再次为冬季7.20×108个/g,春季最低为1.39×108个/g。牡蛎壳的附着细菌浓度也是在秋季达到最高为1.05×109个/g,其次为夏季3.3×108个/g,再次为冬季1.78×108个/g,春季最低为1.52×108个/g。随着系统的运行,尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳的附着细菌浓度均在秋季达到最高,由于水温的影响,冬季两种填料上的附着细菌浓度均有所下降。
3)尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳上附着细菌的组成:
春季:尼龙丝挂网上的附着细菌主要分为变形菌门(包括α-、β-和γ-变形菌纲)、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、浮霉菌门细菌,还检测到硅藻门和蓝藻门质粒序列。其中,变形菌门占据优势地位,约占所分析克隆子数的35.3%,其次是硅藻门占33.3%,拟杆菌门细菌占13.7%,放线菌门占5.9%,浮霉菌门和蓝藻门各占2.0%,未知菌序列占9.8%。牡蛎壳上的附着细菌除了变形菌门和拟杆菌门之外,还有异常球菌—栖热菌门细菌。变形菌门占据优势地位,约占所分析克隆子数的70.5%,其次是拟杆菌门占21.6%,异常球菌-栖热菌门细菌占2%,未知菌序列占5.9%。
夏季:尼龙丝挂网上的附着样品由变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门细菌和蓝藻门、硅藻门质粒序列构成。变形菌门占据优势地位(45.5%),其次是蓝藻门(20.6%),硝化螺旋菌门细菌和硅藻门各占9.1%,还有24.8%为未知菌序列。牡蛎壳上的附着细菌主要为变形菌门(48.7%)、浮霉菌门细菌和蓝藻门质粒序列各占(14.6%)。未知菌序列较多,占22.1%。秋季:尼龙丝挂网的附着细菌除了变形菌门、浮霉菌门细菌之外,还有蓝藻门中的质粒序列。它们占所分析克隆子数分别为:变形菌门67.4%、蓝藻门21.7%和浮霉菌门10.9%。牡蛎壳上的附着细菌主要为变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门细菌。它们占所分析克隆子数的比例依次是44.2%、14.0%、14.0%、11.6%和4.7%,还有11.5%为未知菌序列。
冬季:冬季细菌的组成与其他季节类似,但蓝藻门质粒序列占优势地位。各类群所占比例分别是:尼龙丝挂网上,蓝藻门77.4%、变形菌门13.2%、异常球菌-栖热菌门5.7%;牡蛎壳上蓝藻门74.1%,变形菌门16.7%,浮霉菌门和拟杆菌门细菌均各占3.7%,还有少量未知序列。
4)附着细菌的浓度和组成与养殖废水的处理关系
在夏秋冬三季,随着循环水系统运行的稳定,系统水体中氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮随尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳上细菌的数量的增多而表现出较高的去除率。夏秋两季细菌的数量较多,氨氮的去除效果在这两个时期也优于冬季。夏秋冬三季系统对亚硝酸盐氮的去除率均较高,受细菌的数量变化影响较小。
尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳上,四季细菌组成变形菌门细菌为优势菌,其中大部分种类,如食酸菌属、砂雷氏菌属等,对环境有机物具有良好的分解作用。浮霉菌门、硝化螺旋菌门的大部分种类对环境中的亚硝酸盐类具有良好的去除作用,且试验结果表明,这两门细菌对系统中养殖废水的处理有着较为显著的效果。
蓝藻门中的一些藻类在生物膜池中四季存在,并且在冬季数量达到最多,所占据的克隆子数远超过细菌的占有量;硅藻门的藻类仅在春夏两季的生物膜池尼龙丝挂网上被检测到,其它季节未发现其存在,这些藻类的存在,对于降低水体中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的浓度具有重要作用。
Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is typically an indoor system that allows farmers to control environmental conditions year round. It has many advantages, such as recirculating aquaculture water use, decreasing water consumption, reducing disease risk, high efficiency untilization of resource and little pollution to environments and so on. RAS enable the aquaculture produce year round without regional or climatic restrictions, it is an important way for the sustainable development of aquaculture. Degrading organics in aquaculture water is the key link in RSA. Bacteria are efficient decomposers for organics in aquaculture environments. Bacteria have great diversity of species and metabolic pathways, they are important regulators for environmental conditions and play important roles in materials cycling and energy flowing. The aim of this work is to explore the community structure and dynamics of bacteria in a water recycling system culturing European eel. It is hoped that the information generated in this study can be served as theoretical guidance for verifying the effect of recirculating aquaculture system, improving the design of the system and facilitating the application of the system.
