数字地形图的构建及其在道路设计中的应用研究
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摘要
随着我国经济的迅速发展,交通量与日俱增,公路的运输能力正面临着严峻考验,传统的公路勘测设计方法不再适合当前的公路建设,如何能够既确保公路的建设质量,又可以保证公路的建设速度,成为当前关注的焦点。伴随数字化时代的到来,出现了一种新的设计理念,利用数字地形图进行公路勘测设计成为一个新的研究课题,对于推动公路建设事业具有重大意义。
本文以兴安至阳朔二级公路为工程实例,首先阐述了数字地形图地形数据的获取,着重论述了利用R2V矢量化软件对纸质地形图进行数字矢量化获取地形数据的方法,以此作为构建数字地形图的基础数据；其次,对数字地形图的构建方法做了详细分析与研究,阐述了Delaunay不规则三角网(DT)的构建方法,利用Hint数模软件进行建模；然后,探讨了数字地形图的内插方法,介绍了线性内插与二次曲面拟合内插的内插原理,针对高程内插精度不足的问题,提出了基于线性内插的平面插值修正方法,并在此基础上设计了DEM平面插值修正程序,将该程序应用于实际工程,高程插值精度明显提高；最后,以实际工程为例,论述了数字地形图在道路设计中的应用。
以VB为设计平台的DEM平面插值修正程序,将“二面角”影响因素加入其中,完善了内插高程修正方法,并以兴安至阳朔二级公路为例,验证了该方法的可行性,同时也证明了该程序具有操作简单、修正效果明显、计算速度快、结果准确等优点,具有很好的实用性；通过实例应用和理论分析,该程序对三角形内部待插点修正效果明显,而对三角形边上的待插点无修正效果,说明该程序适用于修正纵断面地面高程,不适用于修正横断面地面高程；通过数字地形图在实际道路工程中的应用,基于纸质地形图数字矢量化建立的数字地形图比较适合于道路工程的可行性研究和初步设计阶段,从侧面也反映了数字地形图具有巨大的应用价值,是今后工作研究的重点。
Highway transport capacity is facing austere test now in respect that traffic is increasing day by day with the rapid development of our economy, and so the traditional highway survey and design can not adapt to the nowadays highway construction any longer. The matter about how to guarantee the quality and the rate of highway construction is focused currently. A new idea about highway design has been on with the coming of Digital Age, and the way that the highway survey and design is accomplished by making use of digital topographic map has been a new study subject. It will make great sense to highway construction.
The paper takes the Xing'an-Yangshuo secondary highway for example in engineering. It states the acquisition about terrain data on the digital topographic map first of all, and discusses the method of getting terrain data by digitization and vectorization on the paper topographic map with R2V software. The data can be regarded as basic data of digital topographic map construction. The method on digital topographic map construction is analyzed and studied in detail, and states the construction method about Delaunay Triangulated Irregular Network (DT). The model is constructed by the Hint digifax software. After that, the interpolation method on digital topographic map is discussed and the theory on linear and quadratic curve surface fitting interpolation is introduced concretely. For the problem about accuracy deficiency of elevation interpolation, the plane interpolation elevation correction method is put forward, and so the DEM plane interpolation elevation correction program is devised on that basis. The program is put into use in reality project, elevation interpolation accuracy is improved evidently. At last, it takes the reality project for example and so discusses the application of the digital topographic map in road design.
