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秦人食谱研究
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摘要
秦朝是我国历史上第一个统一的、多民族的封建帝国,秦人创造了辉煌灿烂的秦文化,秦文化在中国文明的起源和发展史上处于承前启后特殊而重要的地位。对秦的历史文化研究,成为了当前历史学和考古学研究中受到广泛关注的学术热点和重点。
     秦人的历史悠久,文化源远流长。对统一前秦人早期历史的研究,是秦文化研究的重要组成部分,也是探索中国文明起源与早期发展历史重要学术课题中的重点内容之一。然而长期以来,由于受文献和考古资料的限制,对秦人早期阶段历史文化的研究,还比较薄弱,留有许多空白。
     古食谱研究是当前国际生物考古领域倍受关注的课题,具有学术前沿性。古代先民的食谱结构,一方面是饮食文化的反映,另方面与当地的地理环境、气候条件、植被状况等自然因素有关,同时也反映了当时的社会经济状况、生产力发展水平等。因此古人类食物结构研究已成为人类学、考古学研究不可或缺的内容,它对于重建古环境、再现人类已逝的历史都有重要的意义。
     秦人食谱结构的研究是探索早期秦文化和秦文明起源的内容之一,但关于早期秦人食谱的文献记载罕见,使得相应的研究无法开展。利用自然科学方法和现代科技手段对古代先民的食谱进行分析,在我国已有学者开始进行探索,并取得一定的进展,然而关于早期秦人食谱的研究,至今还未见成果出现。
     本论文以早期秦人生活的甘肃西汉水流域、陕西关中西部地区秦墓出土的西周至战国晚期的人骨为研究对象,运用骨化学方法测定人骨中的C和N稳定同位素以及与食谱有关的微量元素,揭示早期秦人的食谱特征,对比分析不同地域、不同时期秦人食谱之间的差异,并在此基础上,探讨早期秦人的生活方式、经济模式等深层次的历史文化信息。创新性研究结果有:
     一、对甘肃礼县西山遗址出土的秦人骨的碳、氮同位素进行了研究。结果发现,该遗址中,秦先民的食物结构应是以动物性食物占有较大比例,同时植物性食物亦占有一定比例;男性和女性的食谱有些差异:男女获取植物性食物资源可能比较接近,但女性比男性获取肉类资源相对较多;另外,根据该地的地理位置、气候条件、考古发现以及历史文献记载,古代西山遗址先民的经济模式为农牧兼营的混合型形态。
     二、对陕西凤翔孙家南头墓葬出土秦人骨中C、N稳定同位素进行了研究。结果表明,春秋战国时期,陕西凤翔地区秦先民的食物结构应为杂食:以C4类植物为主食,并辅以少量肉食;其经济模式可能为农业与饲养牲畜:以种植黍、粟类等旱地作物的农业形式为主,并辅以饲养牲畜为生;另外还发现,随葬的殉人可能是墓主的姬妾或仆从等与墓主饮食习惯相近的人;孙家南头秦墓地的秦先民男性和女性食谱之间没有明显差异。
     三、对陕西宝鸡建河墓地出土战国时期秦人骨中的C、N稳定同位素和微量元素Sr、Ca、Ba等进行了研究。研究表明,战国时期秦人的食物结构以C4类植物为主食,并辅以少量肉食。由此可见,陕西宝鸡地区战国时期秦人的经济模式应为除了种植黍、粟类等旱地作物,并辅以饲养牲畜为生。
     四、对不同地域、不同时期秦人食谱之间的差异进行了对比分析。研究发现,西周时期的秦先民由于处于辟荒起步时期,受到自然地理环境因素的制约,采用了农业与畜牧业兼营的经济模式,所以秦人食物结构中有一定比例的肉食;到了东周时期,秦人逐渐进入和占据关中地区,由于吸收了周代先进的农业传统和提高了农业生产技术,经济模式以农业为主,辅以饲养牲畜,所以秦人的食谱中植物性食物逐渐占据主要地位。
     五、对秦人与周邻地区先民的食谱进行了比较分析。研究发现,秦先民的饮食特征、生活方式一定程度上受到了周文化地区人们和戎狄部落的影响,尤其是西周时期居于甘肃西汉水的秦先民的食物结构中肉类占有一定的比例。进入关中之后,由于秦人继承了周族先进的农业积蕴,所以秦人的饮食结构中植物性食物逐渐占据主要地位,这可能与早期秦人由农业与畜牧业兼营方式逐渐转变为以农业为主,饲养牲畜为辅的经济模式变化有关。
Qin dynasty is the first and multinational feudal empire in Chinese history. Qin culture, which was created by ancient Qin people, was splendid and laid foundation for Chinese civilization. So the study on Qin history and culture is the hot and important spot in history and archaeology field.