Water samples were collected from each treatment of the recirculating system on April 15, July 15, September 15 and December 15, 2009. Attached samples were collected from biofilms on the nylon net and the oysters shells. The quantity and the composition of bacteria were determined by plate count method and 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis.
1) Variations of bacterial quanity in water of the recirculating aquaculture system during four seasons.
The concentration of bacteria in water decreased significantly after biofilm and sand filter treatment, indicating that the nylon net hanging and oyster shell fills have a good ability of adsorbing and filtering bacteria. The effect of water treatment is best in autumn, the concentration of bacteria in water decreased from 2.98×108 cell / L to 6.57×107cell / L after the recirculating system processing. The treatment effect is not so good in winter, the concentration of bacteria in water decreased from 1.27×107 cell/ L to 9.80×106 cell/ L after the water recirculating system treatment. The effects in the other two seasons are between autumn and winter.
2) Seasonal variations of bacterial quanity on nylon net hangings and oyster shells.
The concentration of attached bacteria on the nylon net hangings was hightest in autumn (9.20×109cells/g), second highest in summer (1.16×109cells/g), and third highest in winter (7.20×108cells/g). The concentration of attached bacteria in spring is lowest (1.39×108cells /g).The concentration of attached bacteria on the oyster shells was hightestalso in autumn(1.05×109cells/g), second highest in summer (3.30×109cells/g),and third highest in winter ( 1.78×108cells/g). The concentration of attached bacteria in spring is lowest (1.52×108 cells/g).
3) Bacterial composition on nylon net hangings and oyster shells.
In spring, the attached bacteria on nylon net hangings can be divided into four major groups: Proteobacteria (includingα-,β- andγ-Proteobacteria), Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. The plasmid sequences of Bacillariophyta and Cyanobacteria were also detected. The Proteobacteria were the most dominant components, they occupied 35.3% of the analyzed clones. Plasmid sequences of Bacillariophyta were the second dominant members, occupied 33.3%. Others were Bacteroidetes (13.7%), Actinobacteria (5.9%), Bacillariophyta (2%), Cyanobacteria (2.0%) and some unknown bacteria. In addition to Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, there are Deinococcus– Thermus on the oyster shells. The Proteobacteria were dominant components, they occupied 70.5% of the analyzed clones. Bacteroidetes were the second dominant members, they occupied 21.6%, and then Deinococcus– Thermus occupied 2%. There were also unknown bacteria, occupied 5.9%.
In summer,the attached sample on nylon net hangings can be divided into three major groups: Proteobacteria (includingα-,β- andγ-Proteobacteria) and Nitrospirae. The plasmid sequence of Bacillariophyta and Cyanobacteria were also detected. The Proteobacteria were the most dominant components, they occupied 45.5% of the analyzed clones. Plasmid sequences of Bacillariophyta were the second dominant members, occupied 20.6%. Others were Nitrospirae(9.1%) , Bacillariophyta (9.1%) and some unknown bacteria. In addition to Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes, there are Plasmid sequences of Cyanobacteria on the oyster shells. The Proteobacteria were dominant components, they occupied 47.6% of the analyzed clones. Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria were the second dominant members, both occupied 14.3%. There were also unknown bacteria occupied 38.1%.
In autumn, the attached sample on nylon net hangings can be divided into two major groups: Proteobacteria (includingα-,β- andγ-Proteobacteria) and Planctomycetes. The plasmid sequences of Cyanobacteria were also detected. The Proteobacteria were the most dominant components, they occupied 67.4% of the analyzed clones. Plasmid sequences of Cyanobacteria were the second dominant members, occupied 21.7%, others were Planctomycetes (10.9%). The attached sample on oyster shells can be divided into five major groups: Proteobacteria (including α-,β- andγ-Proteobacteria), Planctomycetes, Nitrospirae, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria. The Proteobacteria were the most dominant components, they occupied 44.2% of the analyzed clones. Planctomycetes and the Nitrospirae were the second dominant members, both occupied 14.0%, others were Bacteroidetes (11.6%), Actinobacteria (4.7%) and some unknown bacteria.