VB as a design platform, the DEM plane interpolation elevation correction program adds "dihedral angle" to effect factors, which makes the interpolation elevation correction method perfect. The program takes the Xing'an-Yangshuo secondary highway for example, and verifies that the method is feasible and the system has advantages:simplicity of operation, evident correction effect, rapid computational speed, precise result and it has good application. The program has a evident correction effect on the interpolation point inside the triangle but not the one on the edge of the triangle side at all. It explains that the program is appropriate for the correction of longitudinal-section ground elevation but not cross-section ground elevation. The digital topographic map constructed on the base of digitization and vectorization on the paper topographic map is appropriate for the feasibility study and prelminary design stage of the highway project by using digital topographic map in the reality road engineering. The paper reflects that digital topographic map has great application value and will be focus of the study in future work
本文以兴安至阳朔二级公路为工程实例,首先阐述了数字地形图地形数据的获取,着重论述了利用R2V矢量化软件对纸质地形图进行数字矢量化获取地形数据的方法,以此作为构建数字地形图的基础数据；其次,对数字地形图的构建方法做了详细分析与研究,阐述了Delaunay不规则三角网(DT)的构建方法,利用Hint数模软件进行建模；然后,探讨了数字地形图的内插方法,介绍了线性内插与二次曲面拟合内插的内插原理,针对高程内插精度不足的问题,提出了基于线性内插的平面插值修正方法,并在此基础上设计了DEM平面插值修正程序,将该程序应用于实际工程,高程插值精度明显提高；最后,以实际工程为例,论述了数字地形图在道路设计中的应用。
以VB为设计平台的DEM平面插值修正程序,将“二面角”影响因素加入其中,完善了内插高程修正方法,并以兴安至阳朔二级公路为例,验证了该方法的可行性,同时也证明了该程序具有操作简单、修正效果明显、计算速度快、结果准确等优点,具有很好的实用性；通过实例应用和理论分析,该程序对三角形内部待插点修正效果明显,而对三角形边上的待插点无修正效果,说明该程序适用于修正纵断面地面高程,不适用于修正横断面地面高程；通过数字地形图在实际道路工程中的应用,基于纸质地形图数字矢量化建立的数字地形图比较适合于道路工程的可行性研究和初步设计阶段,从侧面也反映了数字地形图具有巨大的应用价值,是今后工作研究的重点。
Highway transport capacity is facing austere test now in respect that traffic is increasing day by day with the rapid development of our economy, and so the traditional highway survey and design can not adapt to the nowadays highway construction any longer. The matter about how to guarantee the quality and the rate of highway construction is focused currently. A new idea about highway design has been on with the coming of Digital Age, and the way that the highway survey and design is accomplished by making use of digital topographic map has been a new study subject. It will make great sense to highway construction.
The paper takes the Xing'an-Yangshuo secondary highway for example in engineering. It states the acquisition about terrain data on the digital topographic map first of all, and discusses the method of getting terrain data by digitization and vectorization on the paper topographic map with R2V software. The data can be regarded as basic data of digital topographic map construction. The method on digital topographic map construction is analyzed and studied in detail, and states the construction method about Delaunay Triangulated Irregular Network (DT). The model is constructed by the Hint digifax software. After that, the interpolation method on digital topographic map is discussed and the theory on linear and quadratic curve surface fitting interpolation is introduced concretely. For the problem about accuracy deficiency of elevation interpolation, the plane interpolation elevation correction method is put forward, and so the DEM plane interpolation elevation correction program is devised on that basis. The program is put into use in reality project, elevation interpolation accuracy is improved evidently. At last, it takes the reality project for example and so discusses the application of the digital topographic map in road design.