     Qin people enjoyed a long history, and Qin Culture has a long developing process. The study on the early Qin history was one of the important parts of Qin culture. And it also was the key component in academic subjects about Chinese civilization origin and early history. But there is still much unknown historical information because of the limitation of documents and archaeological materials for a long time.
     In recent years, palaeodiet analysis is one of the hot issues in the international bioarchaeological field. It can supply a lot of valuable information, such as the dietary culture, the paleoenvironment, climatic conditions and vegetation. At the same time it reflected the changes of lifestyle, social structure, immigration, ancient animals and plants, domestication of animals, and so on. So the study on ancient people's dietary is the important content in anthropology and archaeology and very significant for the rebuilding of ancient environment and reconstruction of human history.
     Study on dietary of ancient Qin people is part of the searching for early Qin history and civilization. There are not sufficient documents about the dietary of ancient Qin people. In our country there were some achievements about palaeodiet by scientific methods and mordern techniques. However up till now there is still no new achievement of the research on dietary of ancient Qin people based on modern scientific methods.
     In this doctoral dissertation some bone samples unearthed in Qin graves were analyzed from Xihan River valley in Gansu province and the west area of Hanzhong in Shaanxi province. In order to reconstruct the palaeodietary of Qin people, the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and some trace elements related to dietary in human bones, whose age were from Xizhou dynasty to the late Warring States, were tested and exposit the dietary character of ancient Qin people. And the dietary of ancient Qin people within different regions and different ages has done a comparative analysis. Moreover the important historical information about Qin people's lifestyle and social economic pattern were discussed based on the above analysis.
     Firstly the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in human bones, which were from Xishan site, Lixian County, Gansu Province, were analyzed The result showed the animal albumen occupied more part than plant in Xishan inhabitants'diet. The different diet in different genders demonstrated that women eat more meat than men because of social division of labor. Based on the geographic place, climate, archeaological and history records, we can infer that their substance strategy was a kind of mixture by agriculture and stockbreeding.
     Secondly the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in human bones, which were from Sunjianantou site, Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province, were analyzed. The result showed that ancient Qin people's diet structure was polyphagous, which mainly relied on C4 plants and some meat in spring and autumn and warring stage period. Their substance strategy we infer is a kind of mixture by planting broomcorn millet and rearing livestock. According to comparative diatery analysis on the human as funerary objects, their owners could be differentiated of their social relationship. The diet was no significant difference in different genders.
     Thirdly the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and in human bones, which were from Jianhe Grave in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province were analyzed. And the same time some elemrnts related to the dietary were discussed such as Sr, Ca and Ba and so on. The results showed that ancient Qin people's diet structure was polyphagous, which mainly relied on C4 plants and some meat in Warring stage period. Their substance strategy we infer is a kind of mixture by agriculture and rearing livestock.
     Forthly the dietary was contrastively dicussed about ancient Qin people in different area and period. Overall the dietary of ancient Qin people living in Xihan River valley in Xizhou dynasty relied on C4 plant and included a lot of meat. This phenomenon was related to the economic pattern of agriculture and animal husbandry sideline. In Dongzhou period ancient Qin people's diet structure was polyphagous, which mainly relied on C4 plants and some meat. This indicated their economic pattern was a kind of mixture by agriculture and rearing livestock.
     Fifly the dietary of Qin people was comparative analyzed with the people surrounding areas'different cultures and nationalities. The results demonstrated early Qin people's dietary and life style were influenced by the people in Zhou culture area and the "Rongdi" tribe. The dietary of ancient Qin people living in Xihan River valley included a lot of meat in Xizhou dynasty. However when Qin people inhabited in Guanzhong area their diet structure was mainly relied on C4 plants. This phenomenon was because of the economic pattern change from agriculture and animal husbandry sideline to agriculture and rearing livestock.
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