In winter: In addition to Proteobacteria (includingα- andγ-Proteobacteria) and Deinococcus–Thermus, there are plasmid sequences of Cyanobacteria on the oyster shells. The plasmid sequence of Cyanobacteria were dominant components, they occupied 77.4% of the analyzed clones. Proteobacteria were the second dominant members, they occupied 13.2%, and then Deinococcus– Thermus occupied 5.7%. There were also unknown bacteria, occupied 3.7%. The attached sample on oyster shells can be divided into three major groups: Proteobacteria (includingα- andγ-Proteobacteria), Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes. The plasmid sequence of Cyanobacteria were also detected. The plasmid sequence of Cyanobacteria were dominant components, they occupied 77.1% of the analyzed clones. Proteobacteria were the second dominant members, occupied 16.7%, others were Planctomycetes (3.7%), Bacteroidetes (3.7%) and some unknown bacteria(1.8%).
4) The relationship between concentration, composition of attached bacteria and wastewater treatment.
The nylon net hanging and oyster shells were in the membrane phase in spring, the ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the biofilm tank and oyster filter tank was not determined. In summer, autumn and winter, the concentration of attached bacteria on nylon net hangings and oyster shells increased, and the removing rate of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in water increased corresponding. In summer and autumn, the numbers of bacteria were higher than winter, and the removing rates of ammonia nitrogen were also higher than that in winter. However, the removing rate of nitrite nitrogen were high in three seasons and were less influence by the numbers of bacteria.
On the nylon net hangings and oyster shells, Proteobacteria dominant in four seasons, and most of them, such as Serratia, Acidovorax, etc, have the ability to decompose organics. Most species of Planctomycetes and Nitrospirae can remove nitrites in environments,and the test results showed that the two bacterial has a more significant effect to the aquaculture wastewater treatment system.
In the samples have been measured, Proteobacteria dominant in four seasons, and most of them, such as Serratia, Acidovorax, etc, have the ability to decompose organics. Most species of Planctomycetes and Nitrospirae can remove nitrites in environments,and the test results showed that the two bacterial has a more significant effect to the aquaculture wastewater treatment system. Some algae of Cyanobacteria existed in the biofilm tank through four seasons, and were most abundant in winter. Bacillariophyta algae were only detected on nylon hangings in spring and summer. These algae play an important role in removing nitrate and phosphate in aquaculture water.
分别于2009年4月15日,7月15日,9月15日,12月15日从循环水处理系统中养殖池、沉淀池、生物膜池、砂滤池和紫外消毒池采集水样,并从生物膜池和滤池中采集附着生物样品,用平板菌落计数法和16S rRNA基因克隆文库分析法研究了各样品中细菌的数量和附着样品中细菌的组成。研究结果如下:
1)四季各处理环节水体中细菌数量变化
尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳两种填料对细菌有良好的吸附和过滤功能。其中秋季表现最好,经过系统处理后水体中细菌浓度从养殖池的2.98×108个/L降低到出水系统的6.57×107个/L;冬季表现较差,水体中细菌浓度从养殖池的1.27×107个/L降低到系统出水的9.80×106个/L;其它两个季节介于秋、冬季之间。
2)尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳上细菌数量的季节变化