VB as a design platform, the DEM plane interpolation elevation correction program adds "dihedral angle" to effect factors, which makes the interpolation elevation correction method perfect. The program takes the Xing'an-Yangshuo secondary highway for example, and verifies that the method is feasible and the system has advantages:simplicity of operation, evident correction effect, rapid computational speed, precise result and it has good application. The program has a evident correction effect on the interpolation point inside the triangle but not the one on the edge of the triangle side at all. It explains that the program is appropriate for the correction of longitudinal-section ground elevation but not cross-section ground elevation. The digital topographic map constructed on the base of digitization and vectorization on the paper topographic map is appropriate for the feasibility study and prelminary design stage of the highway project by using digital topographic map in the reality road engineering. The paper reflects that digital topographic map has great application value and will be focus of the study in future work
引文
[1]金俊喜.数字地面模型(DTM)及其在高速公路勘察设计中的应用[J].科学之友,2005,9-10：156-158
[2]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2001,7：5-620-23
[3]Roberts, R... Using new methods in highway location. Photogram metric Engineering[J], 1976,23:563-569
[4]杨重阳.数字地面模型及其在路线设计中的应用研究[D].武汉理工大学硕士论文.2007：3-415-1720-22
[5]Liu Yongmei, Tang Guoan, Li Tianwen et al. An applied research on remote sensing classification in the complex terrain area[J]. Journal of Geographical Science, 2003,13(4):395-399
[6]Zhou L, Takashi Q. Drainage density, slope angle, and relative basin position in Japanese bare lands from high-resolution DEMs[J].2004,63(3-4):159-173
[7]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京：科技出版社,2005：4-547-63 103-106
[8]吴艳兰,胡鹏.由栅格等高线快速建立DEM的新方法-CSE法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版).2001,26(1)：86-90
[9]黄伟朵,周宇艳.由栅格等高线快速建立DEM的CSE法[J].浙江水利水电专科学校学报.2001,13(4)：22-24
[10]汤翠莲,范青松,刘莹.一种保持地貌特征的数字高程模型生成方法[J].人民长江.2007,38(10)：23-25
[11]Twito R H, Mifflin R W, Mcgaughey R J. The Map Program:Buildin the Digital Terrain Model. Portland:Pacific Northwest Research Station[M],2000
[12]Kvamme K L. The Digital Elevation Model. www.cast.uark.edu/-k-kvammme/Class-rasterl/Kvamme-DEM.pdf,2006
[13]Bi Huaxing, Li Xiaoyin, Guo Mengxia, et al. Digital Terrain Analysis Basesd on DEM Frontiers of Forestry in China[J],2006,(1):54-58
[14]雒应,许娅娅.公路勘测新技术[M].人民交通出版社.2006,4
[15]Berry P.A.M., Pinnock R.A., Hilton R.D, et al. A new Global Digital Elevation Model incorporating satellite altimeter derived heights[J]. European Space Agency. (Special Publication)ESASP,2000,461:783-791
[16]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型(第二版)[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003,10：14-5493-95
[17]蒋辉,潘庆林.数字化测图技术及应用[M].国防工业出版社.2005.9
[18]San B.T., Suzen M.L. Didital elevation model (DEM) generation and accuracy assessment form ASTER stereo data[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2005,26(22):5013-5027
[19]倪金生,王永明,钱晓明.地图矢量化技术实践教程[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2008,5：17-23
[20]钟燕林,田永中,徐永进,吴文戬,王林松,陈军,石永明.常用矢量化软件的精度比较研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36：16227-16231
[21]卢彭真,申锦文,徐生根.R2V在公路平面线形布置设计中的应用[J].科学技术与工程,2005,3：382-386
[22]中华人民共和国国家标准.数字地形图系列和基本要求(GB/T18315-2001)：511-515
[23]陈家庆.公路工程数据获取及可视化方法研究[D].武汉大学硕士论文.2005,4：6-14
[24]胡昌龙,易燕.数字高程模型DEM及其显示[J].黑龙江科技学院学报.2004,7：233-236
[25]龚健雅.地理信息系统基础[M].北京：科学出版社,2006
[26]周启鸣,刘学军.数字地形分析[M]，北京：科学出版社.2006.5：59-62
[27]Groshong R H.3-D Structural Geology:A Practical Guide To Quantitative Surface and Subsurfaces Map Interpretation[J]. Berlin:Springer,2006