尼龙丝挂网的附着细菌浓度在秋季达到最高为9.20×109个/g,其次为夏季1.16×109个/g,再次为冬季7.20×108个/g,春季最低为1.39×108个/g。牡蛎壳的附着细菌浓度也是在秋季达到最高为1.05×109个/g,其次为夏季3.3×108个/g,再次为冬季1.78×108个/g,春季最低为1.52×108个/g。随着系统的运行,尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳的附着细菌浓度均在秋季达到最高,由于水温的影响,冬季两种填料上的附着细菌浓度均有所下降。
3)尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳上附着细菌的组成:
春季:尼龙丝挂网上的附着细菌主要分为变形菌门(包括α-、β-和γ-变形菌纲)、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、浮霉菌门细菌,还检测到硅藻门和蓝藻门质粒序列。其中,变形菌门占据优势地位,约占所分析克隆子数的35.3%,其次是硅藻门占33.3%,拟杆菌门细菌占13.7%,放线菌门占5.9%,浮霉菌门和蓝藻门各占2.0%,未知菌序列占9.8%。牡蛎壳上的附着细菌除了变形菌门和拟杆菌门之外,还有异常球菌—栖热菌门细菌。变形菌门占据优势地位,约占所分析克隆子数的70.5%,其次是拟杆菌门占21.6%,异常球菌-栖热菌门细菌占2%,未知菌序列占5.9%。
夏季:尼龙丝挂网上的附着样品由变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门细菌和蓝藻门、硅藻门质粒序列构成。变形菌门占据优势地位(45.5%),其次是蓝藻门(20.6%),硝化螺旋菌门细菌和硅藻门各占9.1%,还有24.8%为未知菌序列。牡蛎壳上的附着细菌主要为变形菌门(48.7%)、浮霉菌门细菌和蓝藻门质粒序列各占(14.6%)。未知菌序列较多,占22.1%。秋季:尼龙丝挂网的附着细菌除了变形菌门、浮霉菌门细菌之外,还有蓝藻门中的质粒序列。它们占所分析克隆子数分别为:变形菌门67.4%、蓝藻门21.7%和浮霉菌门10.9%。牡蛎壳上的附着细菌主要为变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门细菌。它们占所分析克隆子数的比例依次是44.2%、14.0%、14.0%、11.6%和4.7%,还有11.5%为未知菌序列。
冬季:冬季细菌的组成与其他季节类似,但蓝藻门质粒序列占优势地位。各类群所占比例分别是:尼龙丝挂网上,蓝藻门77.4%、变形菌门13.2%、异常球菌-栖热菌门5.7%;牡蛎壳上蓝藻门74.1%,变形菌门16.7%,浮霉菌门和拟杆菌门细菌均各占3.7%,还有少量未知序列。
4)附着细菌的浓度和组成与养殖废水的处理关系
在夏秋冬三季,随着循环水系统运行的稳定,系统水体中氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮随尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳上细菌的数量的增多而表现出较高的去除率。夏秋两季细菌的数量较多,氨氮的去除效果在这两个时期也优于冬季。夏秋冬三季系统对亚硝酸盐氮的去除率均较高,受细菌的数量变化影响较小。
尼龙丝挂网和牡蛎壳上,四季细菌组成变形菌门细菌为优势菌,其中大部分种类,如食酸菌属、砂雷氏菌属等,对环境有机物具有良好的分解作用。浮霉菌门、硝化螺旋菌门的大部分种类对环境中的亚硝酸盐类具有良好的去除作用,且试验结果表明,这两门细菌对系统中养殖废水的处理有着较为显著的效果。
蓝藻门中的一些藻类在生物膜池中四季存在,并且在冬季数量达到最多,所占据的克隆子数远超过细菌的占有量;硅藻门的藻类仅在春夏两季的生物膜池尼龙丝挂网上被检测到,其它季节未发现其存在,这些藻类的存在,对于降低水体中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的浓度具有重要作用。
Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is typically an indoor system that allows farmers to control environmental conditions year round. It has many advantages, such as recirculating aquaculture water use, decreasing water consumption, reducing disease risk, high efficiency untilization of resource and little pollution to environments and so on. RAS enable the aquaculture produce year round without regional or climatic restrictions, it is an important way for the sustainable development of aquaculture. Degrading organics in aquaculture water is the key link in RSA. Bacteria are efficient decomposers for organics in aquaculture environments. Bacteria have great diversity of species and metabolic pathways, they are important regulators for environmental conditions and play important roles in materials cycling and energy flowing. The aim of this work is to explore the community structure and dynamics of bacteria in a water recycling system culturing European eel. It is hoped that the information generated in this study can be served as theoretical guidance for verifying the effect of recirculating aquaculture system, improving the design of the system and facilitating the application of the system.
Water samples were collected from each treatment of the recirculating system on April 15, July 15, September 15 and December 15, 2009. Attached samples were collected from biofilms on the nylon net and the oysters shells. The quantity and the composition of bacteria were determined by plate count method and 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis.
1) Variations of bacterial quanity in water of the recirculating aquaculture system during four seasons.
The concentration of bacteria in water decreased significantly after biofilm and sand filter treatment, indicating that the nylon net hanging and oyster shell fills have a good ability of adsorbing and filtering bacteria. The effect of water treatment is best in autumn, the concentration of bacteria in water decreased from 2.98×108 cell / L to 6.57×107cell / L after the recirculating system processing. The treatment effect is not so good in winter, the concentration of bacteria in water decreased from 1.27×107 cell/ L to 9.80×106 cell/ L after the water recirculating system treatment. The effects in the other two seasons are between autumn and winter.
2) Seasonal variations of bacterial quanity on nylon net hangings and oyster shells.
The concentration of attached bacteria on the nylon net hangings was hightest in autumn (9.20×109cells/g), second highest in summer (1.16×109cells/g), and third highest in winter (7.20×108cells/g). The concentration of attached bacteria in spring is lowest (1.39×108cells /g).The concentration of attached bacteria on the oyster shells was hightestalso in autumn(1.05×109cells/g), second highest in summer (3.30×109cells/g),and third highest in winter ( 1.78×108cells/g). The concentration of attached bacteria in spring is lowest (1.52×108 cells/g).
3) Bacterial composition on nylon net hangings and oyster shells.
In spring, the attached bacteria on nylon net hangings can be divided into four major groups: Proteobacteria (includingα-,β- andγ-Proteobacteria), Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. The plasmid sequences of Bacillariophyta and Cyanobacteria were also detected. The Proteobacteria were the most dominant components, they occupied 35.3% of the analyzed clones. Plasmid sequences of Bacillariophyta were the second dominant members, occupied 33.3%. Others were Bacteroidetes (13.7%), Actinobacteria (5.9%), Bacillariophyta (2%), Cyanobacteria (2.0%) and some unknown bacteria. In addition to Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, there are Deinococcus– Thermus on the oyster shells. The Proteobacteria were dominant components, they occupied 70.5% of the analyzed clones. Bacteroidetes were the second dominant members, they occupied 21.6%, and then Deinococcus– Thermus occupied 2%. There were also unknown bacteria, occupied 5.9%.
In summer,the attached sample on nylon net hangings can be divided into three major groups: Proteobacteria (includingα-,β- andγ-Proteobacteria) and Nitrospirae. The plasmid sequence of Bacillariophyta and Cyanobacteria were also detected. The Proteobacteria were the most dominant components, they occupied 45.5% of the analyzed clones. Plasmid sequences of Bacillariophyta were the second dominant members, occupied 20.6%. Others were Nitrospirae(9.1%) , Bacillariophyta (9.1%) and some unknown bacteria. In addition to Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes, there are Plasmid sequences of Cyanobacteria on the oyster shells. The Proteobacteria were dominant components, they occupied 47.6% of the analyzed clones. Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria were the second dominant members, both occupied 14.3%. There were also unknown bacteria occupied 38.1%.
In autumn, the attached sample on nylon net hangings can be divided into two major groups: Proteobacteria (includingα-,β- andγ-Proteobacteria) and Planctomycetes. The plasmid sequences of Cyanobacteria were also detected. The Proteobacteria were the most dominant components, they occupied 67.4% of the analyzed clones. Plasmid sequences of Cyanobacteria were the second dominant members, occupied 21.7%, others were Planctomycetes (10.9%). The attached sample on oyster shells can be divided into five major groups: Proteobacteria (including α-,β- andγ-Proteobacteria), Planctomycetes, Nitrospirae, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria. The Proteobacteria were the most dominant components, they occupied 44.2% of the analyzed clones. Planctomycetes and the Nitrospirae were the second dominant members, both occupied 14.0%, others were Bacteroidetes (11.6%), Actinobacteria (4.7%) and some unknown bacteria.