[28]朱杰,夏青.一种基于TIN三角网数据的规则格网生成算法[J].海洋测绘.2009,5：38-40
[29]聂欣,李鑫慧,吴良林.基于DEM生成等高线的方法[J].地理空间信息.2009,8：85-88
[30]王海,陈国良,黄心渊.实时生成三维地形中关于DEM数据插值的探讨[J].计算机应用与软件.2008,2：35-56
[31]Qing Zhu, Zhi Lin Li, Gold C. Digital Terrain Modeling:Principles and Methodology[J]. London:Taylor & Frances.2005:102-108
[32]Wei Hong, Liang Tian-Gang, Li Jian-Long. Application of digital elevation model to runoff simulation in semi-arid of China[J], Nanjing Li Gong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology.2005,29(1):1-5
[33]Kolingerova I, Zalik B. Improvements to Randomized Incremental Delaunay Insertion[J]. Computers & Graphics.2002, (26):477-490
[34]Sohler C. Fast Reconstruction of Delaunay Triangulations[J]. Computational Geometry, 2005,31:166-178
[35]Sheng Zhou, Jones C B. HCPO:An Efficient Insertion Order for Incremental Delaunay Triangulation[J]. Information Procession Letters.2005,(93):37-42
[36]Levcopoulos C, Krznaric D. The Greedy Triangulation can be Computed from the Delaunay Triangulation in Linear Time[J]. Computational Geometry,1999,(14):197-220
[37]Zalik B. An Efficient Sweep-Line Delaunay Triangulation Algorithm[M]. Computer-Aided Design,2005,(37):1027-1038
[38]姬安召,兰燕.三角形增长算法构建Delaunay三角网DEM的原理与实现[J].测绘.2009,4：65-69
[39]Moshkovitz A. (MDA), When H., Rabus B., et al. Multi-source Image Digital Elevation Model Generator(MIDG)[J]. Proceedings of the 26th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing.2005,401-413
[40]Sohn Hong-Gyoo(Yonsei University), Park, Choung-Hwan, et al. Rational Function Model-based image matching for digital elevation model[J]. Photogrammetric Record. 2005,20(112):366-383
[41]Rognant L, Planes J G, Memier M, et al. Contour Lines and DEM:Generation and Extraction[J]. Computer Science,2001,2181:87-97
[42]卢新海.DEM平面插值修正公式[J].测绘通报.1989.1；19-22
[43]Phillips GM, Taylor PJ.数值分析的理论及其应用[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社.1972
[44]柯正谊,何建邦,池天河.数字地面模型[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社.1993
[45]毋河海,龚健雅.地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据结构与处理技术[M].北京：科学出版社.1997
[46]鲍伊柯,A B.地形测量自动化的方法和设备[M].北京：测绘出版社.1989
[47]何辉明.数字高程模型DEM的建模及其三维可视化研究[D].东南大学硕士论文.2004：25-32
[48]聂小波,邢光成,陈涛,姜伟.OpenGL及其在DEM可视化中的应用[J].地理空间信息.2009,6：48-50
[49]徐文学,江涛,姚兵.基于OpenGL的DEM三维仿真方法研究[J].国土资源信息化.2008.1：7-11
[50]Zheng Shunyi.3D Visualization in Civil Engineering Design[R]. Wuhan:National Lab of Information Engineering for Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing Wuhan University, 2002
[2]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2001,7：5-620-23
[3]Roberts, R... Using new methods in highway location. Photogram metric Engineering[J], 1976,23:563-569
[4]杨重阳.数字地面模型及其在路线设计中的应用研究[D].武汉理工大学硕士论文.2007：3-415-1720-22
[5]Liu Yongmei, Tang Guoan, Li Tianwen et al. An applied research on remote sensing classification in the complex terrain area[J]. Journal of Geographical Science, 2003,13(4):395-399
[6]Zhou L, Takashi Q. Drainage density, slope angle, and relative basin position in Japanese bare lands from high-resolution DEMs[J].2004,63(3-4):159-173
[7]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京：科技出版社,2005：4-547-63 103-106
[8]吴艳兰,胡鹏.由栅格等高线快速建立DEM的新方法-CSE法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版).2001,26(1)：86-90
[9]黄伟朵,周宇艳.由栅格等高线快速建立DEM的CSE法[J].浙江水利水电专科学校学报.2001,13(4)：22-24
[10]汤翠莲,范青松,刘莹.一种保持地貌特征的数字高程模型生成方法[J].人民长江.2007,38(10)：23-25
[11]Twito R H, Mifflin R W, Mcgaughey R J. The Map Program:Buildin the Digital Terrain Model. Portland:Pacific Northwest Research Station[M],2000
[12]Kvamme K L. The Digital Elevation Model. www.cast.uark.edu/-k-kvammme/Class-rasterl/Kvamme-DEM.pdf,2006