In winter: In addition to Proteobacteria (includingα- andγ-Proteobacteria) and Deinococcus–Thermus, there are plasmid sequences of Cyanobacteria on the oyster shells. The plasmid sequence of Cyanobacteria were dominant components, they occupied 77.4% of the analyzed clones. Proteobacteria were the second dominant members, they occupied 13.2%, and then Deinococcus– Thermus occupied 5.7%. There were also unknown bacteria, occupied 3.7%. The attached sample on oyster shells can be divided into three major groups: Proteobacteria (includingα- andγ-Proteobacteria), Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes. The plasmid sequence of Cyanobacteria were also detected. The plasmid sequence of Cyanobacteria were dominant components, they occupied 77.1% of the analyzed clones. Proteobacteria were the second dominant members, occupied 16.7%, others were Planctomycetes (3.7%), Bacteroidetes (3.7%) and some unknown bacteria(1.8%).
4) The relationship between concentration, composition of attached bacteria and wastewater treatment.
The nylon net hanging and oyster shells were in the membrane phase in spring, the ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the biofilm tank and oyster filter tank was not determined. In summer, autumn and winter, the concentration of attached bacteria on nylon net hangings and oyster shells increased, and the removing rate of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in water increased corresponding. In summer and autumn, the numbers of bacteria were higher than winter, and the removing rates of ammonia nitrogen were also higher than that in winter. However, the removing rate of nitrite nitrogen were high in three seasons and were less influence by the numbers of bacteria.
On the nylon net hangings and oyster shells, Proteobacteria dominant in four seasons, and most of them, such as Serratia, Acidovorax, etc, have the ability to decompose organics. Most species of Planctomycetes and Nitrospirae can remove nitrites in environments,and the test results showed that the two bacterial has a more significant effect to the aquaculture wastewater treatment system.
In the samples have been measured, Proteobacteria dominant in four seasons, and most of them, such as Serratia, Acidovorax, etc, have the ability to decompose organics. Most species of Planctomycetes and Nitrospirae can remove nitrites in environments,and the test results showed that the two bacterial has a more significant effect to the aquaculture wastewater treatment system. Some algae of Cyanobacteria existed in the biofilm tank through four seasons, and were most abundant in winter. Bacillariophyta algae were only detected on nylon hangings in spring and summer. These algae play an important role in removing nitrate and phosphate in aquaculture water.
引文
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[3]黄朝君.人工湿地技术在中国水处理领域的应用[J].江西科学, 2006, 24(6):513-517.
[4]刘富军,郭福生,曾华.生物转盘在污水生物处理中的研究进展[J].工业安全与环保, 2007, 33(9): 32-34.
[5]李春华,张洪林,邱峰,等.生物流化床的类型及特点[J].工业用水与废水, 2002, 33(6):7-11.
[6]马军,邱立平.曝气生物滤池及其研究进展[J].环境工程, 2002, 20(3):7-11.
[7] Tilley DR, Badr H, Rosatir R, et al. Constructed wetlands as recirculation filters in large-scale shrimp aquaculture[J]. Aquacultural Engineering, 2002, 26:81-109.
[8] Lin YF, Jing SR, Lee DY. The potential use of constructed wetlands in a recirculating aquaculture system for shrimp culture[J]. En vironmental Pollution, 2003, 123:107-113.
[9] Summerfelt ST, Adler PR, Glenn DM, et al. Aquaculture sludge removal and stabilization within created wetlands[J]. Aquacultural Engineering, 1999, 19(2):81-92.
[10] Seo JK, Jung IH, Kim MR, et al. Nitrification performance of nitrifiers immobilized in PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) for a marine recirculating aquarium system[J]. Aquacultural Engineering, 2001, 24:181-194.
[11] Kim SK, Kong I, Lee BH, et al. Removal of ammonium-N from a recirculation aquacultural system using an immobilized nitrifier[J]. Aquacultural Engineering, 2000, 21:139-150.
[12]谢林花,陈宁强.一种新型复合生物反应器处理生活废水的研究初探[J].环境科学与技术, 2009, 32 (1):182-185.
[13] Kumar R, Achuthan, Singh B, et al. Mass production of nitrifying bacterial consortia for the rapid establishment of nitrification in saline recirculating aquaculture systems[J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2009, 25:407-414.
[14]吴振斌,张世羊,高云霓,等.循环水养殖池中浮游生物的群落结构及其动态研究[J].华中农业大学学报, 2007, 26(1):90-94.
[15]梁威,吴振斌,詹发萃,等.人工湿地植物根区微生物与净化效果的季节变化[J].湖泊科学, 2004, 16(4):312-317.
[16]刘兴国,管崇武,宋洪桥,等.循环水养殖系统中小球藻对三态氮的吸收能力研究[J].渔业现代化, 2007, 1:17-22.
[17]李岑鹏.鳗鲡养殖循环水处理系统技术研究[D].厦门:集美大学水产学院, 2008.
[18]马悦欣,邵华,周一兵,等.砂蚕闭合循环式养殖系统中细菌的数量及其代谢活性[J].大连水产学院学报,2005, 30(3):174-180.
[19] Valenti WC, Daniels W. Recirculation hatchery systems and management. In: New MB, Valenti WC (eds)Freshwater prawn culture: the farming of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J]. Blackwell Science. 2000, 35: 69-90.
[20]马悦欣,许兵玲,何洁,等.牙鲆自净式养殖槽中异养细菌和硝化细菌数量及硝化速率[J].中国水产科学,2001, 8(1):33-36.
[21] Tal Y, Watts JE, Schreier1 HJ. Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox)bacteria and associated activity in fixed-Film biofilters of a marine recirculating aquaculture system[J]. American Society for Microbiology, 2006, 72(4):2896-2904.
[22]黄志斌.鳗鲡病害及其防治技术上[J].科学养鱼, 2008,10:71-72
[23] Lee WC, Chen YH, Lee YC, et al. The competitiveness of the eel aquaculture in Taiwan, Japan, and China [J ]. Aquaculture, 2003, 221:115-124
[24]樊海平.鳗鲡产业发展存在的问题及对策建议[J].科学养鱼, 2008,5:3-5
[25]曲焕韬,李鑫渲,王敏懿.花鳗鲡工厂化循环水高密度养殖模式初探[J].渔业现代化, 2009, 36(4):13-18
[26] Schloss PD, Handelsman J. Introducing DOTUR, a computer program for defining operational taxonomic units and estimating species richness[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2005, 71:1501-1506.
[27] Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. MEGA 3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment[J]. Briefings Bioinformatics, 2004, 5:150-163.
[28]彭志英张红诚,赵谋明,等.少动鞘脂单胞菌S1胞外多糖发酵工艺条件研究[J].微生物学通报, 2007, 27(2):99-100.
[29]杨玉楠,王玫,刘士锐,等.污水生态处理系统中微生物生态学研究[J].科技导报, 2009,6(27): 72-77.
[30]程志学.羊驼放线菌病诊断及治疗[J].中国兽医杂志, 2009, 3(45):42-43.
[31]王荣昌, Barth F, Smets,等.厌氧氨氧化技术用于高氨废水脱氮[J].工业水处理, 2009, 3(29):12-15.
[32] Altmann, Dorte, Stief P, et al. In situ distribution and activity of nitrifying bacteria in freshwater sediment[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2003, 5 (9): 798-803.
[33]周正任,王莉莉,杨晓临.口服短小双歧杆菌活菌制剂对机体免疫功能的增强效应[J].微生物学杂志, 1998, 4(18):5-10.
[34] Gich F. Sandarakinorhabdus limnophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacteriochlorophyll a-containing, obligately aerobic bacterium isolated from freshwater lakes[J]. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 2006, 56(4):851-854.
[35] Jiang YJ, Deng YM, Liu XR, et al. Isolation and identification of a bacterial strain J S018 capable of degrading several kinds of organophosphate pesticides[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2006, 46:463-466.
[36]杨瑞龙.粘质砂雷氏菌败血症一例[J].兰州医学院学报, 2002, 28(2):103-108.
[37]黄淑坚.鳄鱼致病性粘质砂雷氏菌感染[J].中国兽医杂志, 1998, 24(10):53-54.
[38]郝林华,陈靠山,牛德庆,等.粘质砂雷氏菌( Serratia marcescens)发酵培养基优化的研究[J].海洋科学进展, 2006, 24(1):66-71.
[39]黄真池,刘媛,曾富华,等.青枯菌致病机理及作物抗青枯病研究进展.热带[J].亚热带植物学报, 2008, 16(5):491-496.
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