[13]Bi Huaxing, Li Xiaoyin, Guo Mengxia, et al. Digital Terrain Analysis Basesd on DEM Frontiers of Forestry in China[J],2006,(1):54-58
[14]雒应,许娅娅.公路勘测新技术[M].人民交通出版社.2006,4
[15]Berry P.A.M., Pinnock R.A., Hilton R.D, et al. A new Global Digital Elevation Model incorporating satellite altimeter derived heights[J]. European Space Agency. (Special Publication)ESASP,2000,461:783-791
[16]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型(第二版)[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003,10：14-5493-95
[17]蒋辉,潘庆林.数字化测图技术及应用[M].国防工业出版社.2005.9
[18]San B.T., Suzen M.L. Didital elevation model (DEM) generation and accuracy assessment form ASTER stereo data[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2005,26(22):5013-5027
[19]倪金生,王永明,钱晓明.地图矢量化技术实践教程[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2008,5：17-23
[20]钟燕林,田永中,徐永进,吴文戬,王林松,陈军,石永明.常用矢量化软件的精度比较研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36：16227-16231
[21]卢彭真,申锦文,徐生根.R2V在公路平面线形布置设计中的应用[J].科学技术与工程,2005,3：382-386
[22]中华人民共和国国家标准.数字地形图系列和基本要求(GB/T18315-2001)：511-515
[23]陈家庆.公路工程数据获取及可视化方法研究[D].武汉大学硕士论文.2005,4：6-14
[24]胡昌龙,易燕.数字高程模型DEM及其显示[J].黑龙江科技学院学报.2004,7：233-236
[25]龚健雅.地理信息系统基础[M].北京：科学出版社,2006
[26]周启鸣,刘学军.数字地形分析[M]，北京：科学出版社.2006.5：59-62
[27]Groshong R H.3-D Structural Geology:A Practical Guide To Quantitative Surface and Subsurfaces Map Interpretation[J]. Berlin:Springer,2006
[28]朱杰,夏青.一种基于TIN三角网数据的规则格网生成算法[J].海洋测绘.2009,5：38-40
[29]聂欣,李鑫慧,吴良林.基于DEM生成等高线的方法[J].地理空间信息.2009,8：85-88
[30]王海,陈国良,黄心渊.实时生成三维地形中关于DEM数据插值的探讨[J].计算机应用与软件.2008,2：35-56
[31]Qing Zhu, Zhi Lin Li, Gold C. Digital Terrain Modeling:Principles and Methodology[J]. London:Taylor & Frances.2005:102-108
[32]Wei Hong, Liang Tian-Gang, Li Jian-Long. Application of digital elevation model to runoff simulation in semi-arid of China[J], Nanjing Li Gong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology.2005,29(1):1-5
[33]Kolingerova I, Zalik B. Improvements to Randomized Incremental Delaunay Insertion[J]. Computers & Graphics.2002, (26):477-490
[34]Sohler C. Fast Reconstruction of Delaunay Triangulations[J]. Computational Geometry, 2005,31:166-178
[35]Sheng Zhou, Jones C B. HCPO:An Efficient Insertion Order for Incremental Delaunay Triangulation[J]. Information Procession Letters.2005,(93):37-42
[36]Levcopoulos C, Krznaric D. The Greedy Triangulation can be Computed from the Delaunay Triangulation in Linear Time[J]. Computational Geometry,1999,(14):197-220
[37]Zalik B. An Efficient Sweep-Line Delaunay Triangulation Algorithm[M]. Computer-Aided Design,2005,(37):1027-1038
[38]姬安召,兰燕.三角形增长算法构建Delaunay三角网DEM的原理与实现[J].测绘.2009,4：65-69
[39]Moshkovitz A. (MDA), When H., Rabus B., et al. Multi-source Image Digital Elevation Model Generator(MIDG)[J]. Proceedings of the 26th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing.2005,401-413
[40]Sohn Hong-Gyoo(Yonsei University), Park, Choung-Hwan, et al. Rational Function Model-based image matching for digital elevation model[J]. Photogrammetric Record. 2005,20(112):366-383
[41]Rognant L, Planes J G, Memier M, et al. Contour Lines and DEM:Generation and Extraction[J]. Computer Science,2001,2181:87-97
[42]卢新海.DEM平面插值修正公式[J].测绘通报.1989.1；19-22
[43]Phillips GM, Taylor PJ.数值分析的理论及其应用[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社.1972
[44]柯正谊,何建邦,池天河.数字地面模型[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社.1993
[45]毋河海,龚健雅.地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据结构与处理技术[M].北京：科学出版社.1997
[46]鲍伊柯,A B.地形测量自动化的方法和设备[M].北京：测绘出版社.1989
[47]何辉明.数字高程模型DEM的建模及其三维可视化研究[D].东南大学硕士论文.2004：25-32
[48]聂小波,邢光成,陈涛,姜伟.OpenGL及其在DEM可视化中的应用[J].地理空间信息.2009,6：48-50
[49]徐文学,江涛,姚兵.基于OpenGL的DEM三维仿真方法研究[J].国土资源信息化.2008.1：7-11
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